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Topic: Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

	d. The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (11th-17th Dynasties). 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (11th-17th Dynasties).
		The Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (11th–17th Dynasties)
		The 13th Dynasty (1786–1633) was a period of declining power for Egypt, and increasing pressure by invaders from western Asia.
	www.bartleby.com /67/92.html (609 words)

	Second Intermediate Period of Egypt - Definition, explanation
		The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom.
		The Thirteenth Dynasty proved unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt, and the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
		The splintering of the land accelerated after the reign of the Thirteenth Dynasty king Neferhotep I. It was during the reign of his brother and successor, Sobekhotep IV, that the Hyksos made their first appearance, and around 1720 BC took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell ed-Dab'a/Khata'na), a few miles from Qantir.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/s/se/second_intermediate_period_of_egypt.php (602 words)

	Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Chronology
		When the Roman Empire was divided in A.D. Egypt was controlled from Byzantium until the Arab conquest in A.D. he history of the pharaohs is divided into dynastic periods, starting with the Early Period and ending with the Graeco-Roman Period.
		Second Intermediate Period, 1640-1550 B.C. Fourteenth to seventeenth dynasties
		Graeco-Roman Period, 332 B.C. Thirty-first and thirty-second dynasties
	www.civilization.ca /civil/egypt/egctimee.html (208 words)

	THE FIRST, SECOND & THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIODS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The so-called "Intermediate" phases of Ancient Egyptian history refer to the periods when there was little or no strong central government and the ruling structure of the country was fragmented or divided.
		These periods tend to be thought of as inferior times throughout Egypt's history, when the state was divided and the wealth of the country waned, although in fact these situations did in fact occur during more "normal" times too.
		There are three "intermediate periods" which fall between the old, middle and and new kingdoms and the late period, and each one tends to involve a transition period, where a gradual breakdown in central power would result in the rise of various regional rulers.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /intermediate_periods.htm (1545 words)

	Historical Development of Royal Cemeteries outside Thebes and inside Thebes (Early Dynastic-Second Intermediate Period) ...
		As Egyptian society gradually developed from the predynastic chiefdoms to the first united kingdoms of the Early Dynastic Period (Dynasties 1 and 2), impressive royal tomb complexes were constructed, surrounded by cemeteries of courtiers and servants.
		The characteristic tomb of the Early Dynastic Period and Old Kingdom was a rectangular flat-topped superstructure with steep sloping sides called a mastaba (after the Arabic word for the benches found in front of village houses) [16902].
		During Dynasty 17, at the end of the Second Intermediate Period, a Theban princely family were buried in the traditional necropolis at Dira' Abu al Naja.
	www.thebanmappingproject.com /articles/article_2.2.html (859 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - Late Dynastic Period
		This period, followed by the Late Period (712 - 332 or 525 - 332), is often described as a period of decline and chaos.
		Egypt’s regained independence lasted some 60 years, during which the kings of the 29th and 30th Dynasties ruled the country and re-established all of its traditions.
		The second Persian occupation would only last for 10 years, but it was one of the darkest pages in the history of Ancient Egypt: temples were plundered, holy animals were butchered and the people were subjected to demanding tributes.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/21_31/index.html (1142 words)

	Second Intermediate Period
		Period of Ancient Egypt, 1650-1550 BCE, 100 years, in which central authority was largely lost.
		Though the period was one of regional division and increasing poverty, it was not one of chaos or dramatic cultural decline.
		The 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos, lasted throughout the entire period, and ruled from Avaris in the Nile Delta.
	i-cias.com /e.o/egypt_int02.htm (317 words)

	Egypt: History - Second Internediate Period (13th to 17th Dynasties)
		Remembering the contention that in Egypt prolonged length of reign is a sure indication of the country's prosperity, we can now maintain the converse and argue that during the period which in the Turin Canon corresponds to Manetho's Dyns.
		It is remarkable that as many as six kings of the period chose for themselves the Nomen Sobekhotep 'Sobk is satisfied', with a reference to the crocodile-god of the Fayyum first honored in a cartouche by Queen Sobeknofru.
		It is the second oldest, and quite the most elaborate, telling them that he wishes to fashion in their true forms statues of the god Osiris and his Ennead and asking them to arrange for his inspection of the ancient books where such things are recorded.
	www.touregypt.net /hsecin1a.htm (3768 words)

	Egypt - The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C.
		Historians have given the name "kingdom" to those periods in Egyptian history when the central government was strong, the country was unified, and there was an orderly succession of pharaohs.
		These periods are known as "intermediate periods." The Old Kingdom and the Middle Kingdom together represent an important single phase in Egyptian political and cultural development.
		The political and economic system of Egypt developed around the concept of a god incarnate who was believed through his magical powers to control the Nile flood for the benefit of the nation.
	countrystudies.us /egypt/6.htm (659 words)

