Second-generation programming language

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Topic: Second-generation programming language

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	4gl
		pl:4GL A fourth-generation programming language (or 4GL) is an application-specific programming language.
		The first three generations were developed fairly quickly, but it was still frustrating, slow, and error prone to program computers, leading to the first "programming crisis", in which the amount of work that might be assigned to programmers greatly exceeded the amount of programmer time available to do it.
		Thus were born report-generator languages, which were fed a description of the data format and the report to generate and turned that into a program which actually contained the commands to read and process the data and place the results on the page.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /4GL.html (241 words)

	Fifth-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fifth-generation programming language (abbreviated 5GL) is a programming language based around solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer.
		While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve the problem for you.
		In the 1990s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the wave of the future, and some predicted that they would replace all other languages for system development, with the exception of low-level languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fifth-generation_programming_language (212 words)

	Second-generation programming language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A second-generation programming language is a term usually used to refer to some form of assembly language.
		Unlike first-generation programming languages, the code can be read and written fairly easily by a human, but it must be converted into a machine readable form in order to run on a computer.
		The conversion process is simply a mapping of the assembly language code into binary machine code (the first-generation language).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second-generation_programming_language (146 words)

	Encyclopedia: Java programming language
		Mesa is a programming language developed at Xerox PARC that was used to program the Xerox Alto (one of the first personal computers with a graphical user interface), and later the Xerox Star workstations, and later the GlobalView desktop environment.
		In computer science, a programming language is type safe when the language does not permit the programmer to treat a value as a type to which it does not belong.
		In computer programming, operator overloading (less commonly known as operator ad-hoc polymorphism) is a specific case of polymorphism in which some or all of operators like +, = or == are treated as polymorphic functions and as such have different behaviours depending on the types of their arguments.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Java-programming-language (11209 words)

	Low-level programming language
		The second-generation programming language or 2GL is Assembly Language.
		Note that high-level versus low-level is a property; a Java programmer would consider C to be a low-level language while assembly language programmer would consider C to be a high-level programming language.
		The word "low" does not imply the language is inferior to high-level programming languages but rather refers to the lower of abstraction.
	www.freeglossary.com /Low-level_programming_language (520 words)

	Language list
		ICI is a programming language with a dynamic, object based data model with the flow control constructs and operators of C. It is designed for use in many environments, including embedded systems, as an adjunct to other programs and as a text based interface to compiled libraries.
		RPG (Report Program Generator) is a programming language that originated as a report-building program used in DEC and IBM minicomputer operating systems and evolved into a fully procedural programming language.
		B is a computer language intended for recursive, primarily non-numeric applications typified by system programming.
	home.nvg.org /~sk/lang/lang.html (5710 words)

	chap4
		C++: a popular programming language that is an enhancement to the original C language.
		natural languages: programming languages that allow end users to access stored data and interact with the computer using natural words so that the computer is extremely easy to use.
		machine languages: the first generation of languages, in which instructions are written in binary code.
	www.ecst.csuchico.edu /~khyron/mins110/chap4.htm (819 words)

	The ALGOL Programming Language
		ALGOL was the first second-generation programming language and its characteristics are typical of the entire generation.
		Overall, ALGOL is considered to be perhaps the most orthogonal programming language, meaning it has a relatively small number of basic constructs and a set of rules for combining those constructs.
		ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) is one of several high level languages designed specifically for programming scientific computations.
	www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/algol/algol.html (581 words)

	Programming Language Comparison
		Thus, while object-oriented languages strive to remain at a fairly high level of abstraction, to be suitable for systems programming a language must provide such features or relegate such low-level tasks to a language with which it can interact.
		Nearly every language to come along since C was first introduced provides such integration with C. This allows high level languages to remain free of the low level constructs that make C great for systems programming, but add much complexity.
		Generational garbage collection works in a similar fashion to mark and sweep garbage collection, except it capitalizes on the statistical probability that objects that have been alive the longest tend to stay alive longer than objects that were newly created.
	www.jvoegele.com /software/langcomp.html (5997 words)

