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Topic: Second Battle of St Albans

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Battle of St Albans

First Battle of St Albans

History of St Albans

Battle of Blore Heath

Battle of Ludford Bridge

Battle of Towton

Battle of Barnet

Wars of the Roses

Battle of Wakefield

Battle of Tewkesbury

Battle of Edgecote Moor

Margaret of Anjou

Battle of Bosworth Field

Battle of Northampton

1461

	History of St. Albans, Hertfordshire
		St Albans is located in southern Hertfordshire, England, just north of London, beside the site of a Catuvellauni[?] settlement and the Roman town of Verulamium.
		St Albans played a role in the Peasants Revolt of 1381, presenting a charter for the freedom of St. Albans to the Abbot on 16th June 1381, in which various rights were demanded.
		In 1461 the Second Battle of St Albans on Bernards Heath on the north of the town resulted in a Lancastrian victory.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hi/History_of_St_Albans,_England.html (660 words)

	St Albans
		Alban was a heathen - a worshipper of the gods of Rome - but he was generous and hospitable, and when a Christian priest named Amphilabus craved shelter in his house from the persecutors - Diocletian had ordered a persecution of the Christians - Alban permitted him to enter, and concealed him.
		Alban had already effected the escape of his teacher, and to delay pursuit, probably, put on the priest's long cloak or habit and gave himself up to the soldiers.
		Alban was buried in a woody place near the town, and his disgrace, as the Romans styled his martyrdom, was inscribed on the city walls.
	www.mspong.org /picturesque/st_albans.html (1205 words)

	Battle of St Albans
		There were two battles during the English Wars of the Roses fought in or near the town of St Albans.
		The first Battle of St Albans was the first battle of the war and was fought on May 22, 1455.
		The second Battle of St Albans was fought February 22, 1461.
	www.wapipedia.org /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Battle_of_St_Albans (304 words)

	War of Roses
		York and Warwick's father, the Earl of Salisbury, were killed at the Battle of Wakefield, near Pontrefact Castle, Yorkshire in December 1460, and on Feb. 17, 1461, the Lancastrians routed Warwick at St. Albans and regained possession of the king.
		At the Second Battle of St Albans the queen won the Lancastrians' most decisive victory yet, and as the Yorkist forces fled they left behind King Henry, who was found unharmed under a tree.
		The first clash was at the Battle of Hedgeley Moor on the April 25 and the second at the Battle of Hexham on the May 15.
	home.earthlink.net /~ronaldgcus/WoR.htm (7465 words)

	English Monarchs - Kings and Queens of England - Henry IV. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The battle was a victory for the Yorkists, Henry VI was captured and the leading Lancastrian Dukes of Somerset and Northumberland along with Lord Clifford were killed.
		The ensueing battle outside the walls of Northampton proved a significant Yorkist victory and King Henry VI was again taken captive.
		Margaret of Anjou and her son, Edward, Prince of Wales, landed from France on the eve of the Battle of Barnet to hear the disquieting news of the Yorkist victory at Barnet and her ally, Warwick's death.
	www.englishmonarchs.co.uk /plantagenet_17.html (1688 words)

	St Albans District Council - Leisure - Battle of St Albans
		On the 22nd May 2005 St Albans will commemorate the 550th anniversary of the first battle of St Albans, which took place during the Wars of the Roses.
		St Albans was looted as the townsfolk had feared.
		Six years later at the second battle of St Albans, the fortunes of the houses of York and Lancaster would be reversed.
	www.stalbans.gov.uk /leisure/battle.htm (731 words)

	Bowgate
		In1276 the wood was described as next to the church of St. Peter perhaps suggesting that at one time it stretched further to the south.
		In 1440 bricks of St. Albans bought at Le Frithe near St. Albans were used in the ovens and fireplaces at the royal palace at Kings Langley, Herts and at the Tower of London.
		The second Battle of St. Albans was the first in the country in which handguns were used.
	www.salbani.co.uk /Med%20Web/bowgate.htm (392 words)

