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	Chimurenga - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chimurenga is a word that translates from the Shona language as "struggle." The concept is widely used in the Shona-majority country of Zimbabwe to wars against oppression, especially colonialism and neocolonialism.
		The Second Chimurenga refers to the guerrilla war of 1972-1980, which led to the end of white-minority rule in Rhodesia and to the independence of Zimbabwe.
		The term "chimurenga", is also said to be derived from Murenga Sororenzou whose spirit guided ancestors of the people of present day Zimbabwe in their social, political and religious activities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chimurenga (302 words)

	Encyclopedia: Second Chimurenga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Second Chimurenga was a conflict in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) between the white minority government of Ian Smith and the fl nationalists of the ZANU and ZAPU movements, led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo respectively.
		The RhAF was relatively well equipped and used a large proportion of equipment which was obsolete, such as the Second World War vintage Douglas Dakota transport aircraft and the early British jet-fighter the De Havilland Vampire, as well as more modern types of aircraft like the Hawker Hunter and AÃ©rospatiale Alouette III helicopters.
		ZANLA or the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army was the armed wing of the Zimbabwean political movement ZANU (the Zimbabwe African National Union) and participated in the Second Chimurenga against white minority rule in Rhodesia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Second-Chimurenga (2724 words)

	The Zimbabwe Independent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Having prosecuted the Second Chimurenga, which brought about Independence in 1980, the Zanu PF government needed another revolution to authenticate its status which has over the years been marred by misgovernance, a plummeting economy characterised by three-figure inflation, forex shortages and massive domestic and foreign debts, and increasing repression.
		The real victors of the Third Chimurenga, analysts say, are President Mugabe and his cronies who have used the politics of the land to prevail over the challenge to their rule.
		The Third Chimurenga not only saw the expropriation of land but a systematic subtraction of freedoms and interference with the electoral processes and steep decline in the standards of living.
	www.theindependent.co.zw /news/2002/June/Friday14/analysis.html (1171 words)

	Chimurenga Music in Zimbabwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This marked the birth of a music which came to be known as Chimurenga music, after the Shona and Ndebele uprisings of 1893 and 1896, which had come to be known as the first Chimurenga.
		Hence the liberation struggle of the late 1960s came to be the second Chimurenga, and the genre of music that emerged from this spirit of struggle naturally acquired this name tag, and according to Pongweni (1982), won the liberation war.
		Chimurenga music was therefore a music that emerged from the tensions and conflict between the African people and the white colonial system.
	www.scholars.nus.edu.sg /landow/post/zimbabwe/music/chimurenga.html (505 words)

	Chimurenga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The word translates from the Shona language as "struggle" and it relates - originally - to the Second Chimurenga, the struggle between the native peoples and the white colonial regime in the 1970s to 1980s.
		Musically, Chimurenga is based around the sound of the mbira or "thumb-piano", a wooden instrument with keys which are played by pressing on them with the thumb or fingers.
		Mapfumo's band, the Blacks Unlimited, were radical in the sense that they took this instrument - effectively an acoustic, folk instrument - and treated it as an electric guitar, even going as far as to tune mbira to the notes of a guitar.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Chimurenga.htm (382 words)

	Mmegi Online ::> news we need to know (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		So the struggle for independence (second chimurenga), was not only about one man one vote, but also about land.
		Everyone who has visited the cramped, overcrowded communal areas, formerly called tribal trust lands, will agree that there was an urgent need for improving the life of these people, mostly living from subsistence farming and depending on the poor rainfall in their area.
		Violent farm invasions, ignoring of court decisions, and in the communal areas beatings, arson, rape and murder were commonplace accompanied by the inactivity of the police, who were told not to interfere.
	www.mmegi.bw /2004/February/Thursday19/1579806991993.html (734 words)

	Guardian \| Back to Rhodesia
		The country, though, was in the grip of its first chimurenga (war of liberation) against white settler rule.
		Today, says President Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe is in the throes of its third chimurenga, the second having brought him to power.
		The first chimurenga was raging and Bulawayo was not long out of a laager state when he arrived over a century ago.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4359367-103680,00.html (1193 words)

	Encyclopedia: Rhodesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		This became known as the "Bush War" by the Europeans of Rhodesia and as the "Second Chimurenga" (or rebellion in Shona) by supporters of the guerrillas.
		ZANU was, at that time, an African nationalist liberation movement, influenced and financed by China and North Korea, and led by Robert Mugabe.
		Both parties demonstrated broadly Marxist views, but were primarily African nationalist in nature, with their main objective being the end of white minority rule.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Rhodesia (3549 words)

	Zimbabwe and the Prospects for Nonviolent Political Change: Special Reports: Publications: U.S. Institute of Peace
		Coined "Chimurenga 3," the occupation and takeover of commercial farms by war veterans and peasants, often with the direct encouragement and material support of government officials, in many cases turned violent.
		On the second trip, Ndugane met with Tsvangirai and members of civil society and emphasized the need for mediation initiatives to restore peace and stability in the country.
		The MDC leader, Tsvangirai, has been charged with treason a second time, this time for "seeking to violently overthrow a democratically elected president." Tsvangirai is already on trial for a an earlier treason charge for "plotting to assassinate President Mugabe." Both charges carry the death penalty.
	www.usip.org /pubs/specialreports/sr109.html (9426 words)

