Secondary active transport

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	Active transport - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In secondary active transport, there is however no direct coupling of ATP; instead, the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of cells is used.
		Active transport is the mediated transport of biochemicals, and other atomic/molecular substances, across membranes.
		One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/active_transport (442 words)

	active-transport.htm
		In the secondary active transport, transporters use energy derived from transport of another molecule in the direction of their gradient, to move other molecules...
		Except in the case of active transport, net flux is directly proportional to the concentration difference across the membrane, the surface area of the membrane, and the membrane permeability constant.
		Depending on the molecule, transport occurs by different mechanisms, which can be separated into those that do not consume energy in the form of ATP (passive transport) and those that do (active transport).
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/a/active-transport.htm (752 words)

	Membrane Transport Mechanisms
		Secondary active transport involves using energy to establish a gradient across the cell membrane, and then utilizing that gradient to transport a molecule of interest up its concentration gradient.
		Active transport requires the expenditure of energy to transport the molecule from one side of the membrane to the other, but active transport is the only type of transport that can actually take molecules up their concentration gradient as well as down.
		Primary active transport involves using energy (usually through ATP hydrolysis) at the membrane protein itself to cause a conformational change that results in the transport of the molecule through the protein.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/cb/membranes/transport.html (738 words)

	Lecture 8
		The Na concentration gradient is used to produce secondary active transport of sugars and amino acids
		Note that most of the special properties of facilitated and active transport (those checked "yes") are due to the protein nature of the transport molecules.
		Transport rate reaches a maximum when all of the protein transporters are being used
	members.aol.com /BearFlag45/Biology1A/LectureNotes/lec08.html (1719 words)

	The Basics of Life Lesson 3: Active Transport
		secondary active transport depends on primary active transport, using transport of glucose as an example.
		Both types of active transport require integral membrane proteins.
		Cells do this by processes called endocytosis and exocytosis, where the substance to be transported is surrounded by an infolding of the cell membrane.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /bionet/biol115/t2_basics_of_life/lesson03/lesson3_mod3.htm (155 words)

	The Major Biological Transport Mechanisms Page
		Most secondary active transport carrier proteins use energy provided by the transfer of Na down its concentration gradient to move another solute across the cell membrane.
		We call these mechanisms "secondary active" transport mechanisms as the transport carriers involved do not use ATP BUT ATP is required to drive the Na ATP-dependent pump which maintains the Na gradient.
		These secondary active transport carriers can move solutes in the same direction as Na (co-transport into cells) or in the opposite direction of Na (counter transport out of cells).
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/biotransport.htm (758 words)

	SoluteTransport.doc
		Secondary = secondary active transport is when the transport of one solute against its electrochemical potential is coupled to the transport of another solute along its electrochemical potential (i.e.
		Active Transport can be either: Primary = primary active transport is coupled directly to a source of energy (other then the chemical potential of the solute) such as ATP hydrolysis, oxidation reduction reactions (electron transport) or the absorption of light by the carrier protein.
		Carriers = types of transport proteins that are not pores but rather, bind to the solute being transported in a highly selective manner.
	www.bcc.orst.edu /bpp/BOT331/SoluteTransport.doc (426 words)

	SoluteTransport.doc
		Secondary = secondary active transport is when the transport of one solute against its electrochemical potential is coupled to the transport of another solute along its electrochemical potential (i.e.
		Active Transport can be either: Primary = primary active transport is coupled directly to a source of energy (other then the chemical potential of the solute) such as ATP hydrolysis, oxidation reduction reactions (electron transport) or the absorption of light by the carrier protein.
		Passive transport = movement of molecules by diffusion down a gradient of concentration or chemical potential.
	www.bcc.orst.edu /bpp/BOT331/SoluteTransport.doc (426 words)

	Passive Transport vs
		Secondary active transport does not directly use ATP.
		In active transport, a source of energy is required to move the carrier and its materials.
		An example of primary active transport is the sodium pump.
	biology.kenyon.edu /HHMI/Biol113/passive_vs_active.htm (127 words)

	Membrane Transport Mechanisms
		Secondary active transport involves using energy to establish a gradient across the cell membrane, and then utilizing that gradient to transport a molecule of interest up its concentration gradient.
		Active transport requires the expenditure of energy to transport the molecule from one side of the membrane to the other, but active transport is the only type of transport that can actually take molecules up their concentration gradient as well as down.
		It is of seminal importance to the cell that it be able to transport molecules in and out of itself.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/cb/membranes/transport.html (127 words)

	Outline of Lecture #4
		Secondary Active Transport Proper: Y runs down its gradient, and the energy obtained is used to drive X up its gradient.
		-- whether substances flow down their gradients (passive transport -- cases 1-3) or are pushed up their gradients by using energy (active transport -- cases 4 and 5).
		Active transport -- substance moves up its concentration gradient (as in reaction (a) below) with the help of "pump" protein and expenditure of energy (one of the reactions labeled (b) below).
	www.columbia.edu /cu/biology/courses/c2006/lectures02/lect4.02.html (1798 words)

