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Topic: Second century AD

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Pax Romana

	San Lorenzo in Lucina - The Second Century
		The Second Century AD The oldest remains beneath the church of San Lorenzo in Lucina are walls of second century buildings.
		Also the foundation wall excavated in 1998 close to the baptistery should belong to the pre-insula phase, that is to the second century AD.
		The known second century levels seem to indicate that the ground was higher to the west - as it still is, by the way.
	spazioinwind.libero.it /lucina/2ndc.htm (322 words)

	Nabataean
		But strangely enough, since the beginning of the century, the information about this period was usually limited to the study and classification of the religious and funerary monuments.
		For the second and third centuries, we can only guess that a great number of Nabataean settlements were cut in the rocks, but due to the lack of specific criteria, most of these installations cannot be dated with certainty.
		The site, where a large religious complex was built in the beginning of the first century AD as well as official and residential buildings, played a major part in the exploitation of the area located to the south of the wadi Hasa.
	www.muheisenz.homestead.com /Nabataean.html (1344 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		At the end of the second century AD Septimius Severus became the founder of a new dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire for the first quarter of the third century.
		In fact, wars were not as profitable as they used to be during the first and the beginning of the second century, since the emperors did not seek to expand the line of the frontiers; instead they waged only defensive wars against the barbaric tribes or civil wars in order to secure their throne.
		The political instability of the third century facilitated the expansion of this phenomenon, so that the Roman State was forced to treat brigands not as mere criminals but as public enemies, suppressed by the army and not by the local police (Mitchell 1993, p.234).
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/e022.htm (4209 words)

	The Message of the Prophet's Seerat
		But the second category of reality is transcendental, beyond the reach of our perception; things which we are powerless to comprehend; things which cannot be weighed or measured by scales, nor discovered by pressing into service any of the instruments for acquiring knowledge which we have at our disposal.
		The Greek translation prepared in the second and third century BC was marred by countless errors.
		In the 9th century AD, a translation of "Avasta" was published in nine volumes, out of which the first two volumes perished.
	members.tripod.com /oum_abdulaziz/WhyMohd1.htm (3355 words)

	Sarnath
		So when the aniconic eventually gives way, around the second century AD, to the massive Buddha 'primitives' of Mathura, soon to be followed, at the end of the fifth century AD, by "a perfection, unbearable almost in its flawlessness" (Kramrisch) at Sarnath, we seem to re- enter the dawn of the world.
		The Sarnath Buddha, belonging to the fifth century, is the supreme masterpiece of the Sarnath school.
		The imperturbable poise of this sculptured figure, its almost ethereal delicacy and spirituality, the youthful pliancy of the body, the balance and harmony of its contours, including its radiant halo, the sublime serenity, lift it to the highest level of subtlety.
	www.exoticindiaart.com /read/sarnath.htm (436 words)

	Radha - a historical perspective
		She is not mentioned in the Mahabharata, Harivamsa or Bhagavata, which was probably composed in the eighth century AD.
		However, from the second century, the name of Radha seems to be familiar to Prakrit (a language common to the eastern part of India at that time) authors.
		From the 8th century onwards, she is mentioned by various Prakrit poets mostly in erotic verses.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/mythology_from_india/88849 (357 words)

	The Roman Army
		All in all the Roman army consisted of 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters).
		In AD 378 the Gothic cavalry annihilated the eastern army under emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople (Hadrianopolis).
		By the second century AD the process of Romanization had advanced so far that the recruits into the auxilia were reasonably civilized and lacking in the tough, warlike qualities of the tribes beyond the frontiers which they had to face in battle.
	roman-empire.net /army/army.html (13499 words)

	Indian numerals
		The second type of hypothesis is that they derive from an earlier number system of the same broad type as Roman numerals.
		We now turn to the second aspect of the Indian number system which we want to examine in this article, namely the fact that it was a place-value system with the numerals standing for different values depending on their position relative to the other numerals.
		A second hypothesis is that the idea for place-value in Indian number systems came from the Chinese.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html (2571 words)

	Jerash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		By the first century BC, Hellenistic Gerasa had become entangled in the collapse of the Seleucid dynasty, and had briefly passed under the control of the Hasmonean kings of Judea.
		By the first century AD, Gerasa had become thoroughly urbanized, joining the regional association of leading cities called the Decapolis (the "Top Ten," as we might say today) which included Damascus and Philadelphia (present-day Amman).
		During the rest of the second century AD, the now-populous city of 20,000 - 25,000 people enjoyed a Golden Age of civic splendor, constructing new temples to Zeus and Artemis, a Hippodrome, and an Odeon.
	www.art-and-archaeology.com /jordan/jerash/jerash.html (375 words)

