Second generation warfare

Second generation warfare - Factbites
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Topic: Second generation warfare

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In the News (Mon 16 Nov 09)

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	5 May 2002
		Second generation warfare, as defined by the authors and condensed here, was in response to the technological improvements in firepower and communications, particularly the railroad.
		The authors were of the opinion that second generation warfare is “...still practiced by most American units in the field.” Tactically, World War I, as practiced by the French and British, and Vietnam, as practiced by the Americans, were second generation warfare.
		Third generation warfare was also seen as a response to the increasing firepower on the battlefield.
	www.emergency.com /2002/4gw5may02.htm (8497 words)

	4GW & the Question of Reform, November 16, 2001
		Second-generation warfare's winners were those who had the most, or the best-managed, firepower, enabling their forces to win through attrition-an approach mastered by the Prussian army.
		Third-generation warfare saw second-generation armies being agitated by decentralized attacks that, though brilliant, ultimately failed by virtue of an opponent's ability to wear the attacker down.
		In the Boydian view, first-generation warfare was defined by close-order formations armed with guns to repel sword-and-bayonet cavalry and infantry, something the young Napoleon perfected.
	www.d-n-i.net /fcs/comments/c431.htm (8497 words)

	Terrorism - Assymetric Warfare
		Just as second- and third-generation warfare intermingle, they are both interpenetrated by what some call fourth-generation warfare.
		Because of U.S. dominance in [second-generation or attrition] warfare, however, opponents instead are likely to fight "asymmetrically" &; avoiding U.S. strengths and attacking its vulnerabilities.
		They are likely to use either third-generation maneuver warfare (with regular armed forces) or, more likely, fourth-generation irregular warfare (with irregular attacks on vulnerable military units, population, infrastructure, culture, and institutions).
	www.cdi.org /terrorism/asymmetric.cfm (3053 words)

	The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation
		Second generation warfare remained frontal tactically, but at least in Prussian practice it focused operationally on the enemy's rear through the emphasis on encirclement The third generation shifted the tactical as well as the operational focus to the enemy's rear.
		Second generation warfare was a response to the rifled musket, breechloaders, barbed wire, the machinegun, and indirect fire.
		First generation warfare focused tactically and operationally (when operational art was practiced) on the enemy's front, his combat forces.
	www.cursor.org /backhome/fourth_gen.htm (3053 words)

	Warfighting, Brought to You by John Boyd
		While the other services still were mired in second-generation warfare (attrition warfare), a few in the Marine Corps recognized the need to progress to the third generation, or maneuver warfare.
		Colonel Boyd's ideas on warfare could be categorized, according to William S. Lind, et al., in their article, "The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation," as the third generation of warfare.
		Fourth-generation warfare will be characterized by an "increased reliance on irregular/urban combat, with intermingling of friendly, hostile and neutral parties."9 According to defense analyst Franklin C. Spinney, "the rise of fourth generation warfare implies an increased need for irregular warfighting skills.
	www.d-n-i.net /fcs/cowan_proceedings.htm (3012 words)

	Warfighting, Brought to You by John Boyd
		While the other services still were mired in second-generation warfare (attrition warfare), a few in the Marine Corps recognized the need to progress to the third generation, or maneuver warfare.
		Colonel Boyd's ideas on warfare could be categorized, according to William S. Lind, et al., in their article, "The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation," as the third generation of warfare.
		Fourth-generation warfare will be characterized by an "increased reliance on irregular/urban combat, with intermingling of friendly, hostile and neutral parties."9 According to defense analyst Franklin C. Spinney, "the rise of fourth generation warfare implies an increased need for irregular warfighting skills.
	www.d-n-i.net /fcs/cowan_proceedings.htm (3012 words)

	friendly printed version:Reshaping the Military for Asymmetric Warfare
		Just as second- and third-generation warfare intermingle, they are both interpenetrated by what some call fourth-generation warfare.
		They are likely to use either third-generation maneuver warfare (with regular armed forces) or, more likely, fourth-generation irregular warfare (with irregular attacks on vulnerable military units, population, infrastructure, culture, and institutions).
		The objective of this kind of warfare is to collapse the opponent's will to fight early (ideally, even before becoming decisively engaged) by introducing chaos into his intelligence/surveillance-evaluation/command-action/ reaction processes.
	www.cdi.org /friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=218 (3059 words)

