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Topic: Second Buddhist council

	Buddhist Councils - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first Buddhist council was held soon after the death of the Buddha under the patronage of king Ajatasatru, and presided by a monk named Mahakasyapa, at Rajagaha (today's Rajgir).
		The second Buddhist council was convened by king Kalasoka and held at Vaisali, following conflicts between the conservative and liberal elements of Sangha.
		The fourth Buddhist council was convened by the Kushan emperor Kanishka, around 100 AD at Jalandhar or in Kashmir, and is usually associated with the formal rise of Mahayana Buddhism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buddhist_Councils (1209 words)

	Buddhist - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Second, we know from other sources that the country of Magadha, where he was born, was an oligarchic republic at that time, so there was no royal family of which to speak.
		Buddhist scriptures attest that many of the first Buddhists were in fact Jains (Nirgranthas as they were then called, meaning "the unbonded ones"), whom Buddha encouraged to maintain their Jain identity and practices such as giving alms to Jain monks and nuns.
		The Buddhist canon of scripture is known in Sanskrit as the Tripi{{t}}aka and in Pāli as the Tipi{{t}}aka.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /buddhist.htm (6471 words)

	Nikaya Buddhism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Second, according to Mahayana and subsequent Vajrayana doctrine, "Hinayana" refers not to a sect or school of Buddhism but to a type of path to liberation which is contrasted with the path of the Bodhisattva.
		The subject of this council was involved adherence to monastic rules (vinaya).
		Tradition states that the protagonists were two Nikaya Buddhist groups: a conservative group known as Sthaviravada which insisted on strict observation of vinaya and a more liberal group known as Mahasangikas which argued that some minor rules could be relaxed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nikaya_Buddhism (406 words)

	Second Buddhist-Christian Colloquium
		The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue held its second Buddhist-Christian Colloquium at the Benedictine monastery of Asirvanam in Bangalore, India, from 8 to 13 July.
		Buddhists are respectful of the sacred texts of all religions.
		Buddhist nirvanic liberation leads one to live non-attached in daily life like a lotus flower that grows up in the muddy water but is not affected by it.
	www.ewtn.com /library/Theology/CATHBUDD.HTM (1916 words)

	An article on Buddhist scriptures
		Council It was inaugurated in Rangoon, Burma in 1954.
		was reaffirmed at this Council and the reaffirmation and recitation of
		Buddhist Council as the chief commpiler of the comprehensive
	acl.arts.usyd.edu.au /~hudson/buddhism_2.htm (1456 words)

	ebuddhaindia.com -The Buddhist Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Third Council: During the reign of Emperor Asoka in the 3rd Century BCE, the Third Council was held to discuss the differences of opinion among the bhikkhus of different sects.
		The Fourth Council: The Fourth Buddhist Council was held under the auspices of King Kaniska at Jalandhar or in Kashmir around 100 CE, where 499 monks of the Sarvastivadin school compiled a new canon.
		The Fifth Council (Burma): The 5th Buddhist Council was held from 1868 to 1871 in Mandalay, Burma where the text of the Pali Canon was revised and inscribed on 729 marble slabs.
	www.ebudhaindia.com /india/buddhistcouncil.htm (756 words)

	Buddhism in the Kingdom of Thailand
		The latter were unanimous in their support of his plan that there should be held a Council of Elders or Arahats for the sake of reciting the Massage of the Master so that it could be memorised and handed down in its pristine purity to the younger generations.
		This “SANGAYANA” or Council attended by 500 Arahats contemporaries of the Buddha was undertaken for the purpose of settling the contents of the Buddhist Canon by revising, classifying and standardizing the various teachings of the Buddha during the 45 years of his preaching.
		In a Buddhist text called “Mahavangsa”, however, it was told that the heretics being deprived of the usual offerings and honour by the King’s devotion to Buddhism, had masqueraded themselves as Buddhist bhikkhus and then taken that opportunity to preach and practise their former doctrines.
	www.saigon.com /~anson/ebud/ebdha145.htm (8911 words)

	History of Buddhism in India
		At the Council, the Dharma was divided into various parts and each part was assigned to an Elder and his pupils to commit to memory.
		The Fourth Buddhist Council was held under the auspices of King Kaniska at Jalandhar or in Kashmir around 100 CE, where 499 monks of the Sarvastivadin school compiled a new canon.
		The 5th Buddhist Council was held from 1868 to 1871 in Mandalay, Burma where the text of the Pali Canon was revised and inscribed on 729 marble slabs.
	www.geocities.com /buddhism2001/india.html (1720 words)

