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Topic: Second Saudi State

	First Saudi State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The First Saudi State was established in the year 1744 (1157 H.) when the Wahhabi leader Sheikh Mohammed ibn Abd al Wahhab settled in Diriyah and Prince Mohammed Ibn Saud agreed to support and espouse his cause, with a view to cleansing the Islamic faith from distortions.
		Concerned at the growing power of the Saudis the Ottoman Sultan instructed Mohammed Ali Pasha to reconquer the area.
		Ali sent his son Ibrahim Pasha who was successful in routing the Saudi (Wahhabi) forces in 1817.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Saudi_State (205 words)

	[No title]
		The first Saudi state reached its zenith under the leadership of Saud, grandson of Mohammad, in 1811 when raids were made into Syria and a campaign against Baghdad contemplated.
		By the time of Turki's death, the vast territories of the Saudi state were largely recovered, though Makkah and Medina were not recaptured.
		The second Saudi state was then at its peak, benefiting from flourishing trade in horses and pearls with the outside world.
	web.nps.navy.mil /~relooney/Arabia_MEED52.htm (1381 words)

	Saudi Arabia (08/05)
		The Basic Law adopted in 1992 declared that Saudi Arabia is a monarchy ruled by the sons and grandsons of King Abd Al Aziz Al Saud, and that the Holy Qur'an is the constitution of the country, which is governed on the basis of Islamic law (Shari'a).
		Saudi Arabia was a key player in coordinating the successful 1999 campaign of OPEC and other oil-producing countries to raise the price of oil to its highest level since the Gulf War by managing production and supply of petroleum.
		Saudi Arabia supports a peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict but rejected the Camp David accords, claiming that they would be unable to achieve a comprehensive political solution that would ensure Palestinian rights and adequately address the status of Jerusalem.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm (5065 words)

	Saudi Arabia Fall 2000 Magazine: Governing with the People
		That a head of state could be accessible daily to any citizen who showed up at his court with a grievance or a concern is not only unheard of at the turn of the 21st century, but also was unique at the time of his rule.
		It defines the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as an Arab and Islamic sovereign state, and states that its religion is Islam and its constitution is the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah.
		The Saudi citizen is the main pillar of the development and progress of his country, and we shall spare no effort to achieve his happiness and welfare,” declared King Fahd.
	www.saudiembassy.net /Publications/MagFall00/Govern.htm (3328 words)

	Intra-Muslim Rivalries in India and the Saudi Connection
		Official Saudi Islam, or what is commonly referred to as ‘Wahhabism’ by its opponents, is the outcome of the movement led by the eighteenth century puritan Muhammad bin ‘Abdul Wahhab (1703-91), who, along with Muhmmad ibn Saud, was the chief architect of the Saudi state.
		Thus, he proclaims that the Saudi state is based on ‘Islam, obedience of the shari‘ah and the sunnah’, and is the ‘true heir’ of the ‘pure Islamic state’ established by Ibn Saud.
		Saudi Arabia is said to have been the largest financer of radical Islamist groups abroad, some of whom, as in the Philippines, Chechenya, Bosnia and Kashmir, have taken to armed struggle and terrorism against non-Muslim states.
	www.sikhspectrum.com /022005/saudi_islam.htm (16673 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : A Man for our Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Najd had been central to the first and second Saudi states, and its loss engendered a deep sense of resolve in 'Abd al-'Aziz's to act to recover his patrimony, to restore the Al Sa'ud to the leadership of central Arabia.
		With this campaign, he brought into the Saudi remit an area that was, by virtue of its oil reserves, to provide unparalleled wealth for his nation in later years.
		For the second time too, he escaped, and he made his way back to Najd in 1843 in an exploit that added to his popularity among the tribes and also marked the end, for a while, of Ottoman efforts to quell the House of Sa'ud.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199901/a.man.for.our.century.htm (3901 words)

	1824. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		BEGINNING OF THE SECOND SAUDI STATE, with its capital in Riyadh, under the emir Turki ibn Abdallah (r.
		Faysal ibn Turki ruled as Saudi emir (first reign), after the assassination of his father (May 1834).
		Ali al-Mansur ruled as imam of Yemen (second reign).
	www.bartleby.com /67/1359.html (231 words)

