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Topic: Second Seminole War

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	IH History of the Seminoles page2
		The Second Seminole War was by far the most significant of the three Seminole Wars.
		The principle difficulty at this time was the insistence that all Seminoles be moved to the Oklahoma Territory Indian Reservation to live among their life-long enemies in a completely alien environment.
		The brutality of war notwithstanding, there were Florida's gains at the expense of Indian losses: considerable exploration and mapping; many trails and roads established throughout; many forts that served as starting points for towns; considerable amount of dollars spent.
	www.keyshistory.org /IK-seminolespage2.htm (1876 words)

	Black Seminoles
		Osceola, the bold and dashing Seminole leader for whom the Florida State University mascot was named, was half Scottish and half Creek Indian, and married a Black Seminole.
		The 19-year-old son of a Black Seminole leader is suing the United States for denying him federal benefits afforded all Indians and a part of the $56 million that the government finally agreed in 1991 to pay the tribe for taking Florida.
		Although the North-South debate over slavery was in full swing at the outset of the Second Seminole War, the public at first was oblivious to the connection between the slavery of fls and the removal of Indians from Florida.
	history.jupiter.fl.us /HistoryWeb/Seminoles.cfm (1962 words)

	orlando Florida history greenwood cemetery
		Efforts to convince the Seminoles to move failed, and in 1835 the conflict know as the Second Seminole War began in earnest.
		Few of the forts built during the Seminole Indian Wars have survived to the present day, and the Fort Christmas recreation is one of the few that show what living conditions were like in the 1830's.
		During the Second Seminole War, the area that today is Orange County was opened up to settlement by the different military roads.
	www.cfhf.net /orlando/christmas.htm (1026 words)

	Seminole Indian War
		When Powell’s sailors stumbled into the Seminole camp they were soon overwhelmed by the experienced Indian guerrilla fighters that could have ended as the “Powell Massacre.” A rear guard action by army regulars with Powell prevented a complete collapse and returned the sailors to their boats.
		The Seminoles wearing fl and white egret plumes in their hair and war paint on their faces, and with much whooping and yelling, began firing into the camp.
		In fact the constant Seminole threat and outbreaks of Jupiter fever (malaria or yellow fever) often disrupted the construction which can be seen in the different bands of brick shade.
	www.jupiter.fl.us /HistoryWeb/KidsHistory/Seminole-Indian-War.cfm (1123 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Seminole resistance to white encroachment led to a series of conflicts with the United States Army including the First Seminole War (1816-18), the Second Seminole War (1835-42), and the final skirmishes of 1857-58.
		The Seminoles remained unsatisfied with their new home, however, and in 1858 they learned that an independent Seminole Nation had been created in a treaty in 1856 between the Creeks and the United States.
		The Seminole delegates to Mexico discovered, upon their arrival, that their old Mexican grant was inhabited by descendants of the Seminole maroons left behind in 1861.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/SS/bms19.html (1604 words)

	Seminole Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were three wars or conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans collectively known as Seminoles and the United States.
		The Second Seminole War, often referred to as the Seminole War, was the most expensive Indian war fought by the United States, and lasted longer than any war involving the United States between the American Revolution and the Vietnam War.
		The 1868 Florida Constitution gave the Seminoles one seat in the house and one seat in the senate of the state legislature, but the Seminoles never filled the positions, and they were removed in the 1885 constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seminole_War (11563 words)

	Seminole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		Seminole Indians are a North American Indian Tribe that speak the Muskogee language.
		The Second Seminole War was one of the most costly of the United States-Indian wars.
		Seminole environmental projects are now designed to protect and preserve the land and water systems.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/seminole.html (324 words)

	The Seminole Wars
		First Seminole War – Andrew Jackson's army destroys crops, steals livestock, and destroys Negro forts in the Apalachicola and Suwannee River regions.
		That same day, Major Francis Dade and his troops are ambushed by 300 Seminole warriors near Fort King (Ocala), starting the Second Seminole War – beginning of mass removal of the Seminoles to the Indian Territory.
		End of the Second Seminole War – By the end of the war, 4,420 Seminoles had surrendered and been deported to the west.
	www.tampabayhistorycenter.org /semwars.htm (240 words)

	Seminole War - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		SEMINOLE WAR [Seminole War] in U.S. history, armed conflict between the U.S. government and the Seminoles.
		However, opposition to the treaty soon appeared among the Seminoles; under the leadership of the young chief, Osceola, the Seminoles organized small raiding parties that attacked the American troops.
		The Seminole's crops were systematically burned and their villages destroyed.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-semnlwar.html (381 words)

