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Topic: Second language

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	Second language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A second language is any language other than the first, or native, language learned; it is typically used because of geographical or social reasons.
		In contemporary usage, a "foreign language" is one that is learned in an environment where the language is not spoken outside of the classroom.
		Nowadays, English is considered the world's most widespread second language; it is used in areas as diverse as the internet, television and radio, and international aviation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_language (454 words)

	Encyclopedia: Second language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Language education is the teaching and learning of a language or languages, usually as foreign languages.
		Language interference (also known as linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or transfer) is the effect of a language learner’s first language on their production of the language they are learning.
		Second language acquisition, or SLA, is the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue(s).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Second-language (1202 words)

	Second Language Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Second language learners in some schools may be disadvantaged in public examinations such as School Certificate and Bursaries depending on the number of hours of instruction provided to meet prescription requirements.
		In providing a modular system of second language instruction, secondary schools have been able to expose larger numbers of third form students to a short course of second language study than was previously the case when students took up a language study for the whole third form year.
		Despite efforts of second language teachers to promote their language, the reality of compressed time allocations in a number of schools and the need to equip students to gain the qualifications they desire means that the sense of enjoyment is often lost.
	www.ero.govt.nz /Publications/eers1994/94no6hl.htm (4860 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Schools \| Second, language
		But we learn a second language in a selective and artificial context, for a limited time each week, and with little or no external reinforcement.
		The second is to adopt a much more flexible approach to teaching, with concentrated blocks of time so that pupils have less time to forget what they have learned; intensive use of ICT; and a curriculum based on specific skills rather than the current thematic approach.
		Language teaching has reached the critical point at which existing theory and practice are not capable of doing the job, but are still supported by most members of the establishment, who have built their careers on these theories.
	education.guardian.co.uk /schools/comment/story/0,9828,1308805,00.html (737 words)

	ERIC L & L Digest
		Language minority children from different cultural backgrounds may experience culture conflict in school because their ways of learning and communicating are different from the routines of the classroom.
		Children acquiring a second language are learning to switch languages in the sophisticated manner they hear in their homes and communities.
		Learning a second language is similar to learning a first language in that a child needs to experiment and produce utterances that may be inaccurate yet reflect normal language development.
	www.cal.org /ericcll/digest/ncrcds04.html (1676 words)

	Second-Language Learning
		If there is a mismatch between the structures, values, and expectations of the home language and school language, children may be at a disadvantage for success in early reading tasks, and thus spend their entire school careers attempting to catch up (Gay, 1988; Snow, 1992).
		Non-native speakers schooled in a second language for part or all of the day typically do reasonably well in early years; from fourth grade, however, when academic and cognitive demands of the curriculum increase rapidly, students with little or no academic and cognitive development in their first language fail to maintain positive gains (Collier, 1995).
		For example, children's literature in both languages should be in classroom and school libraries for children to access at both school and home; newspapers and other examples of community literacy should be available in both languages at home and at school; signs in classrooms should be in both languages, as appropriate.
	www.ncrel.org /sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li7lk12.htm (1167 words)

	ALR May June 97 - Technology and Second Language Learners
		The role of technology as a resource for instruction of second language learners is increasing as educators recognize its ability to create both independent and collaborative learning environments in which students can acquire and practice a new language.
		English as a second language students around the world can, for example, sample and record pollution conditions in their communities and employ the Internet to discuss their findings and publish a collaborative report.
		Considering the multitude of benefits second language learners derive from a technology-enriched curriculum, the task of adequately training their teachers in its application is a challenge that we dare not ignore.
	www.languagemagazine.com /internetedition/mj97/eets20.html (1624 words)

	An Overview of Second Language Acquisition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Second language acquisition is the phrase used to describe the process that people go through when confronted by a need to use a language other than their native one for communication.
		It is generally believed that the younger the person, the easier natural language acquisition is for him/ her; this idea includes the Critical Period Hypothesis, which suggests that there is a chronological cut-off point in adolescence after which a language learner cannot attain fluency.
		Language acquisition ability, however, does not disappear in adulthood; it instead combines with a conscious learning function, against which natural language use is verified.
	cls.coe.utk.edu /lpm/esltoolkit/03acquistion.html (643 words)

