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	Sophism Information
		The Sophists are known today only through the writings of their opponents (specifically Plato and Aristotle), which makes it difficult to formulate a complete view of the Sophists' beliefs.
		In the second half of the 5th century B.C., and especially at Athens, "sophist" came to be applied to a disorganized group of thinkers who employed debate and rhetoric to teach and disseminate their ideas and offered to teach these skills to others.
		It is necessary to keep in mind that Plato and the sophists had severe ideological differences, and Plato might have benefited from modifying or slanting the original sophistic arguments when he presented them in his writings (ironically, a sophistic technique at work), or may even not have fully understood their arguments himself.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Sophism (1060 words)

	Dr Bruce Winter: Corinth
		Sophists and the ancient poets Homer and Hesiod in
		Herodes Atticus, the sophist and benefactor of Corinth
		The idolatry of sophistic imitation: 1 Corinthians 1.10–17a
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /Tyndale/staff/Winter/Sophists.htm (299 words)

	[No title]
		Rather, he wants to use the fictions of the second sophistic to explore its cultural history, and in particular to make the startling claim that the novels and other writing less often treated by historians from the period are influenced by the growth of Christianity in very particular ways.
		Indeed, she seems to think that the Second Sophistic age was the first to look back to the classical world with such longing: 'the Hellenistic age did not know it was Hellenistic: it thought it was still classical', she writes.
		Their different controlling responses to the freedoms of sophistic rhetoric head Poulakos' vision of intellectuals throughout history constantly attempting to remove the threat of sophistry's oppositional and paradoxical tactics, the sophists' sheer joy in the playfulness of language.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-9506-goldhill-review.txt (5759 words)

	Sophism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sophists are known today only through the writings of their opponents (specifically Plato and Aristotle), which makes it difficult to formulate a complete view of the Sophists' beliefs.
		In the second half of the 5th century B.C., and especially at Athens, "sophist" came to be applied to a group of thinkers and speakers who employed rhetoric to achieve their purposes, generally to persuade or convince others.
		According to Plato (a student of Socrates), Socrates was accused of being a Sophist at the Trial of Socrates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sophistry (1207 words)

	A series of articles on The Sophists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the second half of the 5th century B.C., and especially at Athens, "sophist" came to be applied to a group of thinkers who employed debate and rhetoric to teach and disseminate their ideas and offered to teach these skills to others.
		It is fairly clear, however, that the Sophists did concentrate very largely upon man and human society, upon questions of words in their relations to things, upon issues in the theory of knowledge, and upon the importance of the observer and the subjective element in reality and in the correct understanding of reality.
		The name Sophist derives from the Greek sophistes, itself derived from sophos, meaning “wise,” “clever,” or “expert,” and, in a general sense, the epithet was applied to craftsmen as well as to poets and sages and to such figures as the Athenian statesman Solon (late 6th and early 5th century BC), Pythagoras, Socrates, and Plato.
	www.martinfrost.ws /htmlfiles/sophists.html (8856 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2003.06.34 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Winter, in his preface to the 2002 edition, explains that a second edition was necessary, in part, to incorporate recent advances in the scholarship on rhetoric and education relevant for New Testament studies and particularly for a reading of Paul's letters.
		The second edition, then, is itself witness to the fact that the first edition's understanding of Paul's engagement with the Corinthian sophists was, at the very least, controversial.
		In his discussion of "the coming of a sophist" (144-147), Winter explains, the entry of a sophist into a city involved a not insignificant amount of public pomp and ceremony, not to mention expense, in order to "establish his reputation as a speaker" (147).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2003/2003-06-34.html (1121 words)