	Kubatana - Archive - Nation, race and history in Zimbabwean politics - Brian Raftopoulos - Jul 06, 2004
		As part of the attempts to revive ZANU PF’s political fortunes in the 2000 general election and the 2002 Presidential election, the ruling party placed a strong emphasis on reviving the narrative of the liberation struggle in general and the heroic roles of ZANU PF and Mugabe in particular.
		An unbroken thread of struggle was woven incorporating the First Chimurenga of the 1890’s, the Second Chimurenga of the 1970’s and the Third Chimurenga of land occupations in the period from 2000 and beyond.
		We knew and still know it to be the fundamental premise of the Second Chimurenga and thus a principal definer of the succeeding new Nation and State of Zimbabwe.
	kubatana.net /html/archive/opin/040706ids2.asp?...&range_start=1 (1249 words)

	What Is Chimurenga?
		Traditionally, chimurenga or bongozozo is a fight in which everyone at hand participates.
		Thomas Mapfumo coined the phrase chimurenga music to describe his revolutionary music which evolved during Zimbabwe's struggle to gain independence in the early seventies.
		The war of liberation which was dubbed Chimurenga Chechipiri or the second revolution was a fulfilment of the prophesy of a great Shona spirit, Mbuya Nehanda, sister of the great Shona prophet Chaminuka.
	www.zambuko.com /mbirapage/resource_guide/pages/music/chimurenga.html (1824 words)

	International Mediation and Intractable Conflict
		Second, mediation was conducted by private citizens and a senator sent by Clinton.
		Second, the key contextual and process factors believed to explain the outcomes of international mediation are discussed.
		Second, the intervention of a regional hegemon can be controversial because they are often not seen as neutral.
	www.beyondintractability.org /m/med_intractable_conflict.jsp (6625 words)

	Politically motivated violence in Zimbabwe 2000-2001 - Summary - HRForum Zimbabwe
		The Second Chimurenga war was fought to liberate the country from the yoke of white minority rule.
		#9; Chimurenga is a Shona word derived from the word murenga, meaning "rebel" or "fighter." It was first applied to the uprisings of the indigenous fls against the white settlers in 1896—1897.
		The guerrilla war against the settlers became known as the Second Chimurenga war.
	www.hrforumzim.com /evmp/evmpreports/polmotviol0108/polviol0108b.htm (794 words)

	Chronicle Online - Zimbabwe News Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A PILOT project to record the country’s oral history and traditions on the First and Second Chimurenga has been completed in Chiredzi and Tsholotsho and the project has now been extended to other districts, the project manager, Retired Lieutenant Colonel Niya Mthombeni, said yesterday.
		Capturing a Fading Memory is an initiative of the National Archives, the Department of Museums and Monuments and the History Department at the University of Zimbabwe.
		Lt. Col Mthombeni said the history of Zimbabwe lacked comprehensive documentation of the two Chimurengas which he said were the pillar of the country’s identity.
	www.chronicle.co.zw /2005/January/28/local_news/local4.htm (300 words)

	The Head Heeb: The fourth Chimurenga?
		I usually see it translated as "struggle." The first Chimurenga was the uprising against the British in the 1890s, the second was the war against Ian Smith, and Mugabe has characterized his land reform program as the third.
		The one who led the Chimurenga Chekutanga was a sister of an important prophet at the time and was hanged after the revolt’s failure, but not before she made a prophecy about her bones rising up and leading another successful liberation war.
		Chimurenga comes from the time when Sekuru Ka Guvi and Mbuya Nehanda, our ancestoral mediums rose up to the rhodesians and were eventually caught and hanged.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/018036.html (1991 words)

	Chronicle Online :: Business News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Before the landmark reforms, now known as the Third Chimurenga, only about 4 500 white commercial farmers or less than one percent of the national population, owned the country’s most fertile lands while millions of fls languished on overworked marginal soils.
		The same applies to the Second Chimurenga that we took part in under the leadership of the late Dr Joshua Nkomo and President Mugabe.
		The Third Chimurenga has its heroes too, the majority of whom are now working on the land,” said Cde Phetshu.
	www.chronicle.co.zw /2004/february/26/features/feature.htm (1251 words)

	Zimbabwe Music Guide
		Zimbabwe's Second Chimurenga, better known to foreigners as the Rhodesian War, was this catalyst.
		Chimurenga guitar was the first incarnation of electric Zim music.
		Robson Banda, backed by his band the Black Eagles, was another chimurenga icon who produced a number of hits during the 1970s and 1980s.
	www.embargo.ca /zim/info/p3-elec.htm (401 words)