	History of Buddhism, the Buddhist councils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The second Buddhist council was said to have been held at Vaisali about a hundred years after the Buddha's death.
		The Third Buddhist Council was definitely held during the Asoka's reign, at Pataliputra, under his patronage.
		The Fourth Buddhist Council was organized in Kashmir under the patronage of Kanishka.
	www.hinduwebsite.com /buddhism/buddhistcouncils.htm (818 words)

	2590YEARS OF BUDDHISM
		The Second Council was held at Valukarama monastery, near the city of Vesali in 100 B.E. (443 B.C), during King Kalasoka.
		King Asoka was the third emperor of the Mauryan dynasty of India and the best known ancient ruler of India, born in 304 BC and came to the throne in 270 BC, after a power struggle that resulted in the death of one of his brothers.
		In the 8th century, the Buddhist Sri-Vijaya dynasty was responsible for elegant Buddhist shrines as those of Dieng Plateau (Java) and the dignified structure as the stupa of Borobudur (Java).
	web.ukonline.co.uk /buddhism/2589year.htm (4561 words)

	Buddhism in a Nutshell - The Second Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Different from those behind the First Council, it was the difference of opinions concerning the precepts that led to the convention of the Second Council.
		As the issue was becoming acute and serious, a council was call upon to discuss the meaning of Vinaya, and consider the validity of the new interpretation of the "Ten Precepts".
		With the schism after the Second Council, the process of division continued until there were as many as eighteen sects, ten of them belonging to the Sthavira and eight to the Mahasanghika.
	www.buddhistdoor.com /passissue/9708/sources/teach38.htm (1084 words)

	Introduction to Buddhism -Buddhist Councils
		The first council took place three months after the Buddha's death and attainment of Parinibbana and was followed by five more, two of which were convened in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
		The Council was convened in 326 B.C. at Asokarama in Pataliputta.
		One of the most significant achievements of this Buddhist assembly and one which was to bear fruit for centuries to come, was the Emperor's sending forth of monks, well versed in the Buddha's Dhamma and Vinaya who could recite all of it by heart, to teach it in nine different countries.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /courses/tyamashi/relig/lect7.htm (3437 words)

	WORLD BUDDHIST SUMMIT, YANGON, MYANMAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first three Buddhist Councils were held in India, the birthplace of Buddhism, and it was due to the last of these councils, i.e, the Third Buddhist Council, that Buddhism spread abroad.
		The Fifth Buddhist Council was held in 1871 in Mandalay, Myanmar.
		The Sixth Buddhist Council held here in this cave in 1956 was the first Buddhist conference in which Buddhist leaders from all the Theravada countries took a vital role in editing and restoring the Tipitaka to its original version.
	www.wbs.org.mm (490 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first is generally known as the Southern School of Buddhism as found in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar etc. The second is the general Mahayana or the Northern School of Buddhism as found in China, Japan, Korea etc. and the third is Vajrayana or Tantrayana as found in Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia etc.
		Beginnings of Mahayana occurred at the second Buddhist Council held at Vesali (identified with modern Basrah in Tirhut), under the patronage of King Kalasoka, one hundred years after the parinibbana of the Buddha.
		At the fourth Buddhist Council sponsored by him he accepted the tenets of all the existing schools as correct as such a policy was politically very advantageous.
	www.buddhistnews.tv /current/mahayana-270303.php (917 words)

	Theravada Buddhism: A Chronology
		The Abhidhamma Pitaka is recited at the Council, along with additional sections of the Khuddaka Nikaya.
		Year 1 of the Buddhist Era calendar is the year of the Buddha's Parinibbana (death and final release), which occurred in the Buddha's eightieth year (480 BCE according to the "historical" timeline; 544 BCE by tradition).
		According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha's birth took place in 624 BCE, although some recent estimates place the Buddha's birth much later — perhaps as late as 448 BCE {1}.
	www.accesstoinsight.org /history.html (1982 words)