	Ain-Al-Yaqeen - June 27, 2003 - Article 8
		The first Saudi state was established in 1157 H when Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud announced support to the call of Sheikh Mohammed Abdul Wahab for a proper Islamic life.
		In 1240 H, the Second Saudi State was established by Imam Turki Ibn Abdullah Ibn Mohammed Ibn Saud, but for certain internal reasons the second Saudi state collapsed in 1308 H. In 1319 H, King Abdul Aziz began his successful mission to unify the country.
		A statistical report published recently by the General Directorate of Saudi schools abroad for the academic year 1420/1421H,disclosed that the number of students at various educational levels reached 5,334 who are assisted in their educational pursuit by 632 teachers.
	www.ain-al-yaqeen.com /issues/20030627/feat8en.htm (2757 words)

	GN Online: UAE is second most populous state in GCC
		Saudi Arabia, by far the biggest GCC nation, accounted for around 71 per cent of the population at the end of 2000, with an estimated 22 million, according to the annual report by the Riyadh-based GCC secretariat.
		The UAE was the second most populated GCC state, accounting for around 10 per cent or nearly 3.1 million.
		Saudi Arabia had around 7.4 million workers while they stood at 1.77 million in the UAE, 1.2 million in Kuwait, 660,000 in Oman, 321,000 in Qatar and 319,000 in Bahrain.
	www.gulf-news.com /Articles/print.asp?ArticleID=58916 (488 words)

	Continuity and Change: Twin Attributes of 250 Years of Saudi Rule
		By 1788, the Saudi State ruled over the entire Najd, the central plateau of the peninsula and, by the early years of the 19th century, over most of the peninsula, including the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah.
		Another of the attributes that attracted loyal followers to the Saudi State was the cohesion of the ruling family and the smooth transfer of power from one ruler to the next - unique characteristics at a time when most other ruling houses in the peninsula were steeped in factional fighting and grabs for power.
		In a famous directive to the governors of the Saudi provinces, he instructed that weights and measures be standardized, instituted other practices to safeguard the possessions of citizens and introduced steps to ensure that all citizens had recourse to justice.
	www.saudiembassy.net /Publications/MagFall96/continuity.htm (3056 words)

	Saudi Arabia as a Potential Rogue State
		A coup occurs in the desert kingdom, transforming the Saudi state from an ally of the West to an anti-U.S. state aligned with Iraq, and the kingdom soon is considered a full-fledged rogue state.
		The Saudi monarchy was recognized by France as early as 1927, and the Saudi history with the U.S. began in the early 1930s with the admission of oil-drilling Americans into the kingdom and was consummated with the 1945 visit between King Abdul Aziz and President Roosevelt.
		Many Saudi subjects vehemently opposed Saudi collaboration with the U.S. against a brother Muslim nation, and hold the regime to blame for the subversion of Islamic values to the U.S.’ "corrupting Western influences" because it was the regime who invited the Western "infidels" into the region (8).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~rtanter/S97PS472_Papers/BUCHOLZ.JENNIFER.SAUDI.HTML (7555 words)

	1889-91. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		Abd al-Rahman ibn Faysal ruled as Saudi emir.
		END OF THE SECOND SAUDI STATE, after its forces were defeated by Muhammad Ibn Rashid of Jabal Shammar.
		The Saudis defeated an Ottoman force sent against them.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1362.html (348 words)

	Saudi Arabia-U.S. Relations Item of Interest - From Exclusivism to Accommodation: Doctrinal and Legal Evolution of ...
		This internal dispute preoccupied Wahhabi scholars for close to a century, from the destruction of the first Saudi state and the civil war during the second through the initial stages of the third Saudi state in the early decades of the twentieth century.
		As was the case with the early Wahhabis, the legal and theological debate during what is called the second Saudi state (1824—1891) involved both Najdi and non-Najdi scholars.
		During the second Saudi state, the split among the Wahhabi political and scholarly groups over the conduct of the affairs of their state and its proper relation with its neighbors widened.
	www.saudi-us-relations.org /newsletter2004/saudi-relations-interest-08-07.html (2141 words)

	CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Failure by member states to ratify the constitution or the inability of newcomer countries to meet euro currency standards might force a loosening of some EU agreements and perhaps lead to several levels of EU participation.
		During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations.
		During the second half of the 20th century, it experienced a variety of military and civilian governments as well as a 36-year guerrilla war.
	www.phatnav.com /factbook/fields/2028.html (16146 words)

	Saudi police reportedly defuse car bomb - World News - MSNBC.com
		State television did not say where the vehicle was found or give any details about the incident.
		It was unclear whether the State Department’s decision was related to the broadcast of an audiotape purportedly by al-Qaida’s leader, Saudi fugitive Osama bin Laden, offering a truce to Europeans if they withdrew troops from Muslim nations but vowing to continue fighting the United States and Israel.
		In a “warden message” that was sent Tuesday to U.S. citizens in Saudi Arabia, the embassy cited continued threats to diplomatic facilities and housing compounds in the Saudi capital and urged Americans to be vigilant.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/4750713 (721 words)

	TownHall.com: Conservative Columnists: Joel Mowbray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The U.S. State Department surreptitiously undermined Congressional efforts this past weekend to rescue two abducted children from Saudi Arabia--and two American citizens remain trapped in the desert prison as a result.
		But State wasn’t content with merely spouting the official Saudi line about the girls “requesting” the meeting while “on vacation.” No, State had to do the Saudis’ bidding to try and squash hopes of Roush’s daughters ever escaping the Wahhabist wonderland.
		Alia and Aisha’s “statement” was made less than a day before Burton was to ask the Saudi Foreign Minister for acceptable conditions under which Roush could meet with her daughters--a move that State had full knowledge of.
	www.townhall.com /columnists/joelmowbray/jm20020905.shtml (743 words)

	CNN.com - Saudis blame al Qaeda for bombs - Apr 21, 2004
		But he pointed out that the planning of the attack "was not as effective as it could have been," citing the fact that several individuals abandoned their vehicles when chased by authorities, and did not have a back-up plan.
		The Saudi government has been on alert for a possible attack for some time, the official said, adding they are "still on high state of alert" for further attacks.
		Saudi Arabia has mounted a massive effort to combat terrorists in the kingdom since deadly attacks last May and November.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/meast/04/21/saudi.blast (746 words)

	State Department Report, Thursday, June 27, 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Second of the four major areas is called 'drying up criminal and terrorist resources,' where they will work to promote seizure and forfeiture of criminal and terrorist assets, to gather information on financial transactions of criminals, share information on money laundering techniques and the prosecution of these crimes.
		SAUDI ARABIA/BOMBING -- Davies said that there are no leads yet on who may have been responsible for the bombing at the military barracks at King Abdul Aziz Air Base near Dhahran in Saudi Arabia.
		He noted that the United States is very pleased with the cooperation given by the Saudi Arabian government.
	www.usembassy-israel.org.il /publish/press/state/archive/june/sd1_6-28.htm (520 words)

	House of Saud - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		While the modern nation of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932, the House of Saud has been around for much longer.
		As such, the House of Saud has gone through three phases: the First Saudi State, the Second Saudi State, and the modern nation of Saudi Arabia.
		It should be noted that Saudi Arabia is the only country on Earth named after a family: the adjective "Saudi" indicates something belonging to the House of Saud.
	www.iridis.com /Saud (192 words)

	Islamic Saudi Academy
		The second grade students begin a writing process through which they learn to write, review, and edit their written work.
		Introducing students with the prestigious position of Saudi Arabia its relation with its neighbors on the peninsular, with special focus on the strong ties and relations among the Saudi people and their role in the Islamic world.
		The Social Studies curriculum for sixth grade is focused on the second half of American History, from the 1800's through the 1900's.
	www.saudiacademy.net /html/Curriculum-LowerSchool.html (2965 words)