	HGSE News: Looking Closely at Second Language Learning--An Interview with Shattuck Professor Catherine Snow
		A: One of the pieces of evidence that most strongly argues against the existence of a critical period for the acquisition of a second language suggests that there is no particular age when the ability to learn a second language declines.
		Of course, it is more often children who learn second languages that find themselves in this position of being highly motivated and left to sink-or-swim in the second-language setting.
		Child second-language learners are somewhat more likely to achieve native-like proficiency in the second language than adult learners, and massively more likely to lose proficiency in their first language in the process.
	www.gse.harvard.edu /news/features/snow10012002.html (1047 words)

	Overview of Second Language Acquisition Theory \| By Request...May 2003
		An understanding of second language acquisition can improve the ability of mainstream teachers to serve the culturally and linguistically diverse students in their classrooms (Fillmore and Snow, 2002; Hamayan, 1990).
		Current theories of second language acquisition are based on years of research in a wide variety of fields, including linguistics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and neurolinguistics (Freeman and Freeman, 2001).
		One concept endorsed by most current theorists is that of a continuum of learning—that is, predictable and sequential stages of language development, in which the learner progresses from no knowledge of the new language to a level of competency closely resembling that of a native speaker.
	www.nwrel.org /request/2003may/overview.html (1071 words)

	Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition (Assimilação Natural - o Construtivismo no Ensino ...
		This is a brief description of Krashen's widely known and well accepted theory of second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching since the 1980s.
		It requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act.
		Very often, when this occurs, both teachers and students are convinced that the study of formal grammar is essential for second language acquisition, and the teacher is skillful enough to present explanations in the target language so that the students understand.
	www.english.sk.com.br /sk-krash.html (2238 words)

	Principles of L2 Teaching Methods and Approaches
		The priority in studying the target language is first, reading ability and second, current and/or historical knowledge of the country where the target language is spoken.
		The native instructors of the language are not considered teachers but, rather are trained in counseling skills adapted to their roles as language counselors.
		The aim of the language counselor's skill is first to communicate an empathy for the client's threatened inadequate state and to aid him linguistically.
	coe.sdsu.edu /people/jmora/ALMMethods.htm (2412 words)

	Second Language Institute
		Throughout this course, you are exposed to and take part in a full range of exercises intended to give you practice in using your second language and in giving you information about the areas in which you might need to improve.
		Full-time or part-time regular students and special students who are interested in obtaining diagnostic information about their second language proficiency and a certificate stating their current level of proficiency in the language.
		Students are advised to consider their areas of linguistic weaknesses and to take appropriate second language courses to assist in further developing their second language proficiency.
	www.secondlanguage.uottawa.ca /question_asked.html (699 words)

	Bilingualism Database: Browse Second Language Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Language maintenance in the Armenian and Ethiopian communities in South Australia.
		The implementation of policy on community language and bilingual education in Victorian state primary schools: a case study.
		Use of the monther tongue in second language classrooms: an experiemtnal investigation of effects on the attitudes and writing performance of bilinugal UK school children
	www.edu.bham.ac.uk /bilingualism/database/ctlesl.htm (1821 words)

	Second language Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A second language is any language consciously learned or used by its speaker after puberty, according to linguist Eric Lenneberg's "Critical Period Hypothesis".
		Nowadays English is considered the world's most widespread second language, used in areas as diverse as the Internet, TV, and Radio.
		Afterwards, as was the case with English, the French empire spread its language through colonisation.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/s/se/second_language.html (315 words)

	Parlor Press: Second Language Writing
		Second language writing emerged in the late twentieth century as an interdisciplinary field of inquiry, and an increasing number of researchers from various related fields—including applied linguistics, communication, composition studies, and education—have come to identify themselves as second language writing specialists.
		The Second Language Writing series aims to facilitate the advancement of knowledge in the field of second language writing by publishing scholarly and research-based monographs and edited collections that provide significant new insights into central topics and issues in the field.
		Manuscripts that explore the implications of second language writing issues in other related fields are also welcome.
	www.parlorpress.com /slw.html (467 words)

