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	Eleventh Dimension
		This revolution began when physicists realised that the subatomic particles found in nature, such as electrons and quarks, may not be particles at all, but tiny vibrating strings.
		M-theory led John Schwarz of Caltech, one of the founders of superstring theory, to proclaim a "second superstring revolution".
		In superstring theory, the subatomic particles we see in nature are nothing more than different resonances of the vibrating superstrings, in the same way that different musical notes emanate from the different modes of vibration of a violin string.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/dimens.html (3039 words)

	superstring theory concept from the Astronomy knowledge base (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In superstring theories, the basic constituent of matter is a 1-dimensional structure, called a string, rather than a point-particle structure.
		The simplest predictions of superstring theory concern processes at the Planck energy, and so far very little is known about the consequences of string theory at lower energies.
		M-Theory (2 facts) - Theory emerging from the second superstring revolution that unites the previous five superstring theories within a single overarching framework.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/superstringtheory.html (323 words)

	NOVA \| The Elegant Universe \| Glossary \| PBS
		Superstring theory requires the universe to have additional spatial dimensions.
		M-theory: theory emerging from the second superstring revolution that unites the previous five superstring theories within a single overarching framework.
		second superstring revolution: period in the development of string theory beginning around 1995 in which some nonperturbative aspects of the theory began to be understood.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/elegant/glossary.html (1697 words)

	Wikinfo \| String theory
		In the 1990s, Edward Witten and others found strong evidence that the different superstring theories were different limits of an unknown 11-dimensional theory called M-theory.
		Superstring theories also include fermions, the building blocks of matter.
		The second problem is that much of theory is still only formulated perturbatively (as a series of approximations rather than as an exact solution).
	wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=String_theory (804 words)

	[No title]
		Third of all, superstring theory is useful in many fields of advanced physics, from cosmology to fl holes, but no one should expect it to answer every question in every field of physics, and there are some fields, such as chaos theory, that should not benefit from superstring theory at all.
		Second of all, the theory was plagued with a massless spin-2 particle, which they considered an aberrant defect, and they couldn't figure out how to get rid of it.
		During the first superstring revolution, from 1984 - 1985, string theory was transformed from an obscure theory to the forefront of theoretical particle physics.
	www.geocities.com /jefferywinkler/beyondstandardmodel6.html (4472 words)

	String Colloquium 14
		was the major discovery during the period between string revolutions from 1986-1992.
		The simplest case has one compact dimension — a circle of radius
		The Second Superstring Revolution // String Theory: a multihistory
	www.superstringtheory.com /theatre/col14.html (55 words)

	Into The Eleventh Dimension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This revolution began when physicists realised that the subatomic particles found in nature, such as electrons and quarks, may not be particles at all, but tiny vibrating strings.
		M-theory led John Schwarz of Caltech, one of the founders of superstring theory, to proclaim a "second superstring revolution".
		In superstring theory, the subatomic particles we see in nature are nothing more than different resonances of the vibrating superstrings, in the same way that different musical notes emanate from the different modes of vibration of a violin string.
	www.ufoarea.com /physics_cosmology_eleventh_dimension.html (2922 words)

	SparkNotes: The Elegant Universe: Part III: The Cosmic Symphony
		Superstring theory, on the other hand, describes the most basic ingredients of matter as Planck-length strings that vibrate perpetually, like tiny rubber bands.
		The second superstring revolution occurred in 1995, when Edward Witten delivered a groundbreaking lecture that introduced methods for dealing with the theory’s complexity.
		But in 1985, in the wake of the first superstring revolution, physicists found that supersymmetry could be incorporated into string theory in a grand total of five different ways.
	www.sparknotes.com /lit/elegantuniverse/section3.rhtml (3125 words)

	Greene (Brian) Elegant Universe Summary
		General relativity was ostensibly verified by the famous prediction of the bending by 1.75 arc seconds of starlight passing by the sun during a solar eclipse, confirmed by Eddington 1919 (an experiment whose reproducibility was subsequently questioned).
		The existence of the superparticles predicted by superstring theory will be sought with the CERN Large Hadron Collider under construction in Geneva for operation in 2010.
		In 1995, the second superstring revolution began by Witten's suggestion that the 5 candidates are all related and part of an overall synthesis or framework called M-theory.
	www.mcgoodwin.net /pages/elegantuniverse.html (6488 words)

	Superstrings
		And the fascinating possibility is that these vibrations may actually bring together all the observed forces in the universe: gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak forces (the forces which hold an atom together).
		The superstring theory is controversial, and so far this is a purely theoretical matter.
		This is a presentation of superstrings, forming part of a class presentation.
	www.hypography.com /topics/superstrings.cfm (565 words)