	Cleomedes biography
		In fact there are other features of the text which would tend to support the fourth century AD as a date, despite the lack of references to Ptolemy.
		Not least of these is the fact that this was a period when many second rate textbooks of this nature were written and the style is not unlike that of other fourth century AD texts, some of which give the same astronomical data as Cleomedes.
		Neugebauer admits that the city of Lysimachia was destroyed in 144 BC which seems at odds with his own date of 370 AD for Cleomedes but he is able to show that despite the disaster of 144 BC records of the city certainly extend up to the fourth century AD.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Cleomedes.html (1240 words)

	The Roman Army
		To the First and Second Cohorts fell the honor of holding the right of the legion's line of battle, and they were made up of the finest and strongest battle-hardened veterans.
		By the end of the second century AD, cavalry was playing an important role in legionary tactics and represented up to one-fifth of overall forces in many military actions.
		Until the fifth century, and the aftermath of the Battle of Adrianople, it would seem that almost no attempt had been made to study the heavy cavalry techniques used in the second century BC by Philip of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great.
	www.murphsplace.com /gladiator/army.html (856 words)

	Ephesus
		It was destroyed in 263 AD in the attack by the Goths.
		It was this emperor worship that placed Christians of the late first and the second and third centuries in the difficult position of either accepting the emperor as god, thus denying Christ, or confessing Christ and thus being subject to terrible persecutions.
		It dates to the second century AD and so would not have been built until after Paul was there, but it illustrates the high degree of ornamentation and skill workers of workers of that time.
	www.oc.edu /president/greece_turkey_tour/Ephesus.aspx (1274 words)

	Economic Deterioration of Rome in the Third Century AD
		For centuries, historians have tried to understand the causes of the decline of the Roman Empire, in particular the causes of the third century crisis.
		He sees the upheavals of the third century as “a deliberate and class conscious attack by the exploited peasantry, using as its spearhead the large army which was mainly recruited from its ranks”.
		During the second century we see the reversion from an industrial life based on the wide use of coinage to more primitive conditions of payments.
	www.roman-empire.net /articles/article-018.html (6406 words)

	The Germans
		They may also have been flooded out—in the centuries before the Gothic migrations, the Baltic Sea, where the Goths originated, was not a sea at all, but a lake.
		The second was the general lack of well-educated theologians among the Vandal Arians.
		Whatever the faults of the Merovingians, by the end of the Merovingian period in the eighth century, "Roman" and "Gaulish" ceased to serve as ethnic markers.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/GERMANS.HTM (3127 words)

	What to See in Alexandria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Built amidst the ruins of the Serapium in AD 297 AD in honor of Emperor Diocletian, it is the most prominent remaining Greek landmark in Alexandria.
		Dating to the beginning of the Second Century AD, it is a blend of Pharaonic and Roman art.
		Built on a low plateau east of Alexandria and overlooking a beautiful beach amid about 370 feddans of gardens and woods, the palace comprises a number of buildings, the most important being Al-Haramlek and Al-Salamlek, the summer residence of the former royal family.
	ce.eng.usf.edu /pharos/alexandria/Tourist/see.html (709 words)

	Selwyn R. Cudjoe - Christ's African roots
		In the 5th century AD the Roman-Latin cross became the Christian symbol.
		By the second century AD, orthodoxy and rigidity began to shape the early Christian Church.
		Irenaeus, a Christian writer of the second century, argued that there could only be one Church that must be orthodox (right-thinking), catholic (universal) and apostolic (Petrine).
	www.trinicenter.com /Cudjoe/AfricanChrist.htm (939 words)

	Theology WebSite: Church History Study Helps: Gentile Christianity of the Second Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Added to this list is also an early Christian sermon of Alexandrian origin mistakenly called the Second Epistle of Clement.
		Later eras appended to this collection the apocalypse or revelation call The Shepherd, written ca 200 AD by a Roman Christian prophet called Hermas who was troubled by the moral state of his community and the question of whether there could be a "second repentance".
		Also added to the list was the so-called Letter to Diognetus, and much more recently was the addition, as a result of a discovery in Constantinople in 1883, of The teaching of the Lord through the Twelve Apostles to the Gentiles, otherwise known as the Didache.
	www.theologywebsite.com /history/gentile2cent.shtml (496 words)

	Chinese inventions - Social studies project for 6th grade
		About the fourth century BC the Chinese devised a harness with a breast strap known as the trace harness, modified approximately one hundred later into the collar harness.
		In the West, blast furnaces are known to have existed in Scandinavia by the late eighth century AD, but cast iron was not widely available in Europe before 1380.
		The first version of the match was invented in 577 AD by impoverished court ladies during a military siege.
	www.gigglepotz.com /stmarys_inventions.htm (1267 words)

	NESSEBAR.NET
		It is the successor of the ancient Thracian settlement called Mesambria founded in the Second century AD.
		Since 510 AD it was turned into Greek colony town by Dorian settlers.
		It was occupied in 72 AD by a Roman garrison.
	www.nessebar.net /nes_old/en/index.htm (282 words)

