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Topic: Second Treaty of Thorn

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	Thirteen Years' War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It ended with the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 (also known as the Peace of Torun), an agreement between the Teutonic Knights and Poland, which, although negotiated with help from the Papal legate, was not confirmed by the Pope, nore by the emperor.
		The main contributors were from the gentry of Culmer Land, from Thorn, Culm and from the Hanseatic cities of Elbing and Danzig.
		The Polish army moved slowly to Thorn, but military actions were halted briefly, when the king finally agreed to mediation by Frederick II, Margrave of Brandenburg (all earlier propositions of mediation from different sides had been rejected).
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Thirteen_Years'_War (5107 words)

	Warmia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Second Treaty of Thorn (1466) removed Warmia from the protectorate of by the Teutonic Knights and placed it under the sovereignty of the King of Poland.
		This was confirmed in the Treaty of Piotrkow (December 7, 1512), which conceded to the King of Poland a limited influence in the election of bishops.
		Between the 13th and 17th centurycenturies/ Warmia as well as other parts of Prussia were colonised by German (north) and Polish (south) settlers.
	www.infothis.com /find/Warmia (435 words)

	eleventh\Thorn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		THORN (Polish Torun), a fortress town of Germany, in the Prussian province of West Prussia, situated on the right bank of the Vistula, near the point where the river enters Prussian territory, 85 m.
		Thorn carries on an active trade in grain, timber, wine, groceries and minerals, and has ironworks, saw-mills, and various other manufactures.
		Thorn, founded in 1231 by the Teutonic order as an outpost against the Poles, was colonized mainly from Westphalia.
	www.ermeland.de /Thorn.htm (371 words)

	Torun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The city of Torun (German Thorn, Latin Thorunensis, Polish Toruń;) is one of two capitals (with Bydgoszcz) of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region in central Poland, on the Vistula River.
		Torun (at that time called Thorn, and in the Culmer Land region of Prussia), was an important medieval trade center, and part of the Hanseatic League.
		1793 Thorn was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia.
	www.theezine.net /t/torun.html (477 words)

	Torun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One of the capitals of the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodship (since 1999), previously the capital of the Toruń; Voivodship (1975-1998) and the Pomeranian Voivodship (1921-1939), the city is located near the Geographic Center of Europe.
		Founded by the Teutonic Knights nearby an old Polish village named "old Toruń;", Thorn may be derived from the city of Toron, that was located in the Kingdom of Jerusalem during the Crusades.
		Later it was spelled Thorn, and after the second world war the official name was changed to Toruń; when the city became part of Poland.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Torun (857 words)

	Second Reconstruction
		Similarly, in this second Reconstruction new theories are being constructed to justify the resurgence of the political muscle of the white middle class.
		Like the first reconstruction, in the second reconstruction the policies that were adapted were weak and not powerful enough to really change the situation.
		Similarly, in this second Reconstruction new theories are constructed to justify the resurgence of the political muscle of the white middle class.
	www.vernonjohns.org /vernjohns/sthsrecn.html (4270 words)

	Second Treaty of Thorn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Second Treaty of Thorn (Polish languagePolish: ''Toruń;'') was a peace treaty concluded in the Prussian city of Thorn (TorunToruń) on October 19, 1466 between the Polish king, the Prussian cities, and duke of Pomerania on one side, and the Teutonic Order on the other.
		The terms of this treaty were not recognized by the emperor nore by the pope, who did not recognize the Preussischen Bund (Prussian Confederation.
		The treaty was followed in 1467 by the ''Pfaffenkrieg'' (priests war against Poland) and the grandmasters refused to pledge any allegiance to the kings of Poland, due to their duties to emperors and popes.
	www.infothis.com /find/Second_Treaty_of_Thorn (249 words)

	East Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Its end at the Second Treaty of Thorn in 1466 left western Prussia under Polish control as the province "Royal Prussia" and eastern Prussia remaining under the knights, but as a Polish fief.
		This remaining eastern Prussia was lost to the Order in 1525 when Grand Master Albert Hohenzollern secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order, establishing himself as the Duke of Prussia as a vassal of the Polish crown.
		The elector-dukes freed themselves of their Polish vassaldom in the Treaty of Wehlau in 1660.
	www.peekskill.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/East_Prussia (1117 words)

	torun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Toruń () (German Thorn, Kashubian Torń, Latin Torun, civitas Torunensis) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river, with 204,300 inhabitants (1995).
		The Teutonic Knights spelled the city usually Thorun, and later when the city was a royal city subject to Polish Kings, the Latin documents and coins usually spelled Thorun, Thorunium, civitas Thorunensis or civitas Torunensis.
		1466 The Thirteen Years' War and uprisings of Prussian cities end with the Second Treaty of Thorn, in which the Teutonic Order ceded sovereignty over western Prussia to Casimir IV of Poland.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /torun.html (802 words)