	First superstring revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, the first superstring revolution is a period of important discoveries in string theory roughly between 1984 and 1986.
		It was realised that string theory was capable of describing all elementary particles as well as the interactions between them.
		The revolution was started by a discovery of anomaly cancellation in type I string theory by Michael Green and John Schwarz in 1984.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_superstring_revolution (200 words)

	Superstrings - A Theory of Everything? - Physics_6 from Connections Through Time
		The superstring theory has as its goal the unification of General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.
		In superstring theory, vibrating one-dimensional "strings", not point-like particles, are the fundamental constituents.
		Superstring theory may succeed, and has come a long way toward resolving what were two very different views of the universe.
	www.p-i-a.com /Magazine/Issue6/Physics_6.htm (1071 words)

	The History of String Theory
		The result was the first superstring revolution, during which physicists around the world rushed to join the research on the same theory they had "snubbed" in the past.
		At a conference called Strings 1995, held at the University of Southern California, Edward Witten dropped the bombshell that ignited the second superstring revolution.
		He announced a cohesive plan for moving past the approximations used during the first superstring revolution and thus into even deeper areas of this vast and complex theory.
	library.thinkquest.org /27930/stringhistory.htm (1049 words)

	.:: The Evidence ::.
		The son of a voice coach and vaudeville performer, the 37 year-old physicist is receiving wide attention for his talents as a lecturer and public performer, in addition to his talents as a writer.
		My area of research is superstring theory, a theory that purports to give us our first sensible theory of quantum gravity as well as a unified theory of all forces and all matter.
		One of the strangest features of superstring theory is that the theory requires the universe to have more than three spatial dimensions.
	www.theevidence.org /episodes/episode15-guest2-bio.php (525 words)

	Physicists to mark 20th anniversary of first string theory revolution
		Growing numbers of physicists see superstring theory as their best chance to formulate a set of natural laws that govern everything from the largest galaxies to the smallest quarks in one grand unifying theory of everything.
		Physicists have yet to verify string theory in the laboratory, despite a second superstring revolution that came about in the mid-1990s.
		Strings measure an estimated millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a centimeter across.
	www-news.uchicago.edu /releases/04/040810.strings.shtml (767 words)

	Science News
		Since its quiet beginnings in the 1960's, the idea has flared and faded through a first "superstring revolution" in the mid-1980's and a second revolution a decade later.
		Along the way, the theory came to be called superstrings when it was endowed with a hypothetical quality called supersymmetry, in which the force-carrying particles like gluons and the matter-making particles like quarks are closely knit together.
		A breakthrough came in the mid-1980's when, in the first revolution, it was shown that of all possible string theories, only five were mathematically sturdy; the rest would come crashing down because of various inconsistencies.
	www.jlab.org /news/internet/1998/theory.html (2492 words)

	The Graduate Center, CUNY
		Khuri, who works in theoretical high-energy physics and string theory, is credited with helping to launch the "second superstring revolution" in the field in 1995.
		So, interest in string theory waned for a while, but then in the early to mid '90s there was the "second superstring revolution," in which my work was involved, when it was shown that certain different string theories are connected, that they are probably unified in a way.
		One of the big successes of the "second superstring revolution" was--and this is a bit technical--that it showed that the counting of quantum states in a fl hole agrees with the classical entropy disorder parameter of a fl hole (i.e.
	www.gc.cuny.edu /faculty/folio/fall2003/Theory.htm (933 words)

	Open Questions: Superstring Theory
		As for the second problem, it is merely a symptom of a larger problem.
		Even though superstring theory mainly applies at very high energy and small length scales, there are potentially many ways to test it at more accessible energy scales.
		Superstring theory postulates that elementary particles are strings on the scale of the Planck length (1.6 x 10
	www.openquestions.com /oq-ph001.htm (16849 words)

	M-Theory: The Mother of all SuperStrings - The Hyperspace Forums
		John Schwarz of Caltech, for example, has been speaking to conferences around the world proclaiming the “second superstring revolution.” Edward Witten of the Institute for Advanced Study in Prince- ton gave a spell-binding 3 hour lecture describing it.
		Not only this, but superstrings are in some sense not unique: there are other non-string theories which contain “super- symmetry,” the key mathematical symmetry underlying superstrings.
		The next breakthrough came when it was shown that there was a second class of dualities, called S duality, which provided a duality between the perturbative and non-perturbative regions of string theory.
	www.mkaku.org /forums/showthread.php?p=9 (3494 words)

	Math Digest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This article discusses some of the major themes and ideas that coalesced into what Witten calls "the second superstring revolution," which occurred in 1994-1995.
		String theory is a theory of matter in which elementary particles are modeled as vibrating strings.
		According to the article, the second superstring revolution has developed "a major new perspective on the quest for superunification of the forces of nature."
	e-math.ams.org /mathmedia/mathdigest/199706-string.html (117 words)