	HELMET
		By the early second century AD, the venerable Coolus helmet, a direct descendant of the types originally used by Rome's Celtic enemies and adopted by the Romans in the mid-first century BC, seems to have fallen out of use.
		Robinson considered this the "typical mid-first century legionary helmet" (although the Coolus was probably more common) and it seems to have continued in use on into the early second century AD.
		AD 180-235, but the find context of the helmet is unknown and the dating is based solely on its typology (i.e.
	www.legionsix.org /helmet.htm (2041 words)

	Palaeographical Dating of p46 to the Later First Century
		XLIV 3156 (noticeable are the three movements of the tau, the second and third movements of the mu, which are deeply curved, an omicron that is a little too large, and the hyphenated decoration) and P. Oxy.
		I 45 (AD 95), 97 (AD 115-6), 174 (AD 88) and 373 (AD 79-80) (cf.
		IV 654 (The Gospel According to Thomas) and one of the libelli (AD 250) from the mound with the shêkh's tomb belonged to the third century AD, wit hsome specimens of the second and fourth centuries (B. GRENFELL and A. HUNT, "Graeco-Roman Branch", Egypt Exploration Fund.
	members.aol.com /egweimi/p46.htm (4224 words)

	German3
		The incursion of the Goths into the region around 170 AD resulted in the virtual elimination of the Basternae as a tribe.
		The Ostragoths were virtually destroyed as a tribe by the Hun invasion of the Fourth Century AD from out of the Central Asian steppes.
		In A.D. 256, the Franks along the Lower Rhine started to move southward in a major migratory push toward the Mediterranean.
	www.motherbedford.com /German3.htm (1069 words)

	History of Art:Barbarian Art
		In the late fourth century ad, Hunnic tribes from Inner Asia, the "ultimate barbarians", arrived in southern Russia.
		The second, Iron Age phase, lasted from about 500bc to the Roman conquests in the late second and early first century bc and is called La Tene, after a settlement and votive deposit on the shores of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland.
		Within two centuries, their territories stretched from the Danube to the Don and north to the boundary between the forest and steppe, but their cultural sway extended south-east into the Caucasus and west to the Dobruja with a far eastern branch in Siberia.
	www.all-art.org /history128.html (1679 words)

	bibchron
		One may add a few centuries to the beginning, because a number of the books of the Bible and some source material may have their origin in the period before the 6th century.
		A few decades also may be added to the end of the period due to some of the books of the New Testament.
		These are called deuteronomistic history because having originated probably in the end of the 6th century they are composed entirely in the spirit of the Deuteronomy.
	members.tripod.com /spentamainyu/bibchron.htm (1344 words)

	Origins
		Festus, a second century AD scholar, suggests that gladiatorial combat was a substitution for an original sacrifice of prisoners on the tombs of great warriors.
		Tertullian, a second century AD Christian writer, claimed that gladiatorial combat was a human sacrifice to the manes or spirits of the dead (De Spect.
		This practice also was witnessed by Europeans in the West African kingdom of Dahomey from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries.
	depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu /classics/gladiatr/origins.htm (408 words)

	[No title]
		Aeschylus, Dictyulci: Second century AD Two columns showing top and bottom margins and intercolumn from Aeschylus’ satyr-drama ‘The Net-pullers’ (Tragicorum Graecorum fragmenta III, fr.
		The identifications may point to the existence of a scriptorium at Oxyrhynchus in the second century AD, in which the same scribe copied many works of classical literature; they also have been claimed for the holdings of a public or private library.
		The letter theta (= the number eight) before line 2 of the second column marks the 800th line of the play.
	www.csad.ox.ac.uk /POxy/VExhibition/2161.htm (178 words)

	The Development of the Bible
		The Prophets were mostly in place by the second century BC, and the Writings (Psalms, Job, Chronicles; see Canons of the Hebrew Bible), would achieve that status not long after.
		The first letters of Paul were written around AD 45-50, the first Gospel (Mark) around AD 60, and the last of the canonical Epistles around AD 90-100.
		So although the New Testament took shape over roughly 50 years and was virtually complete by the early second century AD, it took another two to three centuries for the church to begin defining the canon of the New Testament.
	www.cresourcei.org /bibledate.html (815 words)

	Evidence That Demands a Verdict - Ch. 4 p. 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		As seen in the light of archaeological evidence, the New Testament reflects the conditions of the second half of the first century AD, and does not reflect the conditions of any later date.
		According to Bruce, the pavement quite likely existed in the first century AD and the donor and the man Paul mentions are probably one and the same.
		It is likely that the first is a prayer to Jesus for help and the second, a prayer for resurrection of the person whose bones were contained in the ossuary.
	www.angelfire.com /sc3/myredeemer/Evidencep12.html (1695 words)

	New Testament
		We have seen that it was refused in the second century AD and could not be defended by the encient Christian.
		Celsus, who was a pagan scholar of the second century AD, fearlessly declared that the Christians had distorted their Gospels three or four times or more.
		The Allogin, a sect of the Christians in the second century AD, disowned this Gospel and all the writing of John.
	www.islam4all.com /new1.htm (1183 words)

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