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Topic: Second Manchu expedition to Korea

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	COUNTRY PROFILE: SOUTH KOREA
		Japanese dominance of Korea was further cemented by the Taft-Katsura Agreement, in which the United States acknowledged Japanese authority in Korea in exchange for Japanese acquiescence to U.S. authority in the Philippines.
		Inter-Korean Relations: The political importance of relations between North and South Korea, and the impact of the division of the Korean peninsula on the national consciousness, is difficult to overstate.
		The Republic of Korea is still a significant country of origin, transit, and destination for trafficking in persons, particularly women and children for the sex trade and domestic servitude.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_profiles/2004-2005/South_Korea.html (8784 words)

	The Manchus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Manchu commandant of each of the nine garrisons above mentioned, familiar to foreigners as the Tartar General, was so placed in order to act as a check upon the civil Governor or Viceroy, of whom he, strictly speaking, took precedence, though in practice their ranks have always been regarded as equal.
		Manchu was the court language, spoken as well as written, for many years after 1644, and down to quite recent times all official documents were in duplicate, one copy in Chinese and one in Manchu; but a Manchu literature can hardly be said to exist, beyond translations of all the most important Chinese works.
		The Manchu soldiers were fighting for their all: their very supremacy was at stake; while many of the Chinese troops were members of the Triad Society, the chief object of which was to get rid of the alien dynasty.
	www.russbo.com /Foundations/manchus.htm (17796 words)

	korea
		In Korean, Korea is referred to as "Chosŏn" (조선; 朝鮮) in the North and "Hanguk" (한국; 韓國) in the south.
		Korea continued to be a Japanese colony until Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces on 15 August 1945.
		At the Cairo Conference on 1 December 1945, it was agreed that Korea would be free "in due course as one unified country;" at a later meeting in Yalta in February 1945, it was agreed to establish a four-power trusteeship over Korea.
	www.fact-library.com /korea.html (1688 words)

	manchu
		The Manchu (manju in Manchu, 滿洲 pinyin: mănzhōu) are an ethnic group who originated in Manchuria.
		Today, Manchus have been largely assimilated by the surrounding Han Chinese and the Manchu language is almost extinct.
		Manchu was originally a tribal group of the Jurchen that Nurhaci belonged to.
	www.fact-library.com /manchu.html (478 words)

	FIRST MANCHU EXPEDITION TO KOREA
		In Korea the Westerners faction deposed the realist king Gwanghaegun and installed King Injo in 1623.
		The first Manchu expedition was triggered by Yi Gwal's rebellion against King Injo in 1624.
		The Manchus forced Korea to open markets near the borders because the long conflict with Ming brought economic hardship to the Manchus.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/FIRST+MANCHU+EXPEDITION+TO+KOREA (376 words)

	Encyclopedia: Timeline of Chinese history
		Emperor Taizong of Tang China (January 23, 599–July 10, 649), born Li Shimin, was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China from 626 to 649.
		The Kangxi Emperor (born Xuanye (çŽ„ç‡) May 4, 1654 â€“ December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722.
		Puyi (Chinese:æº¥å„€) (February 7, 1906 - October 17, 1967) of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family was the Xuantong Emperor (å®£çµ±çš‡å¸) of China between 1908 and 1924 (ruling emperor between 1908 and 1912, and non-ruling emperor between 1912 and 1924), the tenth and last emperor of the Manchu Qing Dynasty to...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Timeline-of-Chinese-history (7931 words)

	East-West Center: Events: Papers: James B. Palais and Victor D. Cha: U.S.-KOREA RELATIONS
		Korea’s fate was dependent on the willingness of the Chinese to expend more of its men and resources in the 1590s just like South Korea’s fate depended on the willingness of the U.S. to bear the major burden for South Korea’s welfare.
		Second, the absence of a long-term vision on the Korean side, as one specialist noted, is in part due to lack of substantive and serious thinking on the issue.
		Second, any future USFK presence that will be acceptable to the host nation must deal adequately with the “legacy” of the cold war U.S. forward presence, and engage in some public diplomacy.
	www.eastwestcenter.org /events-en-detail.asp?news_ID=146 (12604 words)