	III. Tubular Anatomy and Function
		Active transport systems can also be categorized as primary or secondary systems.
		Active transport of an ion out of the tubule tends to reduce the concentration of that ion in the tubular fluid, establishing a chemical gradient for passive back-diffusion.
		Net transport by passive diffusion can occur across a tubular cell membrane or across the tubular epithelium when a favorable chemical (concentration) or electrical gradient is present and the barrier has a finite permeability to the substance.
	www2.kumc.edu /ki/physiology/course/three/3_4.htm (735 words)

	active site on Encyclopedia.com
		shop trade services work place of work pastime people person active physical posture body human human being physical movement populationmeans of transport carrying transport pastime people person active walking physical posture body human human being physical movement
		Construction site of the elevated train at Rachadamri andSunshade Nature Men Male Glasses Eyeglasses Active Pastime Spare time Secondary sector SecondaryGroup Human being 1/03/98.
		Best Newcomer of the Year: ewido networks wins award for outstanding e-commerce performance; The ewido security suite generated a 2000% increase in active users and web site visitors, and is soon to be released as a corporate solution.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/X/X-activesi.asp (852 words)

	The Basics of Life Lesson 3: Active Transport
		secondary active transport depends on primary active transport, using transport of glucose as an example.
		Cells do this by processes called endocytosis and exocytosis, where the substance to be transported is surrounded by an infolding of the cell membrane.
		In many instances, it is necessary to move substances against their electrical or chemical gradient to maintain the appropriate concentrations inside of the cell or organelle.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /bionet/biol115/t2_basics_of_life/lesson03/lesson3_mod3.htm (155 words)

	Transportation In Hong Kong Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography
		Hong Kong Island is dominated by steep, hilly terrain, which required the development of unusual methods of transport up and down the slopes.
		Hong Kong has one active international airport since the famous former Hong Kong International Airport at Kai Tak was retired in favour of the recently constructed Hong Kong International Airport, also known as Chek Lap Kok International Airport.
		Some Hong Kong registered vehicles carry secondary mainland Chinese registration plates and can be driven across the border to mainland China, likewise, some of the left hand drive cars seen in Hong Kong are primarily registered in mainland China and carry supplementary Hong Kong registration plates.
	www.localcolorart.com /search/encyclopedia/Transportation_in_Hong_Kong (2895 words)

	Nutrient_Uptake
		The energy available from the electrical potential difference across the membrane, plus from the proton gradient across the membrane, can be harnessed for secondary active transport, or cotransport.
		Even K+ transport, which sometimes appears to be passive (down its electrochemical potential gradient) depends on the proton pump (and hence active transport) because it requires the electrogenic component of the membrane potential to balance the K+ concentrations gradient.
		R is the gas constant; T is the absolute temperature; a is the valency of the ion for which the equilibrium concentration is calculated; F is Faraday's number.
	soils.umn.edu /academics/classes/soil5611/content/Nutrient_Uptake (1033 words)

	Lecture Notes-9
		Note that most of the special properties of facilitated and active transport (those checked "yes") are due to the protein nature of the transport molecules.
		The Na concentration gradient is used to produce secondary transport of sugars and amino acids (facilitated diffusion)
		Facilitated diffusion cannot cause net transport of molecules from a low to a high concentration- this would require input of energy
	members.aol.com /Bio50/LecNotes/lecnot09.html (1114 words)

	Translocation in the Phloem
		Sucrose is transported primarily through an apoplastic pathway – sucrose concentrates in the sieve elements (relative to mesophyll cells) and is transported from the apoplast by a secondary active sucrose-H
		Transport pathways are classified as apoplastic (some transport step is apoplastic) or symplastic (movement through plasmodesmata only), species dependent, apoplastic pathways are subdivided into two groups (Type 1 – unloading from sieve element-companion cell complex is apoplastic and Type 2 – apoplastic transport occurs in other cells)
		Companion cells – these are specialized sieve elements, division of a mother cell produces a sieve element and a companion cell.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /hort/courses/HORT301/MikesLectures/TranslPhloem.html (1114 words)

	BCH 4053 Biochemistry I
		The most commonly studied type of secondary active transport systems use Na
		A class of relatively non-specific transport proteins is found in the outer membranes of gram-negative bacteria and mitochondria (a membrane-bound cellular organelle)
		These helices are believed to be able to insert into membranes and form a complex assemly that positions the hydrophobic face of the helices towards the apolar lipid environment, and the hydrophilic region towards the center.
	wine1.sb.fsu.edu /BCH4053/Lecture17/Lecture17.htm (1623 words)

