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Topic: Second century BC

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	Invention of Compass Science Projects, Invention of Compass, In the second century BC the compass was already known in ...
		In the second century BC the compass was already known in China...
		In the second century BC the compass was already known in China, but it was not used for navigation.
		It's invention is attributed to the famous Greek astronomer Anaximander in the sixth century BC.
	www.4to40.com /earth/science/index.asp?article=earth_science_compass (440 words)

	2nd century BC - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		175 BC - Antiochus IV Epiphanes, took possession of the Syrian throne, at the murder of his brother Seleucus IV Philopator, which rightly belonged to his nephew Demetrius I Soter.
		164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, restores the Temple in Jerusalem.
		113–101 BC - migration of the Cimbri and the Teutons, defeated at the battles of Aquae Sextiae and Vercellae
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_century_BC (287 words)

	The Second-Century Apollo/Lion Issues (Ancient Coins of Miletos)
		The silver coinage of Miletus in the second century BC has been the subject of much recent study.
		In 133 BC the city formally became a part of the province of Asia under the control of Rome.
		Kinns dates the Phase II drachms and hemidrachms to about 170–150 BC on the basis of the related Attic-weight tetradrachms, which were struck in parallel with the early Phase II drachms and hemidrachms and which have been dated with some confidence to about 170–160 BC (Kinns, 1998: 180; Ashton and Kinns, 2003: 25–26).
	rjohara.net /coins/apollo-lion (1926 words)

	K.U.Leuven - Fayum Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A fairly large share of these texts dates from the second half of the third century BC; other concentrations of sources are the second century BC (8 texts) and the second century AD (12 texts).
		After Apollodoros' death in 232 BC Aristomachos, an inhabitant of Samareia and administrator of the gymnasium appointed by Polykleitos, the heir of Apollodoros's estate, had some renovation works done to the building.
		Diophantos was scribe of the farmers (grammateus georgon) in 158/157 BC (P.Heid.
	fayum.arts.kuleuven.ac.be /2077.html (1230 words)

	K.U.Leuven - Fayum Project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Akousilaos, a military logeutes for the fifth hipparchy is active in the village in BC 117/116 (P.Tebt.
		In 88/87 BC the land in Theogonis of Asklepiades the eklogistes, a high Ptolemaic official, was managed by a steward; no doubt this was part of a large estate, perhaps a dorea, spread over several villages.
		In the early second century BC, Dionysios, a financial official, was attacked in "the new bathhouse of Aristodemos" and drawn to the gate '
	fayum.arts.kuleuven.ac.be /2376.html (1949 words)

	Science/Technology and the Bible
		Second Century BC Beginning of the use of Vellum (parchment) instead of papyrus as a writing material providing a much more durable transmission medium.
		Second Century BC appearance of "koine" Greek as a common language throughout the known world.
		Late Nineteenth Century A. Deissmann discovery of letters, bills and receipts in Egypt written in koine Greek in the first century demonstrated that koine was the language of the common people and not special or formal.
	www.winternet.com /~swezeyt/bible/swezhist.htm (1443 words)

	20th Century Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The 20th century lasted from 1901 to 2000 in the Gregorian calendar.
		The 20th century is also sometimes known as the nineteen hundreds (1900s), referring to the latter usage.
		The term is also used to describe various periods that overlap with the calendar definition, most notably the Short twentieth century and the Modern period.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/20th_century (1995 words)

	22nd century - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The twenty-second century comprises the years 2101 to 2200.
		This is different from the century known as the twenty-one hundreds, which comprises the years 2100 to 2199.
		This is predicted to be the longest eclipse during the 8,000 year period from 3000 BC to AD 5000 (eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA/GSFC.DEPP).
	open-encyclopedia.com /22nd_century (361 words)

	Lanka - Anuradhapura - 5th century BC to 8th Century AD
		Lanka - 5th century BC to 8th Century AD The Mahavamsa records the traditional history of Lanka as it was conceived in the fourth century AD.
		The earliest coins struck in Lanka bear designs derived from the second series of Pandyan multi-type coins struck during the period (210-175 BC) and bear a group of symbols on the obverse among which an elephant normally figures.
		century and there was substantial Tamil influence on the island, mainly in the form of mercenaries and their descendants, some of whom rose to high office.
	lakdiva.org /coins/ancient/anuradhapura_period.html (1098 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Object of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The paintings that decorated the walls of palaces, town and country homes, tombs, public buildings and temples in Rome and Campania from the Second Century BC to the First Century AD is of unique importance.
		Excavations have been in progress for over two centuries now, but it was not until the more painstaking, extensive archaeological work of the present century that care was taken to leave the paintings where they were.
		It dates from the beginning of the second century BC and consists of plain, painted stucco panels that imitate the facing of real marble walls and reflect its structural divisions.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/o023.htm (1695 words)