	Summary and Evaluation of China, Korea & Japan to 1875 by Sanderson Beck
		The devastating war between the Ming and the Manchus caused an economic depression in the second half of the 17th century.
		Perhaps Korea's greatest contribution to civilization is the development of their phonetic Han'gul alphabet, which enables people to learn to read and write easily and quickly.
		Korea suffered a devastating invasion by the Japanese in the 1590s, but they were defended by China and their own armored ships.
	www.san.beck.org /3-13-Summary.html (16017 words)

	HIS 217
		Believing himself to be the brother of Jesus Christ, entrusted by God to drive the demon Manchus out of China, he formed the Society of God Worshipers in Guangxi province, proclaimed himself emperor of the "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" (Taiping Tianguo), and led a rebellion against the Qing that almost ended the dynasty.
		Macartney managed to meet with the emperor in the Manchu summer palaces in Jehol, but his demands were politely refused and the mission returned a failure.
		By Manchu decree issued by Dorgon in 1645, all Chinese men had to adopt the hairstyle upon risk of execution.
	homepages.stmartin.edu /Fac_Staff/rlangill/HIS%20217/Glossary%20Chinese%20history.htm (8253 words)

	The Origins of Chinese Civilization: c
		The second development was Buddhism was introduced into China around the middle of the first century AD, but really didn't catch on until the fall of the Han dynasty.
		Under UN auspices, a democratic government established the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in 1948 with its capital in Seoul.
		By August, North Korea had advanced down most of the peninsula, with the Korean and U.N. forces making a stand along the "Pusan Perimeter." Douglas MacAurthur made his famous Inch'on landing on September 15th, and the U.N. forces quickly went on the offensive.
	www.sba.muohio.edu /mis399/Student/Reading%20files/history-china-korea-japan.htm (4508 words)

	Reference Book Errors and Comments
		The Manchus of the Ch'ing dynasty invaded Korea, reducing it to vassal status...
		Map of the advent of farming in Asia with Korea represented.
		Korea was not Korea, Japan was not Japan.
	studyabroad.byu.edu /staff/peterson/SpecialVol/Specialbooks.html (1853 words)

	1st Battalion, 9th Infantry Regiment
		The optempo is high and the training is realistic with the "Mad Dawgs." A tour spent in Korea is exciting for soldiers, whether it's during a field exercise sharpening combat infantryman's skills or touring the country learning the Korean culture.
		Manchu troops were the first of the Indianhead Division to touch Korean soil.
		During Operation "Just Cause" in December 1989, the Manchus were called upon to eliminate hostile forces, restore public law and order, and assist the new government of Panama to reestablish a democratic lifestyle.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/agency/army/1-9inf.htm (1021 words)

	8.Brief clarification of Chinese double standard against Japan and for China.
		The actual aim of the expedition is a somewhat controversial subject.
		All else was a defensive war, or a war to support its ally, or a war that was necessary in order to maintain its independence, security and sovereignty.
		Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, Taiwan, and Central Asia have been victim to the Chinese wave of invasion through out the time.
	www004.upp.so-net.ne.jp /teikoku-denmo/english/history/chinese_w-std.html (1176 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: China
		The Tsung-shi are the imperial clansmen, descendants of Hien Tsu (1583-1615), the founder of the Manchu dynasty, and are distinguished by their yellow girdles; all affairs relating to the imperial family are treated by the Tsung-jen-fu, the Imperial Clan Court.
		Shen-nung, the second of the Five Emperors, is held to have multiplied by eight the original Kwa of Fu-hi, forming sixty-four hexagrams.
		The first American commercial expedition to China was undertaken by the Empress of China, a vessel commanded by John Green, which sailed from New York for Canton, 22 Feb., 1784.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03663b.htm (8669 words)