	Extensible Programming Systems for the 21st Century
		Callahan] to a language, for example, she should be able to plug a module into the debugger to tell it how to display them, and what to do when a future resolves.
		Language features interact in subtle ways---if every developer with a good idea is allowed to mess with the language, surely the result will be a syntactic and semantic mess.
		Well-nested goto statements become structured programming's conditionals and loops; records that are only ever accessed through companion functions become objects; functions that are identical except for data types become generics, and so on.
	www.third-bit.com /~gvwilson/xmlprog.html (5172 words)

	programming language generations - a Whatis.com definition - see also: 1GL, 2GL, 3GL, 4GL, 5GL, program language generations
		In the computer industry, these abbreviations are widely used to represent major steps or "generations" in the evolution of programming languages.
		1GL or first-generation language was (and still is) machine language or the level of instructions and data that the processor is actually given to work on (which in conventional computers is a string of 0s and 1s).
		4GL or fourth-generation language is designed to be closer to natural language than a 3GL language.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci211502,00.html (326 words)

	RAND Advanced Publication Search View Abstract
		It includes: (1) an examination of theories of simulation and modelling and programming; (2) a description of the design aims and a few language statements of SIMSCRIPT II, a second generation simulation programming language; and (3) comments on a probable future for simulation languages and simulation programming.
	www.rand.org /cgi-bin/Abstracts/e-getabbydoc.pl?P-3348 (57 words)

	What is cobol? Find out about this programming language years ahead of it's time
		However by modern standards for programming language definition, it had serious flaws, notably verbose syntax and lack of support for local variables, recursion, dynamic memory allocation, and structured programming.
		While this idea seems reasonable on its face, in practice the most difficult task in programming is reducing a complex computation to a sequence of simple steps, not specifying those steps with a particular language.
		A motivation of COBOL's design was to make programming easier by making the language as English-like as possible.
	www.zipas400.com /cobol.html (857 words)

	Brewing Java: A Tutorial
		This is at least preferable to unhandled exceptions in most programming languages where the entire system can come crashing down around your feet with a core dump or worse.
		Java is a programming language that lets you do almost anything you can do with a traditional programming langauge like Fortran or C++.
		He called for a second, and a third, and more and more, until finally he was forced to admit defeat and hand over his entire kingdom for lack of sufficient wheat with which to pay the inventor.
	www.ibiblio.org /javafaq/javatutorial.html (16653 words)

	Second-generation aspect-oriented programming
		Second, note that, although this example uses the Singleton pattern in several places because it is well known and succinct, if you ever find yourself writing a widely used framework, you should certainly not use the Singleton pattern in its API.
		While aspect-oriented programming (AOP) offers a powerful means of modularizing programs, and a robust, feature-rich implementation for the Java platform is available in AspectJ, AOP is not yet in the average Java programmer's toolbox.
		In this report on the new generation of AOP frameworks, Dave Schweisguth contrasts the new with the old, explains where the new features fit in, and looks to the future of AOP on the Java platform.
	www.javaworld.com /javaworld/jw-07-2004/jw-0705-aop.html (1387 words)

	What is fourth-generation language? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Often abbreviated 4GL, fourth-generation languages are programming languages closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages.
		Article by James Elliot entitled, "The Paradoxes and Advantages of Using Fourth Generation Languages," that provides descriptions of the nature of the language and expertise, and mastering the 4GL.
		fifth generation: languages used for artificial intelligence and neural networks.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/F/fourth_generation_language.html (158 words)

	Glossary
		Assembler language A second generation programming language that uses easily recognized symbols, called mnemonics, to represent instructions.
		Bits per second (bps) The number of bits that can be transmitted per second over a communications channel.
		Arithmetic operators Mathematical operators (add [+], subtract [-], multiply [], divide [/], and exponentiation [^]) used in programming* and in spreadsheet and database software for computations.
	www.prenhall.com /ntu/glossary/a.html (991 words)

	DTAI: Projects: LP+
		In addition, we aim to conduct extensive experiments with the developed language, tools and semantics on several realistic-sized applications in different areas, including: scheduling problems, fault-diagnosis in system management, protocol specification and knowledge revision in intelligent agents.
		On the program development side: Control declaration languages for specifying reasoning strategies and for declaring glass-box type constraint solving.
		to apply the developed language and tools to a number of realistic applications.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /onderzoek/dtai/projects/lpplus.shtml (228 words)