	Tertullian: Sider, R.D : Review of Tertullian, AJP 95 (1974), pp.302-3
		Second, we have in the book one of the most rigorous attempts yet made to extract and test all the evidence that can be used to write a biography of Tertullian.
		The final chapter describes cursorily the influence of Tertullian's rhetorical education, and of the Second Sophistic, upon his writings.
		We have long known that the Second Sophistic contributed at least in a superficial way to the form and content of Tertullian's writings.
	www.tertullian.org /articles/sider_on_barnes.htm (824 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Philodemus is in a good position to offer such evidence because of his polemical interest in the sophists and his mid-first century historical situation, which allows him to report on nearly three centuries of early second sophistic.
		Among the particular elements of this assertion, Philodemus addresses claims--both direct and implied--regarding the sophists' ability to praise gods and heroes (34a), to praise and blame men indifferently (34a), and to praise "the things that have succeeded or have failed in the other sciences and faculties" (39a-40a).
		The upshot is that sophists known to Philodemus evidently generated theoretical innovation in epideictic speaking that significantly shaped subsequent rhetorical theory.
	www.keeline.com /rhetoric/review/abstract.php?id=242 (423 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		John Poulakos argues that their rhetorical practice grew from a changing cultural milieu and thus sophistical rhetoric should be understood as "shaped by the logic of circumstances, the ethic of competition, and the aesthetic of exhibition" (Sophistical Rhetoric in Classical Greece 4).
		Based on Philostratus' label the "Second Sophistic" in Lives of the Sophists, for the mid-first century B.C.E. to early third century C.E., those who study that era tend to associate "sophistic" with the characteristics of rhetorical practice and literary composition taught and practiced in the imperial culture of Rome.
		Tim Whitmarsh describes "Second Sophistic" as referring to a style of oratory in which "the speaker assumes a fictitious persona" and to rhetorical presentations that occur in a "highly energized, agonistic context" (Greek Literature and the Roman Empire 188).
	www.keeline.com /rhetoric/review/abstract.php?id=197 (291 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He later suggests that "there was no real break in the history of 'Sophistic' at all" (18) between Gorgias and Aeschines on the earlier hand and Nicetes and the appropriately named Epigonus on the other, later one, but he never squarely addresses or answers the problems that he has rightly raised.
		Anderson makes the useful point (p.81) that similes drawn from the stage are so commonly sprinkled by the sophists because "the theatre was an ancient institution with a particular cultural interest, concerned with stage performance," their own preoccupation.
		Although he acknowledges the questionable utility of the term "second sophistic," since it is hard to discover when or if the first one ever evaporated, to judge by the literature from Alexander the Great to the Alexanders of Abonuteichos and Aphrodisias, Anderson uses it anyway.
	www.infomotions.com /serials/bmcr/bmcr-9410-lateiner-second.txt (1803 words)

	Course Plan
		The entire second half of the semester was working in groups.
		This syllabus is different from the original plan, particularly in the second half of the course after the trip, where more extensive reading and discussion of early Christian texts had been scheduled.
		Second Assignment: Reports on housing and lower-class conditions in Asian cities.
	www.wabash.edu /AsiaMinor/Teaching/rel372_03.htm (1430 words)

	Abstract for Kendra Eshleman 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This Second Sophistic, in his eyes, was a self-contained and self-generating movement, admired by audiences, patrons and emperors, but not constituted or controlled by them.
		In that sense, Brunt is right: Philostratus's Second Sophistic is an idiosyncratic construct, in which his authority as historian and sophist is deeply invested.
		His imagining of the cultural history of the second century is selective and distorted, but in fashioning himself in terms of such a partial, partisan vision, he is entirely typical of his age.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/04mtg/abstracts/Eshleman.html (553 words)

	St (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		According to Ameringer one of the chief defects of the New Sophistics was that the sophist had no vital interest in his subject.
		Chrysostom's Homilies on the Statues are illustrative of the influence of his sophistic training and his skill as an orator.
		Burns concludes that we can see Chrysostom as a student of the Sophists, but he did not reach their excesses because of "the pressures of a serious purpose." These figures come to his mind even though speaking without preparation and despite the seriousness of the occassion, because he is such a master of them.
	www.wordofgodinstitute.org /Old/Old_Chrysostom_1.htm (1967 words)