	Battle of Wakefield Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Despite a setback at the Second Battle of St Albans on 17th February 1461, the Lancastrians did not reap the fruits of their victory.
		The Battle of Wakefield, Keith Dockray and Richard Knowles, from the The Ricardian, the Journal of the Richard III Society, June 1992.
		At the time of the battle, and, indeed, up to the beginning of the 20th century, the area was largely green fields, the school and houses came later.
	www.overtown.sgt.btinternet.co.uk /Sandal/sandal-battle-3.htm (1240 words)

	Luminarium Encyclopedia: Richard III, King of England (1452-1485)
		RICHARD III, king of England, youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, by Cicely Neville, was born at Fotheringhay on the 2nd of October 1452.
		After the second battle of St Albans in February 1461, his mother sent him with his brother George for safety to Utrecht.
		After the battle his body was carried to Leicester, trussed across a horse's back, and buried without honour in the church of the Greyfriars.
	www.luminarium.org /encyclopedia/richard3.htm (1082 words)

	TimeRef - Medieval History Timelines - 10 Year Overview
		The Lancastrians army led by the Queen met the Yorkist army led by Warwick at St. Albans.
		This was the bloodiest battle of the War of the Roses and was fought in a snowstorm at Towton in Yorkshire.
		Son of Edmund, Duke of Somerset (killed at the Battle of St. Albans in 1455).
	www.btinternet.com /~timeref/y101460.htm (1997 words)

	The Wargamer - 1000 Years of War in Review
		Battle of Krbava Field on September 9th 1493 finds Bosnian Sandzak-beg Hadum Jakub-pasa with some 8000 Akinci's was returning from a pillage expedition to Styria and Croatian Zagorj.
		Battle of Verneuil (1424) is yet another loss for the combined forces of France and Scotland, this time at the hands of the Duke of Bedford.
		Edward of York again defeats Lancaster at the Battle of Mortimer’s Cross (1461), but is defeated at the second battle of St. Albans the same year, losing possession of nutty king Henry VI, who is recaptured in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London.
	www.wargamer.com /articles/1000y/1000y_p5.asp (1150 words)

	First Battle of St Albans See also Wars of the Roses May 22 St Albans Richard, Duke of York Richard Neville, Earl of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Lancastrians attempted to hold St. Albans behind two blockades in Hollywell and St. Peter’s Streets against a Yorkist attack from the east.
		Whilst the bulk of Henry's forces were surprised and fully occupied by the speed of Richard's attack (most of the army was expecting a peaceful resolution like the one at Blackheath in 1452.
		In military terms St. Albans was trivial, perhaps 300 dead, but in political terms the battle was a complete victory, for York captured the King, returning himself to complete power, his rival Somerset was dead and the Neville's arch enemies Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland and Lord Clifford fell during the rout.
	en.powerwissen.com /WES1Gpul1bE2FUl1nyQwWw%3D%3D_First_Battle_of_St_Albans.html (565 words)

	England in the Late Middle Ages - Knox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		According to the chroniclers, a triple sun appeared in the sky before the battle, which Edward took to be a sign of divine favor.
		After he won the battle, he chose a golden sunburst as one of his badges, so that all who wore it would be identified as his men.
		London was commanded by the Earl of Warwick, who marched out to St Albans to turn back the royal army, bringing the mad King Henry with him.
	www.boisestate.edu /courses/latemiddleages/politics/england/31.shtml (396 words)

	War of the Roses
		On 2 February 1461 he won the battle of Mortimer's Cross, defeated a Lancastrian army commanded by Jasper Tudor, earl of Pembroke, and after the battle ordered the execution of a group of captured Lancastrian nobles.
		Queen Margaret continued on her path, defeated Warwick at the Second battle of St. Albans (17 February 1461), and continued her slow march towards London.
		On 15 May 1464 a Lancastrian invasion was defeated at the battle of Hexham, after which Henry went into hiding in a monastery, where he stayed for a year before being found and taken to London as a prisoner.
	www.historyofwar.org /articles/wars_roses.html (1042 words)