	Publications of the DTAI Group
		Pelov, en M. Bruynooghe, Extending constraint logic programming with open functions, Proceedings of the 2nd International ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Principles and Practice of Declarative Programming (PPDP'00) (Gabbrielli, M. and Pfenning, F., eds.), pp.
		Vanhoof, Binding-time analysis by constraint solving: a modular and higher-order approach for Mercury, Logic for Programming and Automated Reasoning, 7th International Conference, LPAR 2000, Reunion Island, France, November 2000, Proceedings (M. Parigot and A. Voronkov, eds.), vol 1955, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, pp.
		Denecker, A note on the declarative reading(s) of Logic Programming, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Nonmonotonic Reasoning NMR'2000 (Chitta Baral and Miroslaw Truszcynsky, eds.), pp.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /cwis/research/dtai/publications/2000-N.shtml (2527 words)

	ModelSim Informant - February 2003
		Third party tool integration has been facilitated with the implementation of Verilog-2001's second-generation programming language interface, the Verilog Programming Interface, or VPI.
		This has led to one of the largest and most complete list of Verilog sign-off support from
		And as the presentations by industry experts at DVCon show, ModelSim leads in the implementation of behavioral modeling productivity features.
	www.model.com /resources/informant/Archives/02-2003.htm (439 words)

	Third generation language -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		A third generation language (3GL) is a ((computer science) a language designed for programming computers) programming language designed to be easier for a human to understand, including things like named variables.
		Most "modern" languages (((usually plural) a necessary commodity for which demand is constant) BASIC, (The 3rd letter of the Roman alphabet) C, (additional info and facts about C++) C++) are third generation.
		(A high-level programing language for mathematical and scientific purposes; stands for formula translation) Fortran, (Second brightest star in Perseus; first known eclipsing binary) ALGOL and (Common business-oriented language) COBOL are early examples of this sort of language.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/third_generation_language.htm (173 words)

	Low-level programming language
		The second-generation programming language or 2GL is Assembly Language.
		Note that high-level versus low-level is a property; a Java programmer would consider C to be a low-level language while assembly language programmer would consider C to be a high-level programming language.
		The word "low" does not imply the language is inferior to high-level programming languages but rather refers to the lower of abstraction.
	www.freeglossary.com /Low-level_programming_language (173 words)

	The ALGOL Programming Language
		ALGOL was the first second-generation programming language and its characteristics are typical of the entire generation.
		Overall, ALGOL is considered to be perhaps the most orthogonal programming language, meaning it has a relatively small number of basic constructs and a set of rules for combining those constructs.
		The best sources for information regarding the programming language ALGOL are textbooks which outline the history of the language.
	www.engin.umd.umich.edu /CIS/course.des/cis400/algol/algol.html (173 words)

	fourth-generation language
		Other ‘generations’ (the term implies a class of language rather than a chronological sequence) are machine code (first generation); assembly languages, or low-level languages (second); and conventional high-level languages such as BASIC and Pascal (third).
		In computing, a type of programming language designed for the rapid programming of applications but often lacking the ability to control the individual parts of the computer.
		Such a language typically provides easy ways of designing screens and reports, and of using databases.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0005805.html (149 words)

	GOLD Parsing System - What is a Parser?
		The disadvantage to the second generation languages was that programs could not be ported to other platforms.
		To convert a modern third generation language to machine code, those human-like and English-like terms must be broken down into their different logical units.
		When a software engineer designs and writes a program, it is often in one of the many modern programming languages available.
	www.devincook.com /goldparser/concepts/parser.htm (532 words)

	Second Generation Programming Language
		A second-generation programming language is usually considered as some form of assembly language.
		This usually refers to the first wave of high level programming languages that were designed to be computer independant (i.e.
		Such a language is not much more than the direct translation of machine language, the very elementary soup of bits that a digital processor is able to talk, into something somewhat remotely readable.
	www.wikiverse.org /second-generation-programming-language (252 words)

	The fifth generation: Japan's computer challenge to the world.
		The first is the obvious--the people at ICOT are going to bring about the Fifth Generation of computers, the second computer revolution.
		Their Fifth Generation plans say unequivocally that the Japanese are the first nation to act consciously upon the realization that the new wealth of nations can be viewed as something besides financial capital, secured from manufactures goods or land rental, as it was in Adam Smith's time.
		They come from firms the Fifth Generation project is going to be an international embarrassment for the Japanese, firms that contributed their workers only under duress from MITI.
	www.atarimagazines.com /creative/v10n8/103_The_fifth_generation_Jap.php (4936 words)

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Topic: Second-generation programming language

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