	Egyptian New Kingdom, Babylonia, Assyria, Hittites, etc.
		This period begins with the domination of the Hurrians, already or soon to be led by a nobility of Indo-European horsemen, the Mitanni.
		Mitanni, however, set back by Egypt, weakened after 1400 and was soon crushed between the resurgent Hittites to the west and the Assyrians to the east.
		Clayton has the Late Period beginning with the Persian Conquest, which is not really fair to the XXVI Dynasty, which should not be considered part of an "Intermediate" period.
	www.friesian.com /notes/newking.htm (8368 words)

	The Ancient Egypt Site - 2nd Intermediary Period
		Somewhere during the reign of Amenemhat IV, the penultimate king of the 12th Dynasty, the regular expeditions to the copper and turquoise mines of the Sinai came to a stop.
		The second part of the 13th Dynasty, however, was marked by usurpations and kings openly proclaiming their non-royal birth.
		The Hyksos kings, however, were not able to maintain their control over the whole of Egypt, and only a few years after it had been conquered, Thebes again arose as an independent state, and home to the 17th Dynasty.
	www.ancient-egypt.org /history/14_17/index.html (1065 words)

	[No title]
		Unlike earlier periods, this period is imperialistic enabled by new modes of warfare introduced into Egypt by the Hyksos.
		Queen Hatshepsut is one of the rulers of the XVIII Dynasty.
		671 BCE: Egypt - Egypt is conquered by the Assyrians.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/egpage.htm (667 words)

	Second Intermediate Period of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Second Intermediate Period marks a period when Ancient Egypt once again fell into disarray between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom.
		The Thirteenth Dynasty proved unable to hold onto the long land of Egypt, and the provincial ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the western Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Fourteenth Dynasty.
		This dynasty was succeeded by a group of Hyksos princes and chieftains, who ruled in the eastern Delta with their local Egyptian vassals, and are known primarily by scarabs inscribed with their names, called by modern Egyptologists the Sixteenth Dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt (672 words)

	Sudan, 2000–1000 B.C. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art
		Although sometimes an adversary of Egypt, the kingdom of Kerma is also its major trading partner to the south, and Egyptian goods flow freely into the city of Kerma where they find their way into tombs.
		Upper and Lower Nubia become a virtual colony of Egypt, ruled by a viceroy called the "King's Son of Kush." Egyptian settlements are established, and temples are built to Egyptian gods.
		During this period, the majority Nubian population probably participates in the administration of the Egyptian province of Nubia.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/03/afs/ht03afs.htm (580 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Daphna Ben-Tor: Sequence and chronology of Second Intermediate Period royal-name scarabs based on excavated series from Egypt and the Levant Royal-name scarabs bearing foreign nomina and their close parallels bearing Egyptian prenomina are generally associated with the foreign dynasty/ies at Avaris.
		Recent archaeological studies of the first half of the second millennium BC in Egypt and the Levant provide crucial evidence for establishing the chronological range of the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt and the coinciding Middle Bronze Age phases in the Levant.
		Daniel Polz: The end of the Second Intermediate Period: New perspectives from Dra Abu el-Naga Recent excavations of the German Archaeological Institute in the necropolis of Dra Abu el-Naga in Western Thebes yielded a substantial amount of new archaeological material dating to the Second Intermediate Period.
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /aes/Sack04Abstracts.doc (5289 words)

	Chronology of Ancient World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Early Dynastic Period in Egypt began with unification of Lower and upper Egypt (1st - 3rd dynasties).
		Second Intermediate Period in Egypt(14th - 17th dynasties).
		Period of civil war after the assassination of Commodus.
	www.ancientanatolia.com /historical/world_history.htm (681 words)

	Second Intermediate Period
		This period saw the decline of the past thirteenth and fourteenth dynasties and the great increase in number of the Asian population whom, bit by bit started to settle and spread in the whole land of Egypt.
		It is the period of the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Dynasties.
		After that a period of peace ensued, but Rameses III’s reign was troubled by a plot, that appears to have involved a numerous numbers of officials, to manipulate the succession.
	www.kingtutshop.com /freeinfo/2ndPeriod.htm (1719 words)