	The Four Generations of Modern War by William S. Lind
		Second Generation war was developed by the French Army during and after World War I, and is best summed up with the French saying, "The artillery conquers, the infantry occupies." Also known as firepower/attrition warfare, Second Generation war maintained the First Generation culture of order.
		Third Generation war, also known as maneuver warfare, was developed by the German Army in World War I; by 1918, Blitzkrieg was conceptually complete, lacking only the tanks necessary for operational mobility.
		Fourth Generation war is the greatest change since the Peace of Westphalia, because it marks the end of the state’s monopoly on war.
	www.lewrockwell.com /lind/lind26.html (3059 words)

	Military Response to Fourth Generation Warfare in Afghanistan
		Second generation warfare, as defined by the authors and condensed here, was in response to the technological improvements in firepower and communications, particularly the railroad.
		The authors were of the opinion that second generation warfare is “...still practiced by most American units in the field.” Tactically, World War I, as practiced by the French and British, and Vietnam, as practiced by the Americans, were second generation warfare.
		Third generation warfare was also seen as a response to the increasing firepower on the battlefield.
	www.d-n-i.net /fcs/wilson_wilcox_military_responses.htm (8310 words)

	al-Aqsa Intifada 2000
		The Al-Aqsa Intifada: A Case Study in Fourth Generation Warfare
		Highlights the outbreak of the second Intifada in October 2000.
		Focuses on the impact of the Al-Aqsa Intifada outbreak on the socio-economy of Palestine.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/alaqsa.htm (3409 words)

	PSU develops anti-torpedo - PittsburghLIVE.com
		Engineers from Penn State University's Applied Research Laboratory and the U.S. Naval Undersea Warfare Center prepare the anti-torpedo torpedo prototype for sea trials in 2000 at a test range off the coast of Keyport, Wash. The second generation prototype is undergoing land-based testing and will face another set of sea trials in 2006.
		Schneider compares the underwater chatter of naval combat to attending a rock concert where three bands are playing at the same time.
		The center will serve as a clearinghouse of technical information for all the private contractors that will produce parts of the torpedo system.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/tribune-review/trib/regional/s_291277.html (3409 words)

	Irish 1916 Easter Rising ~ War for Independence -
		We declare the right of the people of Ireland to the ownership of Ireland, and to the unfettered control of Irish destinies, to be sovereign and indefeasibleIn every generation the Irish people have asserted their right to National freedom and sovereignty; six times during the past three hundred years they have asserted it in arms.
		An Irish delegation headed by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins met representatives of the British Cabinet in London, and after six weeks conference, the Irish delegates, compelled by threat of renewed ruthless warfare on their prostate land, signed a compromise treaty on December 6th.
		The second General Election was held in 1927, showing a decided gain for the Republicans.
	home.fiac.net /marshaw/1916.htm (3409 words)

	War - Freepedia
		Second generation warfare was developed in response to the rifled musket, breechloaders, barbed wire, the machinegun, and indirect fire.
		Fourth generation warfare is widely dispersed and largely undefined, with a blurred distinction between war and peace and few clear battlefields or fronts.
		First generation warfare reflects tactics of the era of the smoothbore musket, the tactics of line and column.
	en.freepedia.org /War.html (1017 words)

	The Four Generations of Modern War by William S. Lind
		Second Generation war was developed by the French Army during and after World War I, and is best summed up with the French saying, "The artillery conquers, the infantry occupies." Also known as firepower/attrition warfare, Second Generation war maintained the First Generation culture of order.
		Third Generation war, also known as maneuver warfare, was developed by the German Army in World War I; by 1918, Blitzkrieg was conceptually complete, lacking only the tanks necessary for operational mobility.
		Fourth Generation war is the greatest change since the Peace of Westphalia, because it marks the end of the state’s monopoly on war.
	www.lewrockwell.com /lind/lind26.html (1017 words)

	Civil War Bookshelf: Military reform, now and then: Boyd and the ACW
		Perhaps the principal change from first generation tactics was heavy reliance on indirect fire; second generation tactics were summed up in the French maxim, "the artillery conquers, the infantry occupies." Massed firepower replaced massed manpower.
		Second generation tactics remained the basis of U.S. doctrine until the 1980s, and they are still practiced by most American units in the field.
		First generation warfare reflects tactics of the era of the smoothbore musket, the tactics of line and column.
	cwbn.blogspot.com /2004/05/military-reform-now-and-then-boyd-and.html (1017 words)