	00-38san (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		42-91), Sandy is clearly somewhat unsympathetic to the modern rehabilitation of the Second Sophistic; he talks of the 'Cult of the Past' and its 'disruptive effect on the systematic development and expression of original thought' (p.
		60), and the impression often given is that the second century was an era of second-rate scholasticism and 'ossified conventions' (p.
		The sophistic connections of Apuleius' didactic streak and interest in improvisation are rightly stressed; in tune with Sandy's general approach, Apuleius' tendency to deviation and divergence from the point in hand is seen as part of imperial/rhetorical decline (p.
	www.classics.und.ac.za /reviews/0038san.htm (2279 words)

	Philostratus
		Philostratus now belonged to a cultural coterie of philosophers and sophists, and the empress was to be his patron until her death in 217.
		The sophist was married to one Aurelia Melitene -she is known from an inscription- and they had at least two sons, one called Capitolinus, and a daughter.
		The Athenians dedicated a statue to "the sophist Flavius Philostratus" in Olympia and honored a relative with the rank of hoplite general in c.225.
	www.livius.org /phi-php/philostratus/philostratus.htm (1728 words)

	www.myspace.com/sophistic
		Sophistic started off how most emcees usually do, simply rhyming and having fun with his high school group of friends, banging whatever underground hip hop they could get their hands on.
		SOPHISTIC has had the opportunity to share the stage with artists such as LMNO, DANNU AND LORD ZEN from the VISIONARIES, CYPRESS HILL, SNOOP DOGG, KILLAH PRIEST of the WU-TANG CLAN, and the legendary KRS-ONE.
		Sophistic's lyrical content has been considered by many to be philisophical and thought provoking.
	www.myspace.com /sophistic (913 words)

	Second Sophistic
		Statue of a sophist from the reign of Septimius Severus
		Because the Second Sophistic also meant care for the old traditions, there is a strong similarity to the contemporary activities of the rabbis in Palestine (who wrote down their old discussions) and the Celtic Renaissance (a return to pre-Roman art forms).
		The Greek variant of this cultural phenomenon is called the Second Sophistic (the First Sophistic being the art of speaking of the fifth and fourth century BCE).
	www.livius.org /so-st/sophistic/second_sophistic.html (712 words)

	REVIEW OF
		The next chapter sketches the general background of literature and learning in the Second century, with its emphasis on Greek and its `cult of the past'.
		Tendencies we may discern in Apuleius' Apology and Florida are rightly linked to the general Greek cultural mainstream, such as the almost obsessive interest in the right words and authorized language and the fascination for books and libraries, the use of handbooks and miscellanies, and the insertion of moralizing anecdotes and scientific details.
		In conclusion, Apuleian scholars and Latinists may be grateful to S. for his important study on this Latin writer of the Second Sophistic.
	www.let.ru.nl /V.Hunink/documents/reviewsandy.htm (912 words)

	Levels of Greek and Latin Literary Activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Second Sophistic began in the last decades of the first century ce and flowered in the second, declining thereafter.
		It was characterized by an emphasis of rhetoric and an attempt to reproduce Attic language but in new forms, notably, the romance.
		The high level of literary activity begun by the Second Sophistic lasted about five centuries.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~jtreat/learning (704 words)

	The Corruption of Scripture in the Second Century
		Another is the changing of the meanings of words, such as occurred during the second sophistic period.
		Because the New Testament is usually read with meanings of the second sophistic period and later-meanings which have often changed-the understanding of the text can be drastically changed.
		To the second century, if not before, we may place the corruption of scripture and the loss of the plain and precious things, and it is worth noting that none of the Greek manuscripts date before that time period.
	www.fairlds.org /FAIR_Conferences/1999_Corruption_of_Scripture_in_the_Second_Century.html (5358 words)