	Welcome to four dimensions
		In the Second String Revolution*, a string theory was temporarily thought to have an anomaly.
		In the Third String Revolution, it was discovered that D=10 superstrings** required M theory [3], which is based on D=11 supergravity or superMembranes.
		However, since the Third String Revolution, tendency has been to ignore fermions altogether, since the interesting part of the solution comes from the bosons, so supersymmetry is a moot point, except indirectly through restrictions necessary to obtain the Standard Model, which ironically is already considered to be supersymmetric.
	insti.physics.sunysb.edu /~siegel/parodies/lobotomy.html (1114 words)

	Eleventh Dimension
		In the 1980s, attention switched to superstring theory as the leading candidate for a final theory.
		The first step towards this advance came two years ago when Witten and Paul Townsend of the University of Cambridge showed that Type 2a string theory in 10 dimensions was equivalent to M-theory in 11 dimensions with one dimension curled up.
		The name "M-theory" was coined by Witten: M perhaps stands for "membrane" or the "mother of all strings", or possibly "mystery" Take your pick.
	members.fortunecity.com /templarser/dimens.html (3039 words)

	The Reference Frame: The next revolution
		A student who wants to join a scientific field because of some of her scientific dreams simply cannot avoid the question what string theory is going to look like in 5 or 10 years and what is the framework into which the small pieces of the research should fit.
		Sure, no one knows the answer - much like they did not know in 1992 that the Second Superstring Revolution was behind the corner.
		With a help from the LHC (that may generate some fantastic data) and perhaps a next revolution in the theory, we may come closer to God's mind.
	motls.blogspot.com /2005/07/next-revolution.html (2527 words)

	Superstring Theory: A Brief Bibliography: Science Reference Guides (Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		The elegant universe: superstrings, hidden dimensions, and the quest for the ultimate theory.
		Superstrings and the search for the theory of everything.
		is an online tutorial to superstring theory and includes a glossary, references, and links to other websites.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/SciRefGuides/superstringbib.html (359 words)

	[No title]
		The proposal to use superstrings as the basis of a unified theory of all elementary particles and fundamental forces was first made at Caltech by John Schwarz and Joel Scherk in 1974.
		A breakthrough in understanding superstrings made by Schwarz and Michael Green in 1984 led to the first superstring revolution.
		This convinced many theorists that superstring theory is the most promising approach to constructing a consistent quantum theory containing gravity, unified with all the other forces, from first principles.
	www.pma.caltech.edu /~donnad/GSR/theopart.html (812 words)

	UK Physics & Astronomy Colloquium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		From about 1984 to 1994, due to the successes of the ``(First) Superstring Revolution'', it had been anticipated that one day we would understand all known matter and interaction in one complete framework, known as ``Superstring Theory''.
		Much research effort over the course of that ten years was put into trying to achieve this understanding by studying the properties of superstring theories, particularly many promising solutions of their equations of motion.
		Since 1995, our view of the nature of the five ``Superstring Theories'' has dramatically changed as a result of the discovery of many new remarkable properties which they possess.
	www.pa.uky.edu /~gardner/colloq/Links/johnson.html (212 words)

	GUTs: A Brief History
		Finally in 1984 the problem was resolved in a monumental paper by Schwarz and Michael Green showing that string theory could envelop even more than originally believed - all matter and the four forces.
		The period between 1984 and 1986 is known as the first superstring revolution.
		They were so difficult to solve, physicists were faced with a seemingly insurmountable barrier.
	library.thinkquest.org /25886/brefhist.htm (359 words)

	Superstrings! String theory references
		A recent and well-written book on the subject, that makes ties between the ideas in superstring theory and basic principles of physics like quantum mechanics, relativity, and gravity.
		In addition to describing the theory from basic principles, it covers the major topics from the "second superstring revolution".
		Superstring Theory 2: Loop Amplitudes Anomalies and Phenomenology
	www.sukidog.com /jpierre/strings/refs.htm (341 words)

	Gautam Sengupta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Recent activities in Superstring Theories are connected to the investigation of their non-perturbative structures.
		This line of investigation was strengthened by the discovery of the Dirichlet branes (D-branes) which are stringy solitons and carried a a full supersymmetric gauge theory on their world volumes and acted as sources for exotic higher rank Ramond-Ramond gauge fields.
		Following these studies the existence of a fundamental theory in eleven dimensions could be envisaged, which produced five perturbative string theories and D=11 Supergravity in some limit.
	home.iitk.ac.in /~sengupta/Research.htm (263 words)

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