	Marine Corps Gazette
		The second generation consisted of fire and movement, while the third generation saw the advent of maneuver warfare in the form of infiltration tactics and defense in depth.
		While there are many factors that have been passed down from generation to generation, it is this single, driving idea that differentiates each.
		The first generation utilized line and column tactics.
	www.mca-marines.org /Gazette/2004/04martinezBR.html (545 words)

	The Canon, cont'd
		The canon is based on land warfare, but the same elements we see in the First, Second and Third Generations also exist in naval warfare, although their development follows different patterns.
		Lind is author of the Maneuver Warfare Handbook (Westview Press, 1985); co-author, with Gary Hart, of America Can Win: The Case for Military Reform (Adler & Adler, 1986); and co-author, with William H. Marshner, of Cultural Conservatism: Toward a New National Agenda (Free Congress Foundation, 1987).
		Lind co-authored the prescient article, "The Changing Face of War: Into the Fourth Generation," which was published in The Marine Corps Gazette in October, 1989 and which first propounded the concept of "Fourth Generation War." Mr.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,Lind_062504,00.html (545 words)

	Honolulu Star-Bulletin Local News
		The test was conducted during the Navy's Fleet Battle Experiment Bravo, the second in a series of four computer-generated exercises designed to test warfare fighting concepts and capabilities for the 21st century.
		The second part of Experiment Bravo, called "Silent Fury," is aimed at meeting the challenge posed by the latest generation of satellite-guided munitions.
		Warfare techniques being tested by the Navy's 3rd Fleet seem to be straight out of a Tom Clancy techno-novel.
	starbulletin.com /97/09/10/news/story5.html (756 words)

	Equipment Matchups: Destroyer/Frigate
		The newly acquired Kang Ding class will complement the Cheng Kung and Knox classes as second-generation surface combatants of the ROCN, replacing aging WWII-era destroyers.
		As with most US-designed warships which operate in a fleet environment, the Knox class is highly specialized in anti-submarine warfare and lacks some of the most basic defensive weapon systems.
		It is armed with older generation surface-to-surface missiles, and an array of manually-controlled guns.
	www.emeraldesigns.com /matchup/destroyer.htm (756 words)

	Transforming the Navy's Surface Combatant Force
		The second class of the Cold War family of surface combatants was the Oliver Hazard Perry guided-missile frigate.
		Much like the role that the Spruance class destroyer played in the current generation of surface combatants, the DD(X) is intended to be the "pathfinder" for technologies that would be used in all subsequent ships of the next generation.
		By 2025, the Navy's plan would result in a surface combatant force that was not only 40 percent larger than today's force but much more capable than the current Cold War generation of ships.
	www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=4130&sequence=2 (11965 words)

	War and Religion in Iraq
		The first was chaos, the second was a war of national liberation (waged by the Baath Party) and the third was fourth generation warfare.
		Throughout Iraq, the balance had already swung away from the Baath and any other forces that might have been able to re-create an Iraqi state, to non-state, Fourth Generation elements.
		This is exactly what Fourth Generation theory predicted would happen.
	www.washingtondispatch.com /printer_10034.shtml (11965 words)

	BAESYSTEMS.com
		BAE Systems is now producing the next-generation space computer microprocessor - the RAD750 TM microprocessor - the most powerful radiation-hardened general-purpose microprocessor ever developed, said Dale Hutchinson, Executive Vice President for the Information & Electronic Warfare Systems unit.
		The RAD750 advanced architecture and processing throughput will allow a new generation of high-performance satellite payloads to solve more intensive computing problems, while using fewer processors.
		The RAD750 architecture supports an industry-leading 240 million instructions per second (MIPS) and operates at speeds of 133 MHz and greater.
	www.baesystems.co.uk /newsroom/2002/feb/040202news1.htm (11965 words)

	Transforming the Navy's Surface Combatant Force
		Those ships constitute the ultimate Cold War generation of surface combatants designed for open-ocean, high-intensity naval warfare against the Soviet Union.
		Although that increase includes an additional amphibious ship and several support ships (and counts some mine-warfare ships not already counted as part of the 300-ship Navy), most of the difference is explained by expanding the surface combatant force from 115 ships today to 160 ships.
		Second, the new ships in the surface combatant force are the primary means by which Navy officials expect to defeat threats posed by relatively inexpensive weapon systems that potential opponents might use to inhibit the Navy's freedom of action (a strategy known as area denial).
	www.cbo.gov /showdoc.cfm?index=4130&sequence=1 (11965 words)