	[No title]
		This period of disunity, possibly described in the Admonitions of Ipuwer (ANET, pp.441-444), lasted some three hundred years and is generally contemporary with Middle Bronze I. Under kings of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasty, Middle Kingdom Egypt reached a cultural pinnacle.
		Artifacts illustrating this archaeological period are drawn mostly from the Bronze Age cemetery at Gibeon (el Jib), particularly the undisturbed Tomb 15.
		Unlike later periods when the dead are buried in cemeteries on the slopes of the tell or in rock-cut tombs some distance away from the city itself, Middle Bronze burials may be deposited within the city itself (e.g.
	www.bu.edu /ANEP/MB.html (5211 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Second Intermediate Period was at first a time of internal collapse when a rapid succession of kings failed to hold the kingdom together.
		They were not a minor harassment as the intrusion of foreign tribes had been in the First Intermediate Period but were regarded by later generations as foreign conquerors.
		This is based on the idea that their conquest of Egypt was easy because they used the horse-drawn chariot which, it is claimed, was of Aryan origin (the Hurrians were Indo-Aryan).
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAE0007 (1567 words)

	The First Intermediate Period in Egypt
		Of the kings of the First Intermediate Period we know very little, Rice, using the Cambridge Ancient History, tells us of Demedjibtowy of the Eighth Dynasty that he was the last of the fragile kings to reign in Memphis after the end of the Old Kingdom.
		He was the governor of the Twentieth Nome of Upper Egypt, centred on Heracleopolis and seized the throne, laying down the foundations of the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties.
		The devastation in the Abydos area (8) seems to have been followed by a period of relative peace until, in the 14th year of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II a 'rebellion of Abydos' led to the final defeat of Herakleopolis and its allies by Thebes.
	www.yare.org /essays/fip.htm (2568 words)

	The Second Intermediate Period: 1640-1550 BC
		Eventually, as their numbers increased, they threatened the power of the Egyptian monarchy itself and Egypt fell into disarray.
		This period, the Second Intermediate Period, saw Egypt ruled by foreign kings for almost a hundred years.
		In fact, it isn't fair to say that Egypt was under the control of a single monarch, but consisted largely of independent states under a variety of foreign kings.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /%7Edee/EGYPT/2ND.HTM (249 words)

	Egypt Site Map
		The Osirian Temple of Taharqa at Karnak in Egypt
		The Tomb of Mehu at Saqqara in Egypt
		Osiris Hek-Djet, Temple of at Karnak in Luxor, Egypt
	touregypt.net /sitemap.htm (3679 words)

	AllRefer.com - Egypt - The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C. \| Egyptian ...
		The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C. Historians have given the name "kingdom" to those periods in Egyptian history when the central government was strong, the country was unified, and there was an orderly succession of pharaohs.
		The Predynastic Period and the First and Second Dynasties, 6000-2686 B.C. The Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and Second Intermediate Period, 2686 to 1552 B.C. Pyramid Building in the Old and Middle Kingdoms
		Egypt under the Protectorate and the 1919 Revolution
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/egypt/egypt14.html (921 words)

	Williams: ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL PROBLEMS OF THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
		A second major change is that earlier phases of Asiatic culture appear earlier in the Delta settlements than I indicated.
		A Synchronism of the Archaeological Assemblages in Nubia in the Second Intermediate Period
		PALESTINE AND SYRIA IN THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE PEROD
	oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/RA/BBW/BBWIntro.html (990 words)

	Williams: ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL PROBLEMS OF THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
		A second major change is that earlier phases of Asiatic culture appear earlier in the Delta settlements than I indicated.
		A Synchronism of the Archaeological Assemblages in Nubia in the Second Intermediate Period
		PALESTINE AND SYRIA IN THE SECOND INTERMEDIATE PEROD
	www-oi.uchicago.edu /OI/DEPT/RA/BBW/BBWIntro.html (990 words)

	Interactive Dig Hierakonpolis - Nubians at Hierakonpolis
		These include Egypt's oldest preserved house--that of the potter who accidentally burnt his house down with his own kiln; Egypt's earliest industrial-strength breweries, with huge vats capable of brewing over 300 gallons a day; and Egypt's first temple (see Narmer's Temple).
		Carved into a ridge of sandstone due west of the enclosure are the decorated stone-cut tombs of the local dignitaries of the late Old Kingdom to Second Intermediate period.
		The second Nubian campaign of 1959-1969, which preceded the activation of the Aswan High Dam and the creation of Lake Nasser, put meat on the bones, but did not substantially change the understanding of the inhabitants and history of Lower Nubia.
	www.archaeology.org /interactive/hierakonpolis/nubians.html (2031 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		His reign was a period of great properity with expanded trade and an influx of precious metals and stones that had previously not been available to the Egyptians.
		The 2nd Intermediate Period stretched from the 13th to 17th dynasties (1786 to 1575 BC)of ancient Egypt.
		This period was characterized by a weak series of Egyptian pharaohs who were unable to resist an influx of Palestinian settlers into the northern delta region of Egypt, likely as a result of pressure from the Hurrians and Hittites on their own homelands.
	www.artigua.com /directory/Egyptian:Second_Intermediate.html (426 words)

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