	[No title]
		The Qing weren't the worst rulers; under them the arts flowered (China's greatest novel, a work known variously as The Dream of the Red Chamber, A Dream of Red Mansions, and The Story of the Stone, was written during the Qing) and culture bloomed.
		The Chinese (more specifically, the ultra-conservative Manchus) had no room in their world-view for the idea of independent, equal nations (this viewpoint, to a certain degree, still persists today).
		Second, in 1914, the Archduke Ferdinand told his driver to go down a street in Sarajevo he shouldn't have, and Europe plunged headlong into chaos.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~fc6t/China/hist009.htm (2667 words)

	Hwanghae -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1948, Hwanghae and Gyeonggi Provinces became parts of the new countries of (The region of the United States lying north of the Mason-Dixon Line) North and (A republic in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula; established in 1948) South Korea respectively.
		In 1953, at the end of the (A war between North and South Korea; South Korea was aided by the United States and other members of the United Nations; 1950-1953) Korean War, the Northern Limit Line was established, which marked the maritime boundary between North and South Korea.
		In 1954, North Korea's Hwanghae Province was divided into (The region of the United States lying north of the Mason-Dixon Line) North and (Click link for more info and facts about South Hwanghae) South Hwanghae.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Hw/Hwanghae.htm (460 words)

	The 15th Infantry Regiment - Can Do History
		The second 15th Infantry was organized in 1812 for service on the northern border with Canada.
		The division was sent into action in North Korea where it served to protect the withdrawal of the 1st Marine Division from Chosin Reservoir.
		For the next two years, the 15th fought in Korea, moving in and out of the line with other divisional units.
	www.geocities.com /eureka/plaza/7750/15thinf02.html (3162 words)

	List of Manchuria-related topics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fengtian - First Manchu expedition to Korea - Fuyu
		Manchu - Manchu family name - Manchu given name - Manchu language - Manchukuo - Manchuria - Manwen Laodang - Mausoleum of Princess Zhenxiao - Mohe
		Second Manchu expedition to Korea - Shamanism - Shenyang - Shunzhi Emperor of China - Songhua River - Sushen
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Manchuria-related_topics (327 words)

	[No title]
		The missionaries, especially the Jesuits, of the second half of the sixteenth century and thereafter sought seriously to command the Asian languages necessary to their work of evangelizing.
		The Jesuits and the Portuguese of Macao kept Europe apprised of the rise of the Manchus that led to the downfall of the Ming.
		While this proved not to be the case, since the Manchus were quickly sinicized, the image of China as a changeless and remote empire was replaced, at least in part, by a view of China as a dynamic empire and as a part of the same world as Europe.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /e/su/southasia/lach.html (10804 words)

	The rise of the Manchu (from China) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The rise of the Manchu (from China) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Internal solidarity during the decline of the Nan Sung
		Antiforeign movement and the Arrow, or second Opium, War
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-71757 (59 words)

	Bibliography of Manchu-Tungus linguistics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Manshuugo to tsunguusugo: sono koozoojoo no sooiten to mookogo no eikyoo {Manchu and Tungus languages: their discrepencies in construction and the Mongolian influence].
		A Sino-Finnish joint expedition to the minority nationalities of Northern China.
		Kobori, J. On the language of the Manchus near Aigun.
	www.distedu.ru /mirror/_injaz/altaica.narod.ru/bibliograf/e_tungus.htm (3713 words)

	Biographical Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He also participated in the subsequent Second Revolution (1913) and the campaign (1915-16) against the warlord Yuan Shikai, in office from 1915 to 1916.
		In 1926 he embarked on the Northern Expedition to crush the warlords in the north.
		Taking an interest in politics and concluding that the Manchu government must be overthrown so that a republican China could be founded, Sun began his revolutionary career in 1894.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/bio.html (7492 words)

	http://www.qando.net/ - Chinese military looks beyond Taiwan
		Although North Korea had encountered temporary economic problems, its political policies were consistently correct.
		While the God Worshippers were dedicated to the destruction of idols and the stamping out of demon worship, it’s clear that they felt that the Manchu rulers were the primary propagators of demon worship.
		Combined with his belief that the Kingdom of Heaven would be established on the ruins of the Manchu government, the God Worshippers were also militantly organized to destroy and eliminate demon worship.
	www.qando.net /details.aspx?entry=2268 (10282 words)