	The Java Language Specification
		He is well known as the co-creator of the Scheme programming language and for his reference books for the C programming language (with Samuel Harbison) and for the Common Lisp programming language.
		Steele received the ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award in 1988 and was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2001, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science in 2002.
		It describes all aspects of the language, including the semantics of all types, statements, and expressions, as well as threads and binary compatibility.
	java.sun.com /docs/books/jls (750 words)

	Why Learn a Second Language?
		Research has shown that math and verbal SAT scores climb higher with each additional year of foreign language study, which means that the longer you study a foreign language, the stronger your skills become to succeed in school.
		If you’ve already learned a language other than English at home, expanding your knowledge of its vocabulary, grammar, culture, and literature — at the same time you are learning English —; will also improve your chances for success in school and in your career.
		Use your second language on the job, seek out opportunities to use it in your community, or, in college, take more courses, study abroad at intercession or for a summer, a semester, or a year.
	ccflt.org /adfl1.htm (829 words)

	Second Language Reading Bibliography
		Braidi, S.M. The acquisition of second language syntax.
		Cziko, G. Differences in first and second language reading: The use of syntactic, semantic and discourse constraints.
		Significant predictors of the use of whole language in elementary schools.
	coe.sdsu.edu /people/jmora/L2Bibliography.htm (2132 words)

	For Second Language Teachers - Pour professeurs de langues secondes
		Instruction in French as a second language in Canada provides the anglophone majority with the opportunity to learn their other official language.
		Instruction of English as a second language in Canada has two distinct clienteles: English as a second official language in francophone communities of the country and instruction of English to new Canadians as their first Canadian official language.
		General information on the importance of language learning, its implications on general learning skills and broad based research supporting language development.
	www.caslt.org /teachers/teachers.htm (241 words)

	Second Language
		Second Language is currently being revamped as part of the SLUniverse.com makeover to prepare for the launch of the main site.
		Whatever happens with Second Life, I wish us all the best and hope we will step forward together, realizing that like Spock said, "The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, or the one." The potential for Second Life is an open book...
		Or maybe it's just because SL is such a new world that its denizens are rushing to bring it up to speed, to modify it to their tastes and make it as real as they can.
	www.sluniverse.com /language (6379 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		As a future ESL/EFL teacher and a language learner (I am trilingual and can understand basic Japanese), I believe that understanding the complicated mechanisms and processes that govern second language acquisition and keeping on top of current research in the field is just as important as being fluent in the language that you are teaching.
		It is truly an indispensable overview to the myriad of research conducted in second language acquisition.
		While SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION is well-researched and provides a thorough overview of the field, it is only for college folks (probably graduate students and up), and there is little if any value for the utiltarian teacher.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0805835288?v=glance (1242 words)

	Foreign Language Lesson Plans and Resources for Teachers
		American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) is the professional association that represents teachers of all languages at all educational levels.
		The site is designed to help Foreign Language classroom teachers adapt and use communications technology in their K-12 classrooms and to design and share ideas with others.
		Funded by the Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning and the University of Chicago, the site is designed to bring together a wide variety of the available texts, news, images, information and other resources available through World Wide Web to render them both accessible and useful to foreign language teachers and their students.
	www.csun.edu /~hcedu013/eslsp.html (4144 words)

	Department of Second Language Studies
		You might instead look at one of the two language teaching units administered by the Department: HELP, for students who are not regularly enrolled in University programs, and The English Language Institute for students already admitted to the University.
		The Department of Second Language Studies (formerly ESL) is the first and still largest such department at an American university.
		The PhD program in second language acquisition at the University of Hawai`i, approved in 1988, is administered by the Department of English as a Second Language, the oldest such department in the United States.
	www.hawaii.edu /sls (1007 words)

	Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Third Edition)
		Extensible Markup Language, abbreviated XML, describes a class of data objects called XML documents and partially describes the behavior of computer programs which process them.
		In document processing, it is often useful to identify the natural or formal language in which the content is written.
		The declaration matches children and the sequence of child elements belongs to the language generated by the regular expression in the content model, with optional white space, comments and PIs (i.e.
	www.w3.org /TR/REC-xml (8474 words)

	Second Language
		accustomed to the language, food, people, and the country for the past eighteen years.
		German to be my second language, but incorporated with the language is the culture as well.
		second language was an easy decision for me to make.
	www.msu.edu /~beckerc7/SecondLanguage.htm (524 words)

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