	2ndSemWar
		The Seminoles allowed them to live alongside as long as the Africans contributed portions of their crops and livestock to the Seminole community to which they were joined.
		As the United States went to war with the British in the War of 1812, the Seminoles and escaped slaves were armed by the Brits, trained as guerilla fighters, and encouraged to make raids on the farms of American settlers in Florida and some outside of Florida.
		Seminole braves had shadowed the detachment for days, and had noticed the troops were rather unready for war and were marching in loose formation.
	www.members.tripod.com /rebelyell71/2ndsemwar.htm (7130 words)

	Facts - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
		These old conflicts, combined with the safe-haven Seminoles provided fl slaves, caused the U.S. army to attack the tribe in the First Seminole War (1817-1818), which took place in Florida and southern Georgia.
		The campaigns of the Second Seminole War were an outstanding demonstration of guerrilla warfare by the Seminole.
		The Second Seminole War (1835-1842), usually referred to as the Seminole War proper, was the fiercest war waged by the U.S. government against American Indians.
	dhr.dos.state.fl.us /facts/history/seminole/wars.cfm (634 words)

	Facts - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
		Seminole history begins with bands of Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama who migrated to Florida in the 1700s.
		At war with the U.S. Run-ins with white settlers were becoming more regular by the turn of the century.
		After defeating the U.S. in early battles of the Second Seminole War, Seminole leader Osceola was captured by the United States in Oct. 20, 1837, when U.S. troops said they wanted a truce to talk peace.
	dhr.dos.state.fl.us /facts/history/seminole (690 words)

	Second Seminole War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		1832- The Treaty of Payne's Landing was concluded with some Seminole chiefs in Florida who accepted resettlement in lands allotted to their related nation, the Creek, west of the Mississippi Rier.
		Resistance was led by the Indian chief Osceola, whose father was not an Indian.
		In November the Second Seminole War (1835-1842) erupted.
	www.usahistory.com /wars/seminol2.htm (258 words)

	Christopherstill.com - Fine artist known for his paintings and murals of Florida
		The Seminoles were made up of the ancestors of Florida tribes, combined with Indians from the southeastern "Creek" nation who emigrated into Spanish-owned Florida-in many cases fleeing from encroaching white settlers and the U.S. troops protecting them.
		In 1855, a third and final attempt to relocate the remaining Seminoles was marked by a series of skirmishes led by Chief Billy Bowlegs-the Third Seminole War.
		Micanopy was a prominent Seminole chief during the Second Seminole War.
	www.christopherstill.com /mural_patriot_and_warrior.htm (1681 words)

	The Seminole Wars
		The First Seminole War convinced the Spanish that they had no chance of holding Florida, so in 1821 Spain sold the land to the United States.
		The Seminole declared that they would not move West and in 1835, defiant warriors made two attacks on U.S. troops starting the Second Seminole War.
		The war was fought Guerrilla style in the swamps of Florida leading to many Seminole victories.
	members.tripod.com /~shamm/wars.htm (554 words)

	Black Seminole slave rebellion, introduction - Rebellion
		From 1835-1838 in Florida, the Black Seminoles, the African allies of Seminole Indians, led the largest slave rebellion in U.S. history.[1] The uprising peaked in 1836 when hundreds of slaves fled their plantations to join the rebel forces in the Second Seminole War (1835-1842).
		See the tally of plantation slaves in the Black Seminole slave rebellion for the number's derivation and a description of its sources, or see the complete essay on the rebellion.
		Regarding the depiction of slave participation in the Second Seminole War, historians of the war have done better than the scholars mentioned above, and yet they have still tended to gloss over the role of plantation-slave rebels.
	www.johnhorse.com /black-seminoles/black-seminole-slave-rebellion.htm (1480 words)

	Osceola, Seminole
		Seminole history begins with bands of Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama who migrated to Florida in the 1700s to avoid conflict with Europeans as well as Native groups.
		A series of three Seminole wars were fought between 1832 and 1858 between the Seminoles who loved their land and the U.S. government who wanted this land for settlement.
		Though his exploits were not as well publicized, Seminole medicine man Abiaka may have been more important to the internal Seminole war machine than Osceola.
	www.indigenouspeople.net /osceola.htm (691 words)

	Frontier Wars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		The war was also an effort to expand America south and westward (by gaining control of Florida and Canada) and to prevent the British from forming alliances with Native Americans.
		The second Seminole War started as a rebellion against the Trail of Tears, the route taken by Southern tribes being removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma).
		The Seminole hid in the Everglades and waged a guerilla war, attacking American settlements and fighting the army and volunteer militia.
	www.state.sc.us /crr/frontierwars.htm (371 words)