	Dating of the Book of Daniel
		Porphyry's contention is that the book must have been written in the second century BC, being merely historical narratives, since such long-range prophecies are impossible in his perspective of a closer systemic universe, void of any supernatural intervention.
		The second part of this argument says that if Daniel were an unknown, but well knowledgeable Jew (as he would have had to have been to know Babylonian history as well as he does) he would have certainly followed in the footsteps of a well respected prophet.
		A second point is that as for being a prophet, Daniel wasn't a prophet in the strict Hebraic sense of the word.
	www.jeramyt.org /papers/daniel.html (3390 words)

	ANISTORITON Journal of History, Archaeology, ArtHistory: Viewpoints (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The second-century BC Samnite theatre-temple complex at Pietrabbondante, which serves to remind us that not all urbanisation took place in cities, is however much closer in form to Greek structures with a solid Opus Caementicium block being used to artificially enhance the topography.
		This begins to appear in Roman tombs in the mid-second century BC, but is soon adapted into a domestic setting and clearly alludes to the decoration of earlier Greek houses (Woodford 1982, 76).
		The theme of victorious generals vowing temples was to become a recurrent one and one which perhaps reached its peak in the construction of the Temple of Mars Ultor commemorating the defeat of Caesar’s assassins at Philippi.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/v041.htm (2351 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 21st century - Calendar Encyclopedia
		As a means of recording the passage of time, the 21st Century is the current century, lasting from 2001-2100.
		Some futurists suggest simply abandoning the idea of "centuries", setting the start date back to the beginning of human urbanization in the 4th millennium BC, making this the seventh millennium.
		Please note that these predictions are controversial, and disputed by many other observers: they are listed here to show some late 20th century futurists' predictions of the events of the 21st century so that they may be compared with real events as they happen.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /21st_century.htm (818 words)

	Greatest emporium in the world
		Up to the time of Alexander the Great (Pella, 356 BC – Babylone, 323 BC), Egypt lacked permanent, suitable harbours on its northern coast, as those landing-places located at the mouth of some branches of the Delta (best known of which were the ones at Canopus and Pelusium) were of a temporary nature.
		This delicate balance was maintained and jealously guarded throughout the third and second centuries BC by the South Arabians whose country profited and prospered as the main entrepot centre for the north-south trade.
		It is also perhaps not entirely irrelevant that in 55 BC, the Senate decided to send Gabinius at the head of a Roman army to restore Auletes to his throne and remain in Alexandria for the protection of the king against possible future revolts.
	www.unesco.org /csi/pub/source/alex5.htm (2691 words)

	e-Keltoi: Volume 6, The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula - Almagro-Gorbea and Lorrio, War and Society in the Celtiberian ...
		The literary sources for the Second Punic War and the Wars against Rome after the end of the third century BC and the epigraphy from the second century BC onward provide information on the final phase of Celtiberian society when it was already in contact with the Romanising process.
		From the fifth century's end to the end of the third century BC, at the end of the Middle Celtiberian phase, the dominance of the Upper Tagus and Jalon valleys shifted to the lands of the Upper Douro (Lorrio 1997: 315-316).
		This is the key to Celtiberian expansion, gradually imposed on the "proto-Celtic" social system of the Bronze Age and strengthened from the fourth century BC onward with the rise of the Arevaci in the Upper Douro River.
	uwm.edu /Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_2/gorbea_lorrio_6_2.html (11133 words)

	Brad's Introduction to Ancient Coins
		The most commonly found coin from the second century BC through the first half of the third century AD is the silver denarius.
		The gold aureus was the most valuable denomination from its inception in 83 BC through the time of Constantine in the early part of the fourth century AD when it was replaced.
		The aureus was replaced by the solidus in the fourth century, and the denarius was replaced by the siliqua.
	home.blarg.net /~brad/coins5a.htm (882 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Ancient: Appendix III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In any case, by the first century BC the Pharisee group had espoused a moderate, limited Hellenism so the earlier meaning of the name was obscured by a newly invented one.
		By the second century BC Petra in the mountains of Edom on the East Side of the Arabah had become the favorite city of the royal clan.
		The Ptolemies in the First Century BC, Down to 43 BC Fragmentation of the Ptolemaic Realm, 116 to 80 BC The Ptolemaic realm was divided into three sections at the death of Ptolemy VIII Physcon in 116 BC.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht3463aa03.html (9844 words)

	Chinese inventions - Social studies project for 6th grade
		About the fourth century BC the Chinese devised a harness with a breast strap known as the trace harness, modified approximately one hundred later into the collar harness.
		Descriptions of the wheelbarrow in China refer to first century BC, and the oldest surviving picture, a frieze relief from a tomb-shrine in Szechuan province, dates from about 118 AD.
		With the development of annealing in the third century, ploughshares, longer swords, and even buildings were eventually made of iron.
	www.gigglepotz.com /stmarys_inventions.htm (1267 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 96.5.6
		Havelock's thoroughly persuasive case is that although Praxiteles' fourth century Aphrodite constituted the formal basis for the development of the female nude in classical statuary, the theme did not become popular until the late second century BC/BCE.
		Havelock deals more generally (and in a later chapter) with the confusing ancient accounts of the architecture of the shrine, suggesting that the statue may have been reinstalled at the time of the revival of interest which she detects in the late Hellenistic period.
		In fact, the evidence that she has assembled demonstrates just how appropriate that label is. Rome's rise to power in the eastern Mediterranean produced a transformation of the art industry there of which the changes in the female nude traced by Havelock are only one part.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1996/96.05.06.html (1731 words)