	Iraq's Heads of State (1921-Present) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		He was a leader of the British backed Arab rebellion initiated by his father, Sherrif Hussein bin-Ali of Mecca and the ruler of Hijaz, against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.
		He left Hijaz to Jordan with the rest of the Hashimites in 1924 after their defeat by the Saudis.
		He has plunged Iraq into its darkest times with two disastrous foreign wars (against Iran 1980-88 and the invasion of Kuwait and subsequent Second Gulf War 1990-91), as well as what is thought to be the most oppressive internal security apparatus in the world.
	www.rimbaud.freeserve.co.uk /iq_rulers.html (1605 words)

	Saudi Strategies - The Al-Saud dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The period until 1818 is known as the first Saudi state.
		The period between 1824 and 1891 is known as the second Saudi state.
		The third Saudi state began in 1902 when Ibn Saud seized control of Riyadh.
	www.saudistrategies.com /alsaud.html (268 words)

	Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud
		Disagreements between the sons of Faisal weakened the House of Saud, and Arab infighting brought an end to the Second Saudi State.
		In 1889 (1307 AH), a younger son of Faisal, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, managed to confirm the rule of the Saudi dynasty by assuming the leadership of the family.
		Faced with an overwhelming show of force and resources, the last ruler of the Second Saudi State, Abdul Rahman, was forced to leave the city.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/gulf/abdul-rahman-bin-faisal.htm (680 words)

	Turki bin Abdullah
		The Najd remained in a state of confusion before regrouping under the leadership of Turki bin Saud, a cousin of Saud bin Abdul Aziz.
		In that yere (1240 AH), Turki established the Second Saudi State, when he assumed the Amirship of Nejd.
		This was no state but a large sphere of influence that the Al Saud held together with a combination of treaties and delegated authority.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/gulf/turki-bin-abdullah.htm (566 words)

	Articles - House of Saud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Head of the House of Saud is the King of Saudi Arabia who serves as Head of State and monarch of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
		Though other members of the House of Saud hold political positions in the Saudi government, technically it is only the King and Crown Prince who legally constitute the political institution of the Saudi monarchy.
		Sons of Abdul Aziz (ibn Saud, the founder of the modern Saudi state) are from the Abdul Aziz line of the family, and have been the only members allowed to serve as King or Crown Prince.
	www.oldion.com /articles/House_of_Saud (285 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Mullahs' Press Predicts More Violence in Saudi Arabia, Reuters, June 27 TEHRAN -...Kar-va-Kargar daily said the bomb was "evidence of the capabilities of religious and anti-Western opposition groups in Saudi Arabia."...
		The scale of the attacks suggests the bombers have powerful backers, and some have accused Saudi Arabia's neighbors of fomenting trouble....
		On Capitol Hill, the Saudi bombing prompted finger pointing toward Iran as a likely sponsor of the terrorism.
	www.iran-e-azad.org /english/boi/04440628.96 (487 words)

	OES/SAT Activities III
		Motor casing from upper stage of a Delta II launch vehicle launched in 1993 and found in Saudi Arabia in January 2001.
		Components of the second stage of a Delta II launch vehicle launched in March 1996 and found in April 2000 in Durbanville, Worcester, and Robertson, South Africa.
		Nose cone from solid rocket booster of Ariane V launch vehicle launched from French Guiana in October 1998 and washed ashore in Corpus Christi, Texas in February 2000.
	www.state.gov /g/oes/rls/pg/18682.htm (132 words)

	The Egyptian State Information Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Powell lauds Egypt, Saudi Arabia support for US For the second consecutive day, Secretary of State Colin Powell lauded the support of Egypt and Saudi Arabia for the campaign launched by the US against international terrorism.
		Powell said: "Both Egypt and Saudi Arabia and the leaders of both countries: The King and the Crown Prince in Saudi Arabia and President Hosni Mubarak in Egypt, have been strong supporters of the campaign against terrorism.
		During the conversation, Bush stressed that the US is satisfied with Saudi Arabia's support for the US-led campaign against terrorism and denied media reports on differences between the two countries, terming them as groundless.
	www.sis.gov.eg /online/html5/o271021q.htm (227 words)

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