	Timeline of Polish history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Second Treaty of Thorn: the Teutonic Order cedes western (henceforth Royal) Prussia to Poland; eastern (later Ducal) Prussia remains under control of the Order, as a Polish fief.
		The peace treaty in Jam Zapolski ends the Livonian war.
		The Third Partition of Poland: Russia gains Curonia, Lithuania, western Belarus and western Volhynia, while Prussia receives the land to the north and west of Warsaw, and Austria the land to the south and east of the city.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Timeline_of_Polish_history (1211 words)

	Masuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Together with Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north, the region used to be a part of Prussia and of the administrative region of East Prussia, a German exclave before World War II.
		In the Second Treaty of Thorn (1466) the Teutonic Order came under the overlordship of the Polish crown.
		Germanisation was slowly and mainly done by education: after the unification of the province with Germany, in 1872 Polish language was removed from schools.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/ma/Masuria.htm (698 words)

	Albert of Prussia Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Luther for his part did not stop at the suggestion, but in order to facilitate the change made special efforts to spread his teaching among the Prussians, while Albert's brother, Georg, prince of Ansbach, laid the scheme before Sigismund of Poland.
		After some delay the king assented to it provided that Prussia were held as a Polish fief; and after this arrangement had been confirmed by a treaty made at Cracow, Albert was invested with the duchy by Sigismund for himself and his heirs on February 10, 1525.
		The estates of the land then met at Königsberg and took the oath of allegiance to the new duke, who used his full powers to forward the doctrines of Luther.
	www.biographylibrary.com /biography/Albert_of_Prussia.html (1001 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Culm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By the second Treaty of Thorn, 1466, the order was obliged to cede the province of Culm, with other territories, to Poland.
		The heresies of Hus and Wyclif found many adherents in the Diocese of Culm in the fifteenth century, and thus the ground was prepared for the religious revolution of the sixteenth.
		In the larger towns especially, such at Danzig, Elbing, and Thorn, the doctrines of Luther won numerous supporters, against whom the bishop, Johannes IV Konopacki (1508-30), showed himself lacking in moral force.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04566a.htm (1508 words)

	Kaliningrad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Königsberg became a member of the Hanse and an important port for Prussia, Province of Prussia and Lithuania.
		As a result of the Thirteen Years' War between the Order and the Polish Crown, the Teutonic Order state was reduced by the 1466 Second Treaty of Thorn to the area of later Ducal Prussia, under the overlordship of the Polish crown.
		With the secularisation of the Order's territories (1525), the first Hohenzollern ruler, Albrecht of Prussia, committed Prussian Tribut to the king of Poland (Sigismund I) and received Ducal Prussia with capital in Königsberg as a fief.
	www.1-free-software.com /en/wikipedia/k/ka/kaliningrad.html (1115 words)

	Second Samnite War
		By 311, at the end of a forty-year treaty, the Etruscans joined the conflict, but just at the time the tide was beginning to turn.
		Initially the Romans were continuously defeated by both of their enemies, but between 311 and 304, they won a series of victories against both the Etruscans and the Samnites.
		The Second Samnite War is a perfect example of Rome’s long-range campaign tactics and how planning for the long term would nearly always pay off.
	www.unrv.com /empire/second-samnite-war.php (1053 words)

	TREATY BATTLESHIPS
		The 1922 Treaty was replaced by the subsequent London Naval Treaties of 1930 and 1936.
		The second pair were further lengthened, and the sheer at the bow increased.
		All of the treaty battleships were heavily compromised to a greater or lessor extent by the need to at least nominally conform to the limitations of the various international naval arms limitation treaties.
	www.chuckhawks.com /treaty_battleships.htm (11483 words)

	list of treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is a chronological list of important international treaties, agreements, peaces, etc..
		1359 - Treaty of London, ceding western France to England, repudiated by the Estates-General in Paris
		1839 - Treaty of London, guaranteeing the neutrality of Belgium
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /list_of_treaties.html (459 words)

	Prussia - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lithuanian duke and king Casimir IV supported their revolt (February 1454) in the War of the Cities or Thirteen Years' War and the second Treaty of Torun[?] (October 1466.
		The second Treaty of Thorn had left eastern Prussia as a fief of the Polish crown.
		In the Prusso-Swedish peace treaty of Stockholm (January 1720), Brandenburg-Prussia regained Stettin and Sweden's holdings in Pomerania, most of which had been a part of Hohenzollern Brandenburg since 1472 (Outer Pomerania was annexed to Brandenburg-Prussia in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia).
	openproxy.ath.cx /pr/Prussia.html (2293 words)

	Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He then became grand master and in 1411 concluded the First Treaty of Thorn with king Ladislaus II of Poland.
		The resulting second Treaty of Torun (October 1466 provided for the Teutonic Order's cession to the Polish crown of its rights over the western half of its territories, which became the province of Polish or Royal Prussia.
		In 1660, after the Second Northern War between Sweden, Poland and Brandenburg, the Treaty of Welawa (Wehlau) granted full sovereignty to Frederick William I, the "Great Elector" of Brandenburg, as Duke of Prussia.
	www.theezine.net /p/prussia.html (2502 words)