	E-sangha, Buddhist Forum and Buddhism Forum -> The E-sangha Timeline Project
		The sixth council began on 17th May 1954, but was not completed until 1955, timed to coincide with the 2,500th Anniversary of the Buddha's Demise.
		Although the Buddhist monks were superior to the Bonpo priests in doctrinal debate, they were no match for them when it came to magic.
		Around second half of 200 BC, the Greco-Bactrian King Menander (Milinda) or Menandros who reigned Afghanistan and northern India, had a series of discussions with Arhat Nagasena, concerning the Buddhist doctrine, which were compiled into a work entitled "Milindapanha" (The Questions of King Milinda).
	www.lioncity.net /buddhism/index.php?showtopic=4461 (3719 words)

	LE BICH SON, Room 429 Mansarowar Hostel, Delhi University, Delhi 7, INDIA. Tel:0091.9811498354 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The division of Buddhist schools, which began at the Second Council with the separation of the Mahasanghikas, also made its contribution to the development of the Bodhisattva cult in later literature.
		According to the historical sources, the Second Buddhist council holds a very important place in the history of Buddhism for the schism that occurred, creating a lasting division in the Buddhist organization.
		His popularity is second only to Avalokitesvara Bodhisattva as he takes upon himself the fearful and difficult task of bringing relief and consolation to the suffering beings.
	www.geocities.com /lebson429/Term.html (3936 words)

	Buddhist Scriptures: The Canon
		Hence we speak of a Pali Canon, i.e., the literature of the Sthaviravadins which is believed to be the original word of the Buddha.
		In place of the division into ‘canonical groups’ of Sutra, Abhidharma and Vinaya, this new arrangement seems to reckon with a live and continuous tradition in accepting as authoritative both the Sutra (or words of Buddha) and Sastra (or commentaries, treatises, etc. of disciples of a later date).
		It becomes clear from the foregoing analysis that in speaking of a Buddhist Canon one has to admit that it is both vast in extent and complex in character.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/history/s_canon.htm (680 words)

	Buddhism in the Kingdom of Thailand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In the twelfth Buddhist century there arose in Sumatra a Srivijjai kingdom, whose dominating power and territory extending to the Malay Peninsula was bordered by that of the Tvaravadi dingdom.
		Then for the second time Mahayana was introduced in the reign of King Thonburi and Rattanakosin Period by the refugees from Viet-Nam or Annam at that time.
		By the efforts of these associations programmes for a lecture or talk or discussion on the Dhamma are at regular intervals arranged for the public, in addition to a periodical each of their own.
	www.quangduc.com /English/ebdha145.htm (8923 words)

	The First Buddhist Council
		That Mahâkâçyapa, the first Buddhist patriarch, was the originator of the first assembly for compiling the Pitakas, is a matter of general acceptance by all schools of Buddhism.
		The second Sûtra, Ânanda now went on, which was also preached in Benâres for the sake of the five Bhikshus, consisted in the elucidation of the Four Noble Truths and the Eight Right Paths.
		This disagreement among the records of different Buddhist schools apparently shows that at the earlier stage of development of Buddhist literature there was no definite name for the Pitaka compiled by the First Convocation, which had probably been known by the simple designation, Buddhavâcâ (Words of Buddha).
	www.buddhistinformation.com /first_buddhist_council.htm (7907 words)

	The Buddhist Scriptures
		By Canon it is meant the Tripitaka [Pali Tipitaka] of the Buddhists, both Theravada and Mahayana.
		The second, the Tanjur (Bstan-gyur) is a supplement to the former, or in other words, continuation of the tradition of the Kanjur.
		Their inclusion in this part of the Tibetan Canon is perhaps justified on the acceptance of the position that they are necessary aids and accompaniments in the practice of the religion.
	www.saigon.com /~anson/ebud/ebsut022.htm (888 words)

	Buddhist Sects
		The division of Buddhism can be traced back to the time of the Second Council, a century after the Buddha's lifetime.
		One of the causes of this separation is rooted in the laxity of discipline and the differing ideas about monastic rules by the group of monks called Vajjiputta at Vesali City.
		In recent times, there have been a number of worldwide Buddhist conferences, and dialogs which try to see the unity of all the various forms of Buddhism, while retaining their distinctive forms.
	www.heartlandsangha.org /sects.html (553 words)