	Second Jigsaw Discussion
		The Jigsaw part is that you have read different accounts of the Second Chimurenga.
		The second Chimurenga was traumatic for everyone who lived through it.
		(105 pgs.) This is a novel of the Chimurenga, somewhat similar to the Harvest of Thorns.
	home.hiram.edu /www/psychology/262Zimweb/second_jigsaw_discussion.htm (478 words)

	The Zimbabwe Independent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		At the height of the second Chimurenga people in Rhodesia went through extraordinary suffering just like the people are suffering at the height of the third Chimurenga.
		The second Chimurenga was won solely because of strategic support from foreign "friends" like China, Zambia etc, but not forgetting Britain.
		I believe the only way that the second war could have been won would have been enlisting help from foreign sources and that is the same way that the third war can be won.
	www.theindependent.co.zw /news/2003/November/Friday28/1513.html (1056 words)

	Michigan State University Press \| Guerrilla Snuff \| Mafuranhunzi Gumbo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the first chimurenga, the Shona uprising against settler rule in 1886, two spirit mediums were credited with great influence.
		In this fictionalised version of chimurenga history, the mediums were charismatic and powerful, and in 1898 were executed.
		The tale is told as a series of personal recollections inspired by the post-war reburial of fallen fighters, and moves from the recreated words of water spirits and great hunters, through a variety of secular and spiritual mediums, and into the reality of vividly described military operations.
	msupress.msu.edu /bookTemplate.php?bookID=1181 (161 words)

	Land Reform Document
		Disillusioned at the non-existence of the “Second Rand” in Mashonaland and the assumption that there existed more gold reserves in Matabeleland, the BSAC on a flimsy pretext, invaded Matabeleland in 1893, destroyed Lobengula’s Kingdom, seized and plundered cattle and other livestock and property and subdued the populace.
		It is therefore against this background that land ranked highest among the grievances that motivated the indigenous fl majority to launch the Second Chimurenga/Imfazwe to free the country from colonial oppression.
		Brown conceded that the second approach entailed a slow start and the delay of resettlement until confidence-building measures were put in place to secure a resumption of donor funding.
	www.zimembassy.se /land_reform_document.htm (5920 words)

	Liberation War Story Cannot Be Complete Without Women
		One of the women who joined the liberation struggle and was party to some of the fiercest battles fought during the Second Chimurenga is the Minister of Water Resources and Infrastructural Development, Cde Joyce Mujuru.
		Cde Mujuru, whose Chimurenga name was Teurai Ropa, had to prematurely end her education in 1973 while doing her Form Two so that she could join the war.
		Mary Murahwa, of Mbare whose Chimurenga name was Masaisai, runs a tuckshop to make ends meet: She says: "I am happy that we are free at last, but what pains me most is that I am not able to support my family with the meagre resources that I generate from this tuckshop.
	www.peacewomen.org /news/Zimbabwe/Aug04/liberation.html (891 words)

	Second Chimurenga -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The name refers to an earlier chimurenga, or uprising, by the (additional info and facts about Shona) Shona and (A Bantu language sometimes considered a dialect of Zulu) Matabele in 1896.
		Shortly afterwards the new nation's name was officially changed to Zimbabwe and two years later the capital, Salisbury was renamed Harare.
		Mugabe has referred to the seizure of white-owned farms during the early (additional info and facts about 2000s) 2000s as the "Third Chimurenga."
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/se/second_chimurenga.htm (967 words)

	About Zimbabwe \| Friends of the Honde Valley
		Jihad-like revolts, raids and razzing in the last years of the 19th century became known as Chimurenga, the War for Liberation, but the fight stalled in 1897 when the crusade leaders were captured and hanged.
		The Declaration was declared illegal by Britain, and the UN imposed sanctions (mostly ignored) in 1968.
		The African parties opted for increasingly fierce guerilla warfare (known as the Second Chimurenga) and whites began to abandon their homes and farms.
	websrv.prescott.edu /~hondevalley/zimbabwe.html (1627 words)

	How To Kill a Country: Samantha Power
		And because tyrants never stop worrying about the loyalty of their militaries, they often establish ruling-party militias to act as personal guarantors of their safety in the event of assassination or coup attempts.
		An outspoken press, a healthy opposition, periodic elections, and an independent judiciary are rightly valued for themselves, but their greatest virtue is practical: they deter and thwart top-down demolition.
		Second, however distant the days of imperial rule or Cold War interventions in Africa, the residual resentments are a huge psychological impediment to sensible action by African leaders.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /news/opeds/2003/power_kill_country_am_1203.htm (6230 words)

	RECLAIM OUR STOLEN LAND (cont.)
		Africans were ‘resettled’ in villages on arid land and subjected to economic, social and political discrimination.
		This led to the Second Chimurenga 1966 – 1979.
		Although the urban workers supported the Second Chimurenga, they were less concerned with issues of land and more with removal of the ‘petty apartheid’ and discrimination in education, health and other social services imposed by Ian Smith’s white minority regime.
	members.aol.com /aaprpmidwest/reclaimstolenlandpg2.html (945 words)

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