	Ducal Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The second Treaty of Thorn (1466) had left eastern Prussia as a fief of the Polish crown.
		In 1660, after the Second Northern War between Sweden, Poland and Brandenburg, the Treaty of Welawa (Wehlau) granted full sovereignty to Frederick William I, the "Great Elector", of the Brandenburg Hohenzollerns as "Duke of Prussia".
		Thus Ducal Prussia lost its status as a Polish fief and became a part of Brandenburg-Prussia, but not part of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Duchy_of_Prussia (416 words)

	WHKMLA : Prussian War 1454-1466
		In 1440 the cities of Danzig (in Polish : Gdansk), Thorn (in Polish : Torun), Elbing (in Polish : Elblag), a number of smaller cities and numerous noblemen established the Prussian Federation.
		A conspiracy of Thorn burghers to deliver their city to the order was uncovered in 1455, and 70 burghers were decapitated.
		In the Second Peace of Thorn, Oct. 19th 1466, the Order ceded Pomerellia, Danzig, Kulm, Thorn, Elbing and Warmia (Royal Prussia) to King Casimir of Poland; Royal or Western Prussia retained a high degree of independence.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/15cen/prussia14531466.html (620 words)

	Learn more about Timeline of Polish history in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Wladyslaw the Elbow High, caught up with the situation in Little Poland, particularly the conspiracy led by Albert, the Cracow mayor, cannot intervene.
		The rise of independent Second Polish Republic ;1918 November 11 :Poland regains independence ;1918-1919 :Uprising in Greater Poland region for liberation from German administration ;1920 April 25-October 12 :Polish-Soviet War.
		Poland avoids Soviet conquest and gains a narrow victory ;1921 March 17 :Proclamation of the March Constitution ;1921 March 18 :Treaty of Riga ;1926 May 12-14 :Coup d'etat by Jozef Pilsudski.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /t/ti/timeline_of_polish_history.html (383 words)

	Teutonic Order (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This peace formalised by the Treaty of Thorn lost the Order the Samogitian lands and compelled them to pay massive war indemnities and Ransoms for captured troops.
		The vast amount money required to fulfil the Treaty meant the Order was forced to exact harsh taxes from their subjects and were unable to effectively finance the rebuilding of their military strength.
		The second treaty of Thorn in 1467 ended the 13 years war.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /matthaywood/main/Teutonic_Order.htm (2427 words)

	Wikinfo \| Torun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The city of Toruń; (German Thorn, Kashubian: Torń; Latin Torun, civitas Torunensis,) is a city in northern Poland, on the Vistula river, with 204,300 inhabitants (1995).
		1919 After World War I, under the Treaty of Versailles, the city returned to Polish sovereignty, becoming the capital of the province of Pomeranian Voivodship.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Torun (698 words)

	Kaliningrad/Koenigsberg Guest's Information/History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He was close to the emperor Frederick the Second and fulfilled some of his diplomatic orders, but always and everywhere he tried to extract benefits for the Order.
		From Vargen castle Ottokar the Second goes to the south, to the creek of Pregel river.
		In Thorn the cities of the Prussian Union took an earth to the Polish king Cazimir about the voluntary submission.
	user.rol.ru /~vetta/history.htm (1985 words)

	History_of_Poland
		Polish independence was eventually proclaimed on November 3, 1918 and later confirmed by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919; the same treaty also gave Poland some German and Austrian territories (see Polish Corridor).
		Polish independence has boosted the development of culture and economy; however, the new Polish state had had only 20 years of relative stability and uneasy peace before Poland's aggressive neighbours tried to wipe her from the map of Europe again.
		Hopes for early admission to the European Union were realized on April 16, 2003, when Poland and nine other countries signed a Treaty for EU membership from May 1, 2004.
	www.tuxedo-shop.com /search.php?title=History_of_Poland (2166 words)

	Chelmno Land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This land in 1466 after Thirteen Years War between the Prussian cities for or against government by the Teutonic Knights, was with the Second Treaty of Thorn placed under the Polish crown as a part of autonomous Royal Prussia (see Chelmno Voivodship).
		In 1772 as a result of the First Partition of Poland Chelmno Land (with an exemption of Torun) was seized by Prussia.
		In January of 1920 following the Treaty of Versailles (1919), Chelmno Land was recovered by Poland.
	read-and-go.hopto.org /Regions-of-Poland/Chelmno-Land.html (480 words)

	History of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At one time, in the 16th century, Poland was the second largest state in Europe, after Russia.
		A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe.
		Hopes for early admission to the EU were realized on April 16, 2003, when Poland and nine other countries signed a Treaty for EU membership from May 1, 2004.
	www.knowallabout.com /h/hi/history_of_poland.html (1964 words)

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