	TwentyYearsInCommentary
		The Theravada Buddhist Society of America (TBSA) was founded in 1980 to support the sasana activities in general, and the Dhammananda Vihara activities in particular.
		Sayadaw U Silananda was the Chief Compiler of the Tipitaka Pali-Burmese Dictionary and was one of the distinguished editors of the Pali Canon and the associated Commentaries at the Sixth Buddhist Council held in Rangoon (Yangon) from 1954 to 1956.
		Another one was compilation of digital pictures of the kyauk-sa (stone inscriptions) holding the text of the Pali Canon approved at the Fifth Buddhist Council held in Mandalay, Burma.
	www.tbsa.org /articles/TwentyYearsInCommentary.html (1248 words)

	Bihar
		Though the Buddha was born as a Sakya prince in the Terai foothills of the Himalayas, Buddhism as a religion was really born in Bihar and evolved here through his preaching and the example of his lifestyle of great simplicity, renunciation and empathy for everything living.
		It is the monasteries Ashoka built for the Buddhist monks and the pillars erected to commemorate innumerable historical sites associated with the Buddha’s life, mostly intact to this day, that helped scholars and pilgrims alike to trace the life events and preachings of a truly extraordinary man.
		And the second nearest railway station is Ranchi 161 kms from Betla.
	bhagirath.faithweb.com /bihar.html (6918 words)

	Buddhist History - ReligionFacts.com
		The details of the Buddha's life are not known for certain, but most scholars are in agreement that he was an actual historical figure who lived in northern India around the 5th century BCE.
		The events of his life are recorded in Buddhist tradition and often lovingly illustrated in Buddhist art.
		One of Mahakasyapa's first acts as the new Buddhist leader was to convene a council of 500 arhats to collect and preserve the Buddha's teachings.
	www.religionfacts.com /buddhism/history.htm (296 words)

	Timeline of Buddhist History
		The two Pitakas are enlarged to include the Abidhamma, forming the Tripitaka (three baskets.)The Abhidhamma Pitaka is recited at the Council.
		The modern Pali Tipitaka is now essentially complete, although some scholars have suggested that at least two parts of the extant Canon -- the Parivara in the Vinaya, and the Apadana in the Sutta -- may date from a later period.
		Virtually all monasteries are destroyed by the Chinese invaders and Buddhist practitioners are persecuted.
	buddhism.kalachakranet.org /time-line.html (1651 words)

	Buddha's World - History of Buddhism, Chronology
		This council is not recognised among Mahayana Buddhists.
		This marks the start of Buddhist influence all over Korea, though in some portions of the land Buddhists are persecuted in this era.
		• The Buddhist Society was founded, by the late Christmas Humphreys, member of the Theosophical Society, building on the pioneer work of the Buddhist Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1907 to 1925/6) and it is one of the oldest Buddhist societies in Europe.
	www.katinkahesselink.net /tibet/b_chron.html (897 words)

	55. Venerable Yasa's efforts to hold the second Buddhist council for the offense of monks collecting money (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		About 100 years after the death of the Buddha, monks of the Vajji clan did certain acts which were not becoming of monks.
		The Venerable Yasa approached the distinguished Arahants and asked them to adjudge the matter, and they pronounced that it was not lawful according to the Vinaya for monks to handle money.
		After which, 700 distinguished Arahants were chosen and the Second Buddhist Council was held to protect the Doctrine.
	www.goldenlandpages.com /hotspots/buddhism/55.htm (220 words)

	History of Zen Buddhism
		This is referred to as the First Buddhist Council.
		Buddhist Council is convened to reform delinquent Buddhist groups.
		Circa 50 AD First Buddhist teachings arrive in China form India.
	zen.thetao.info /read/history.htm (175 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		INTERRACIAL BUDDHIST COUNCIL * Study, Action, and Support * Background and Purpose The Interracial Buddhist Council is a group of Buddhist practitioners from a variety of traditions who are committed to the work of ending racism on the personal, communal, and societal levels.
		People of Color Sitting Group We meet on the second Sunday of the month to meditate and then have either a topic-specific discussion or a talk by a guest speaker.
		Our informal discussions cover such topics as: dealing with racism in the sanghas where we practice; Buddhist practice and healing the wounds of racism; and the conflict between wanting to practice with others and feeling marginalized in predominantly white sanghas.
	www.etext.org /Religious.Texts/DharmaNet/Resources/ibc.txt (195 words)

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