	Japanese dictionary of history and traditions #37 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When the latter closed at the end of summer, Japanese moved from Kushunkotan to Shiranush and remained there until the end September then left Sakhalin because the snow will begin to fall and all the activity cease in Sakhalin.
		In Japan, after Minamoto no Yoritomo had become shogun and virtually replaced the prerogative of imperial court, the term was used to designate the shogun's office.
		After a take over of China by Manchu tribe in 17th century, many Chinese scholars fled to Japan and propagated Neo Confucianism which had been created during Song dynasty in 12th century.
	www.hikyaku.com /dico/histxtg36.html (1412 words)

	About Lisnavagh and it's History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This is a fascinating document, putting the family history in context with what was happening in the rest of the world since the mid 1500's.
		Hugh "The Major" Massy born, second of two children to a naval commander Hugh Harmon Massy (1851-1916) and his second wife Anne (nee Thompson).
		Birth of Stephen Patrick (Paddy) Butler, second son of Richard and Diana Butler.
	www.lisnavagh.com /About/History1900to1999.html (8341 words)

	AECasia - Architecture Asia - The architect & design network for Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Instead they grab a beer from the Green Park Hotel across the street and slide onto the communal steel benches for cheap, nutritious meals as they listen to (or join in) nearly always entertaining conversations.
		On the second floor of the new wing are changing exhibitions, usually drawn from the collection, concerning fascinating aspects of Australian history and culture.
		Stop by the historic Mitchell Wing with its stained-glass windows and mosaic and terrazzo vestibule with a map of Australia.
	www.architectureasia.com /TRAVEL/sydney.htm (12249 words)

	List of Korea-related topics (L-Z) - Definition, explanation
		Later Baekje - Later Goguryeo - Later Three Kingdoms of Korea - Lelang Commandery - Let's trim our hair in accordance with the socialist lifestyle (TV show) - LG (Korea) - Liancourt Rocks - Liaoning bronze dagger culture
		North Korea(n): North Korea - North Korea and weapons of mass destruction - North Korea Cold Current - North Korea national football team - North Korea nuclear weapons program - North Korean abductions of Japanese - North Korean abductions of South Koreans - North Korean news organizations - North Korean political parties
		Ra Kyung-min - Radical (Chinese character) - Rain (singer) - Rasŏn (Rajin-Sŏnbong); - Regions of Korea - Edwin O. Reischauer - Renault Samsung Motors - Republic of Korea - Reunification of Korea - Revised Romanization of Korean
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/li/list_of_korea_related_topics__l_z_.php (539 words)

	History Digital Ebooks Argentina Brasil United States America USA Europa Italia France Europe Holland United Kingdom ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Jacob Robinson volunteered for Colonel Doniphan's expedition, which left St. Louis in June 1846 for old Santa Fe, simply because he had nothing better to do.
		The expedition continued on through Navaho country and then down into Chihuahua, Mexico, where they fought with the Mexicans.
		This second volume continues to chronicle his adventures in Europe..
	www.agromail.net /store/digitalebooks/art1014.html (6264 words)

	Chronology of World History: Military (II) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		1637 After Manchus invade Korea, Korea becomes a vassal state of the Manchu Empire.
		1683 Koxinga's grandson cedes Formosa (Taiwan) to Manchu Emperor of China.
		The British retaliate with a punitive expedition, initiating the First Opium War (1839-42).
	www.txdirect.net /users/rrichard/militar4.htm (2761 words)

	BookPage Interview August 2001: Simon Winchester
		I had a fascinating time, but it really wasn't what I was most suited to, I don't think."
		His books took him through Korea, along the length of the Yangtze River and throughout the colonial remnants of the British Empire.
		What they did not do, he freely admits, was make money.
	www.bookpage.com /0108bp/simon_winchester.html (1019 words)

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