	Invention in Rhetoric and Composition, by Janice M. Lauer.
		The second chapter provides definitions of key classical, modern and contemporary terms related to invention that appear throughout the other chapters.
		In the second half of chapter 3, Lauer circles back through the theorists treated in the first half to review pedagogical issues related to their theories of invention along with the scholarship on these issues.
		Second, she explicates over a dozen strategies of invention typically taught in writing classrooms, placing them along a continuum that stretches from algorithmic (rule-bound) to heuristic (strategies to encourage but not guarantee results) to aleatory (chance-based) practices.
	www.compositionstudies.tcu.edu /bookreviews/online/33-2/issue/goggin.html (2690 words)

	Lucian’s Window to The Soul
		By the Second Sophistic, “original” philosophy—that is, debating the nature of fundamental and enduring principles—was rare, supplanted by an increasingly complex philosophical rhetoric that sought novel methods of presenting old arguments.
		Within them all, in the Second Sophistic, the art of rhetoric dominates and determines how arguments are fashioned.
		The attempt, however, is noteworthy because Lucian articulated what Second Sophistic Greeks had attempted to find: a semiology of the worthy philosophical guide.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/04mtg/abstracts/seavey.html (484 words)

	sophists - Encyclopedia.com
		The sophistic movement arose at a time when there was much questioning of the absolute nature of familiar values and ways of life.
		Their first and most eminent representative was Protagoras; other notable sophists include Gorgias of Leontini, Prodicus, Hippias, Antiphon, Thrasymachus, and Critias.
		A later “second sophistic school” existed in the 2nd century.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1B1-379117.html (467 words)

	Crowley Memory readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The sophists must have played an important role in establishing artificial memory as an important part of a rhetorical training.
		They then associate the second argument with the next room that they enter in their houses or apartments—say it is the living room—and the third argument with the room that comes next—say, the kitchen.
		It is easy for the rhetors to remember the order in which they enter each room of their houses, since they follow this order each time they go in and out of the house.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~gvcarter/comp/memory/crowley_memory_readings.html (2262 words)

	Lucian Bibliography
		Bowie, E. “Greeks and their past in the second sophistic.” Past and Present 46 (1970) 3-41.
		The Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire.
		Cultural Identity, the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire.
	classics.uc.edu /~johnson/Lucian/bibliography.htm (592 words)

	St (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He is known to have attacked sophists for their abuse of rhetoric.
		The second point is his knowledge and use of Scripture to teach the people.
		And thirdly, that although we would not go to his level of rhetoric, is is not a bad idea to prepare a homily that is pleasing to listen to as well as doctrinally correct.
	www.wordofgodinstitute.org /Old/Old_Chrysostom_2.htm (1665 words)

	[No title]
		The second is similar : Florea serta, meum mel, et haec tibi carmina dono, carmina dono tibi, serta tuo genio, carmina uti, Critia, lux haec optata canatur, quae bis septeno vere tibi remeat, serta autem, ut laeto tibi tempore tempora vernent, aetatis florem floribus ut decores.
		The second century was an age of Greek treatises on music, for example Ptolemy's Harmonics and the pseudo-Plutarchan De Musica, a trend perhaps influenced (both generally and in the particular case of Apuleius) by the importance of music in Platonic thought.
		There are parallels to this statue-dispute in the Greek sophistic world : statues were a common honour for successful sophists as for all members of local elites , and disputes concerning their award sometimes arose, such as that charted in the Corinthian oration of Favorinus (transmitted as Dio Or.37).
	users.ox.ac.uk /~sjh/documents/apbkch1.doc (7616 words)

	Dove Booksellers Order Page: Graham Anderson, Second Sophistic: A Cultural Phenomenon in the Roman Empire
		Anderson describes the cultural aspirations sought by Greek sophists in the Roman Empire as well as their skills in public speaking which enabled them to broaden their areas of artistic activity.
		He presents the sophists' multiple roles as civic celebrities, transmitters of Hellenic culture and literary artists.
		Although he confirms the image of sophists as vain, contentious, and sometimes superficial, he shows that they were no less fascinating for it.
	www.dovebook.com /new/bookdesc.asp?BookID=33686 (250 words)

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