	USA Seminole War 1835-1842
		The Second Seminole War (1835-42) followed the refusal of most Seminoles to abandon the reservation that had been specifically established for them north of Lake Okeechobee and to relocate west of the Mississippi River.
		Even more reluctant to leave their native lands were the Florida Indians, who fought resettlement for seven years (1835-42) in the second of the Seminole Wars.
		The frontier began to be pushed aggressively westward in the years that followed, upsetting the "guaranteed" titles of the displaced tribes and further reducing their relocated holdings.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/sierra/seminole1835.htm (718 words)

	Seminole Wars Historic Foundation-Projects
		he purpose of the Seminole Wars Historic Foundation, Inc. is to preserve significant sites involved in the Seminole Wars, to establish educational programs about their importance in our heritage, and to publish pertinent material relating to the wars.
		Amidst a Storm of Bullets, the diary of an officer who served throughout Florida during the Second War, was the first publication of the Foundation.
		By studying the underlying causes of the Seminole Wars I have gained a greater understanding of the forces that drive American history.
	www.uflib.ufl.edu /spec/pkyonge/swhf/index.html (769 words)

	Seminole War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		We chose the Second Seminole War because Indians of Florida stood up to white men for their land and wouldn't give up with out a fight.
		Osceola was the spirit behind the Second Seminole War.
		The Treaty of Payne's was included in The Second Seminole War, and the chiefs of Florida decided to acce`cond settlement.
	www.d118.s-cook.k12.il.us /South/palosbday/secondseminolewar (212 words)

	Sherman in the Swamp by Joseph Stromberg
		While a majority of Seminoles were in fact "removed" to the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), a sizeable minority of militants chose to stand and fight.
		As he put it, US Indian wars followed a pattern: "A treaty for removal is formed by a few who represent themselves as the whole; the time comes, and none present themselves.
		In this war, the short-run interests of settler-planters had to be sacrificed to larger goals.
	www.lewrockwell.com /stromberg/stromberg51.html (2279 words)

	Seminole County (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		One of the Miccosukee families that were very much against removal during the Second Seminole War was the family of King Philip (Emathla).
		During the Second Seminole War, Fort Mellon on the south shore of Lake Monroe became an important staging area.
		During the summer of 1837, negotiations were conducted with the Seminoles at Fort Mellon, and one of the main attractions was when Osceola and Coa Hadjo held a stick ball game.
	www.tfn.net /SeminoleWar/Counties/c6semi.htm (905 words)

	Seminole War Forum
		Re: Chastains in Second Seminole War - Jessie Cheek 7/24/06
		Seminole War of 1838-1841 - Juanita Grimes 8/31/04
		Re: Seminole War of 1838-1841 - Theresa Maestas 11/09/05
	genforum.genealogy.com /seminolewar (713 words)

	AMAsearchdetail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		Southern whites accused the Seminole Indians of harboring white Floridians that were hostile to the United States, as well as fugitive slaves, and they urged the federal government to intervene.
		At the end of the war most captured fls were reenslaved and the Seminole were forced to leave their homes, being exiled forever to the West.
		Reactions to the Second Seminole war were strong in both the North and the South.
	www.fofweb.com /onfiles/ama/amasearchdetail.asp?recordpin=3094 (202 words)

	First Seminole War
		Floridian territory was nominally under Spanish sway; the Spanish permitted the Seminole to settle there in order to create a buffer zone between their sphere of influence and that of the British.
		While the United States was fighting the War of 1812 with Britain, a series of violent incidents aggravated hostility between the U.S. and the Seminole.
		The First Seminole War erupted over forays staged by U.S. authorities to recapture runaway fl slaves living among Seminole bands, who stiffly resisted.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1129.html (399 words)

	SECOND SEMINOLE WAR & ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIG - 1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-06)
		These are two Second Seminole War period forts that were built by the U.S. Army to protect the settlers south of Payne's Prairie from attack during the War [1835-1842].
		The fort was important as a supply depot, a military hospital, and as a rallying point for expeditions against the Seminoles until 1842, when the conflict ended.
		Examples of Seminole pottery were discovered as well as prehistoric artifacts dating to 1500 B.C. As a result of this project, this site was found to be eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places.
	www.afn.org /~micanopy/dig.html (320 words)

	Citrus: Re-creating the war path
		The battle which is re-created took place at the site during the Second Seminole Indian War, which lasted from 1835 to 1842, and the high point of the festivities comes during the twice-daily battle re-enactments.
		During the actual siege at Fort Cooper, Seminole Indian Chief Osceola and his warriors repeatedly attacked the contingent of U.S. soldiers who had built a crude fort to house a medical base camp in 1836.
		In the two-week battle, the longest continuous fight of the Second Seminole War, one U.S. soldier was killed.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/03/21/Citrus/Re_creating_the_war_p.shtml (470 words)

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