	Report: Profiling the Small Arms Industry - World Policy Institute - Research Project
		Objective Individual Combat Weapon (OICW): Alliant is the prime contractor for the OICW, the Army's next generation combat rifle, touted as "revolutionizing warfare." It will be capable of firing two types of rounds: a conventional bullet, like the current generation M-16 rifle, or a 20mm grenade.
		The OICW is being marketed as 'two weapons in one,' with one barrel that shoots a 5.56 mm shell and acts like an M-16 for close-range fighting, and a second barrel that fires 20 mm air-burst shells that function like small grenades.
		Weapons analyst William Arkin estimates that 300 tons of depleted uranium was dispersed during the Persian Gulf war, mostly from the 30mm and 120mm DU shells.
	www.worldpolicy.org /projects/arms/reports/smallarms.htm (4292 words)

	BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(1)
		Project 25 was originally conceived in the 1980's as a class of 12 units, being divided into 3 subclasses of anti-air, anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare platforms.
		It is understood that the design will incorporate far more stealth features than has previously been the case with Indian warship designs and reportedly, it is expected to be similar to the European Horizon Class next generation frigates.
		Plans for a second unit of this class are uncertain for now.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MONITOR/ISSUE3-1/mazumdar.html (4292 words)

	Star Trek Article, StarTrek Information
		Star Trek depicts an optimisticfuture in which humankind has overcome sickness and poverty and warfare; the central characters explore the galaxy, finding newworlds and meeting new civilizations, while helping to spread peace and understanding.
		Set to air in 1978, it would have put theoriginal crew back onto the Enterprise for a second five-year mission.
		Star Trek The Next Generation Roleplaying Game, 1998, Last Unicorn Games
	www.anoca.org /series/space/star_trek.html (2763 words)

	Association for Asia Research- Cross-straight relations in Taiwan's presidential election
		The other reason is that a significant portion of the DPP's traditional supporters--those of the under-40 generation--are having second thoughts because of relatively high unemployment and their fear of losing their lives in a battle with the PLA.
		No military action for the Taiwan Strait--not even psychological warfare oriented missile drills such as those undertaken in late 1995 and early 1996--is being planned by the People's Liberation Army (PLA) for the coming year or so.
		For example, the year 2008 is perceived as a "reasonable" deadline given that it would coincide with the end of Chen's second term.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/2043.html (2763 words)

	CNA-022201.htm
		The seventh Perry-class frigate to join the ROC Navy's fleet of second-generation warships was delivered in 1997, but construction of the eighth vessel was postponed due to a lack of funding.
		Equipped with two anti-submarine helicopters, the 4,200-ton Perry-class frigate is primarily an undersea warfare platform, aptly suited to protection-of-shipping missions in the Taiwan Strait, where mainland China's Kilo-class nuclear submarines have a distinct advantage over the ROC Navy's four non-combat worthy diesel-electric submarines.
		Delivery of the first domestically built Cheung Kung-class frigate, as it was called in Taiwan, took place in 1993, boasting of anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare capabilities.
	www.taiwansecurity.org /CNA/2001/CNA-022201.htm (277 words)

	Equipment Matchups: Destroyer/Frigate
		The newly acquired Kang Ding class will complement the Cheng Kung and Knox classes as second-generation surface combatants of the ROCN, replacing aging WWII-era destroyers.
		As with most US-designed warships which operate in a fleet environment, the Knox class is highly specialized in anti-submarine warfare and lacks some of the most basic defensive weapon systems.
		It is armed with older generation surface-to-surface missiles, and an array of manually-controlled guns.
	www.emeraldesigns.com /matchup/destroyer.htm (277 words)

	WHAT
		The first ship of this class was delivered to the PLAN last summer and a second vessel was to be completed later this year.
		Designed for Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW), Anti-Surface unit Warfare (ASuW) and for general reconnaissance missions, the Type 636 submarine is considered to be one of the quietest SSKs in the world, with an impressive array of sensors and matching weapons.
		The first hull of the new generation Type 093 SSN, which is equivalent to the USN early production Los Angeles Class SSN, is reported to have been launched with Russian help in the past year or so and is expected to enter service soon.
	www.indiadefence.com /china_maramb.htm (4795 words)

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In the News (Mon 16 Nov 09)