	April 14th
		The battle of St. Albans had excited personal animosities among the feudal barons which left little hopes of peace, though both parties hesitated long in commencing the war.
		Soon after, fortune deserted him at the battle of Wakefield (Dec. 30, 1460), when he and the Earl of Salisbury's second son, Sir Thomas Nevill, were slain, and the Earl of Salisbury himself taken prisoner and beheaded.
		Warwick was defeated in a second battle of St. Albans, fought on the 17
	www.thebookofdays.com /months/april/14.htm (5017 words)

	Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The queen, Margaret of Anjou, raised an army in the north, defeated and killed York and Salisbury at Wakefield (1460), and defeated Warwick and recaptured Henry at the second battle of St. Albans (1461).
		But York’s son, Edward, won the battle of Mortimer’s Cross (1461), entered London, and was proclaimed king as Edward IV.
		Edward and Warwick met in battle at Barnet; the earl was defeated and was slain in flight.
	www.bartleby.com /65/wa/WarwickRN.html (553 words)

	Some Notable Events in St. Albans History
		Alban a citizen of Verulamium martyred for his Christian faith.
		1461 The Second Battle of St. Albans led to victory for the Lancastrians under Queen Margaret who brought her forces down Watling Street from Dunstable.
		Much of the fighting took place on Bernards Heath on the north of the town and the Yorkists in retreat left the King (who had been released from his first captivity at St. Albans and then retaken) sitting under an oak tree on Nomansland common.
	www.salbani.co.uk /notableevents.htm (748 words)

	Roses, Wars of the. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Queen Margaret, whose son was thus disinherited, raised an army and defeated (1460) the Yorkists at Wakefield.
		York was killed in this battle, and his claims devolved upon his son Edward, but Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, became the real leader of the Yorkist party.
		Margaret’s army rescued the king from captivity in the second battle of St. Albans (Feb., 1461), but Edward meanwhile secured a Yorkist victory at Mortimer’s Cross, marched into London unopposed, and assumed the throne as Edward IV.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ro/Roses-Wa.html (752 words)

	List of the Knights of the Garter (1348-present)
		Fought as a Yorkist at the second battle of St. Albans.
		At the battle of Bosworth he deserted the cause of Richard III, and is said to have placed the crown on Richmond's head on the field of battle.
		Mortally wounded at the battle of St. Denis in 1567.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/orders/garterlist.htm (13923 words)

	To Prove a Villain -- The Real Richard III
		Her husband was killed at the second battle of St. Albans, leaving her with two sons: Thomas, afterward Marquess of Dorset, and Richard.
		Shakespeare makes use of Edward Hall's report that, before the battle, one of his followers tried to persuade him to remain inactive, with the warning message pinned to his tend: 'Jacke of Norfolke be not too bolde, for Dykon thy maister, is bought and solde.' He nevertheless commanded the vanguard of Richard's army at Bosworth.
		During the period until the restoration of Henry's sanity in 1455 the rivalry between York and the Queen's party intensified and was cemented by the birth of Edward of Lancaster, the Lancastrian heir.
	www.r3.org /rnt1991/mysovereignking.html (5888 words)

	Wars of the Roses - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		In 1455 Richard gained power by winning the first Battle of St Albans; a whole series of private enmities and disputes was now absorbed into a bitter and openly fought civil war.
		Richard of York was killed at the Battle of WAKEFIELD (1460), and Henry VI's supporters, the LANCASTRIANS, won a further victory at the second Battle of St Albans (February 1461), yet their hesitations allowed Richard's son Edward to gain the throne a month later as EDWARD IV, the first YORKIST king of England.
		In September 1470 a Lancastrian invasion restored Henry VI to the throne (although power was effectively exercised by ‘the kingmaker’, Richard Neville, Earl of WARWICK), but in April 1471 Edward regained it by the victory of BARNET.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-RosesWarsofthe.html (668 words)