	The Statue of Zeus
		The ancient Greek calendar starts in 776 BC, for the Olympic games are believed to have started that year.
		In the second century BC repairs were skillfully made to the aging statue.
		Olympia was further struck by earthquakes, landslides and floods, and the temple was damaged by fire in the fifth century AD.
	www.angelfire.com /music/staraudio/7wonders/3.html (315 words)

	Roman Art V: Painting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Their dates cover a span of less than 200 years, from the end of the second century BC to the late first century AD.
		Four phases of Roman wall painting have been distinguished, but the differences among them are not always clear, and there seems to have been considerable overlapping in their sequence.
		The earliest phase, known from a few examples of the late second century BC, must have been widespread in the Hellenistic world, since examples of it have also been found in he eastern Mediterranean.
	www.societasviaromana.org /Collegium_Artium/romanart5.php (886 words)

	The Foucalt Pendulum
		Aristachus of Samos (third century BC) explained the apparent motion of the stars and planets by proposing that the earth turns on its own axis and also travels around the sun.
		Hipparchus (second century BC) and Ptolemy (second century AD) rejected this view for two reasons.
		Second, one cannot (without powerful telescopes) see annual changes in the relative position of the stars.
	phys.unsw.edu.au /PHYSICS_!/FOUCAULT_PENDULUM/foucault_pendulum.html (1491 words)

	The Oracles of God - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Collins argues that the canon was closed for all Jews around the end of the first century, but that the canon chosen was a canon that took shape among one sect of Jews (presumably certain Pharisees) before the fall of Jerusalem in AD 70.
		Indeed, modern scholars, in contrast to scholars in the nineteenth century, have tended to date all of the books of the OT except Daniel to the Persian period.
		Roger Beckwith assembles Jewish and Christian evidence from the second century BC through the fifth century AD to argue, like Leiman, that the canon was closed by Judas Maccabeus around 160 BC.
	www.mtio.com /articles/bissar16.htm (6565 words)

	Rome: The Punic Wars
		In 241 BC, the Carthaginians and Romans signed a treaty in which Carthage had to give up Sicily, which it didn't miss, and to pay an indemnity to cover Roman costs for the war, which it could well afford.
		The Second Punic War: 218-202 BC Following its defeat in the First Punic War, Carthage rebuilt its strength by expanding its empire in Spain.
		The end result of the second Punic War, in the end, was the domination of the known world by Rome.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ROME/PUNICWAR.HTM (1868 words)

	apaabstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The purpose of this paper is to construct the beginnings of the historiography of divinatory thought at Rome, through contemporary Roman literary sources, from the late third through the second century BC.
		I argue that the Romans were already exploring notions of the efficacy of divination and prophecy in the early second century BC; that their concept of what constituted divinatio was not, in contrast to the historical sources (Livy in particular), limited to a style lacking in specifically prophetic utterance, identifiable prophets and anonymous diviners.
		The evidence suggests that at an early date the Romans were contrasting an idealised concept of traditional divinatory practice, as epitomised by the rites of the state religion, with the unofficial, the Italian, the foreign and the superstitious.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/02mtg/abstracts/nice.html (400 words)

	A short history of Korea (South)
		Since around 3000 BC the Korean tribes are united into more or less a state.
		Legend says that in 2333 BC Koreans are united in the kingdom of Choson.
		Since the second century BC Korea is under control of Manchuria and from the first century BC China controls the area.By the first century AD, the Korean Peninsula is divided into the kingdoms of Shilla, Koguryo and Paekche.
	www.electionworld.org /history/korea-south.htm (1119 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.09.01
		Not since the appearance of Hipparchus's commentary in the second century BC has there occurred so important an event in the Nachleben of Aratus's Phaenomena as the publication of D. Kidd's edition of this minor masterpiece, with text, translation and full commentary.
		That praise is in no way intended to diminish or undervalue the labors of other scholars, most notably and indefatigably Ernst Maass and Jean Martin who have contributed so much of fundamental importance to the understanding of this poet and to the improvement of the text.
		In the late second or early third century a secondary edition appeared, designated F by Martin, though K. doesn't use this symbol; it was based on the earlier edition which was stripped of its scholia and fitted with new scholia on the catasterisms; it also introduced new variants into the text.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-09-01.html (3134 words)

	Silk Road - Introduction
		The general Zhang Qian was sent by Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty (206 BC- AD 220) to recruit the Yuezhi, who were the enemies of the Xiongnu in the second century BC.
		He was once captured by Tibetan tribes allied with Xiongnu for a year and escaped in 125 BC in returning his way back to China.
		However, later in 12th century, the entire communities and active oasis towns along the Silk Road were disappearing in the space, as the glacier-fed streams ran try.
	gallery.sjsu.edu /silkroad/history.htm (717 words)

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