	[No title]
		Born at Shrewsbury, the second son of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, Richard was created Duke of York in 1474.
		The marriage ended when Grey was killed at the second Battle of St. Albans, leaving Elizabeth an impoverished Lancastrian widow.
		She died 1 8 Jun 1492 in St Saviour's Abbey, Bermondsey, London and was buried 2 12 Jun 1492 in Windsor beside Edward 1V.
	www.lycos.com /info/elizabeth-woodville--edward-iv.html (583 words)

	Henry VI of England Summary
		Henry's half-brothers, Edmund and Jasper, the sons of his mother's second marriage, were later given earldoms, Edmund being the father of Henry Tudor, later to gain the throne as Henry VII of England.
		Queen Margaret, exiled in Scotland and later in France, was determined to win back the throne on behalf of her husband and son, and with the help of King Louis XI of France eventually formed an alliance with Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, who had fallen out with Edward IV.
		The Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury in 1471.
	www.bookrags.com /Henry_VI_of_England (3409 words)

	Warwick, Richard Neville, earl of: Yorkist Leader — FactMonster.com
		Warwick was largely responsible for the Yorkist victory at the first battle of St. Albans (1455) and was appointed to the strategic post of governor of Calais.
		In 1459 when fighting broke out again, York, Salisbury, and Warwick were forced to flee the country, but in 1460 they returned and captured the king at the battle of Northampton.
		, raised an army in the north, defeated and killed York and Salisbury at Wakefield (1460), and defeated Warwick and recaptured Henry at the second battle of St. Albans (1461).
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0861862.html (162 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Henry VI - AOL Research & Learn
		The faction headed by Queen Margaret and Edmund Beaufort, 2d duke of Somerset, which dominated the king after Suffolk's death, was opposed by Richard, duke of York, the most powerful noble in the kingdom and heir presumptive to the throne.
		The struggle between these two factions developed into the dynastic battle between the Lancasters and the Yorks known as the Wars of the Roses.
		The unfortunate king was captured at the battle of Barnet and returned to the Tower.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/henry-vi/20051206045809990022 (733 words)

	Edward IV
		The Lancastrians had been decimated in battle but Edward knew that few of the magnates supported him, that public order still had to be secured, and that Warwick was capable of placing him under a tutelage as strict as that imposed on the imbecile henry VI by the Lancastrian lords.
		Nowadays Edward IV appears with Henry VII to have been the restorer of English monarchy in the 15th century; the Yorkist achievement underpinned the stability constructed under the Tudors.
		In April Warwick was defeated and killed at Barnet, in May Margaret was overwhelmed at Tewkesbury; her son Edward was killed in the battle, and her husband, Henry VI, was executed on Edward's return to London.
	members.tripod.com /~Medieval_stuff/Edward4.html (724 words)

	HENRY VI @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		After the Battle of Northampton (10 Jul 1460), Henry VI was captured by the Yorkists and York presented to Parliament his claim to the kingship (16 Oct 1460).
		Although Queen Margaret regained control of the King after the second Battle of St Albans (17 Feb 1461), London denied access to the Queen and the Earl of March was installed as King Edward IV on 4 Mar 1461.
		The "crown-wearing" ceremony in St Paul's Cathedral (13 Oct 1470) was held to confirm Henry's "readeption", but the king was merely a puppet in the hands of Warwick.
	www.archontology.org /nations/england/king_england/henry6.php (1115 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Richard, Duke of York had been defeated and killed in December 1460 in the Battle of Wakefield, and his 18-year-old son and heir Edward, Earl of March (later Edward IV) was busy in the west, where the Battle of Mortimer's Cross had been fought a few days before.
		As a result, the way was clear for the Lancastrians, led by Queen Margaret, to march south towards London, pillaging and sacking as they went.
		The Lancastrians were intercepted near St Albans by Yorkist forces commanded by Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Second_Battle_of_St_Albans (223 words)

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