	Involvement of H+-ATPase and carbonic anhydrase in inorganic carbon uptake for endosymbiont photosynthesis -- Furla et al. 278 (4): 870 -- AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
		Wieczorek, H. The insect V-ATPase, a plasma membrane proton pump energizing secondary active transport: molecular analysis of electrogenic potassium transport in the tobacco hornworm midgut.
		Weis, V. Smith G. and Muscatine L. supply" mechanism in zooxanthellate cnidarians: role of carbonic anhydrase.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/278/4/R870 (1623 words)

	Conwy Council report on Blaenau Ffestiniog Slate Waste and Conwy Valley Railway Line
		Approximately 1 million tonnes per annum of secondary aggregate will be transported out of Blaenau Ffestiniog once the project is complete, a substantial contribution to this strategy.
		The aim of the project is therefore to develop an inter-modal freight facility at Blaenau Ffestiniog which will facilitate rail born deliveries of secondary aggregate (processed slate waste) from Blaenau Ffestiniog to reception and distributional terminals in Greater Manchester and the West Midlands by rail.
		The Blaenau Ffestiniog and Bethesda quarries have been active for more than two centuries and during their operation they have generated some 370 million tonnes of waste.
	www.walesdirectory.co.uk /news/slatewaste2.htm (6538 words)

	Transport Proteins
		-ATPase (plasma membrane and tonoplast) and tonoplast pyrophosphatase pumps are most responsible for proton electrochemical gradients, pH and membrane potential gradients across the plasma membrane and mainly a pH gradient across the tonoplast that mediate secondary active solute transport.
		ATPases (plasma membrane and tonoplast) are the most common pumps in plants, transduce energy of ATP hydrolysis (orthophosphate), ADP + Pi, for active transport of H
		Membrane Transport Proteins – Plasma membrane and tonoplast lipid bilayer is semi-permeable to ions and molecules like sugars and amino acids.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /hort/courses/HORT301/MikesLectures/TransProtein.html (6538 words)

	Chris Miller
		Accardi, A. and Miller, C. Secondary active transport mediated by a prokaryotic homologue of CLC Cl- channels.
		Using a combination of electrophysiology, membrane reconstitution, and x-ray crystallography, we are endeavoring to understand how these ransport proteins work and also to comprehend the wider mechanistic implications of this co-habitation within the same molecular family of such fundamentally different ion-transport mechanisms.
		Posson, D.J., Ge, P. Miller, C. Bezanilla, F., and Selvin, P.R. Small vertical movement of a K+ channel voltage sensor measured with luminescence energy transfer.
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /faculty01/miller.html (399 words)

	The Basic Chemistry of Gas Recombination in Lead-Acid Batteries
		The chemistry is such that the cells can be operated in a starved condition (relative to VRLA systems) and under normal operating conditions, there is no venting of gases because the cells have a thin, oxygen-permeable separator with a high void volume and an overbuilt active cadmium-negative electrode with a thin electrolyte film.
		Still, unless the separator is saturated, oxygen transport to the negative electrode is relatively rapid and is not seen as the rate-limiting step in the overall oxygen-transport process.
		The chemistry involved in the overcharge processes is considerably more complex than this, with many minor secondary reactions which are not directly related to oxygen recombination taking place.
	www.tms.org /pubs/journals/JOM/0101/Nelson-0101.html (399 words)

	Geol/Geog Field Trip SE California
		Secondary objectives were to examine the Algodones Dune belt, the Pliocene-Pleistocene Painted Canyon section (San Andreas Fault) near Mecca Hills, the recent obsidian domes of the Salton Sea, the hot springs of the Hesperia region, and the Ubehebe Volcanic Crater of the northern Death Valley region.
		Rapid upward transport of mid-crustal mylonitic gneisses in the footwall of a Miocene detachment fault, Whipple Mountains, southeastern California: Geologische Rundschau, v.
		Sharp, R.V., 1972, Map showing recently active breaks along the San Jacinto fault zone between the San Bernardino area and Borrego Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-675, scale 1:24000.
	instruct.uwo.ca /earth-sci/fieldlog/cargo/indexcargo.htm (5531 words)

	Aspect 2003: David McLetchie, Scottish Conservative & Unionist Party candidate, Edinburgh Pentlands, 2003
		The present MSP for Edinburgh Pentlands, Iain Gray, is the Minister for Transport in the Scottish Executive.
		David McLetchie has been active in his opposition to major new housing developments in the Edinburgh Pentlands constituency, He says: "As we know Edinburgh is an attractive place to live and work and the strong housing market in the city has put a lot of development pressure on green spaces and our green belt.
		The money wasted on "Follyrood" could have built 100 new primary schools or 25 new secondary schools or 3 brand new state of the art hospitals, Instead it has been money poured down the drain on a palace for politicians.
	gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk /aspect/aspect2003/cup/a03cupedp.htm (1511 words)

	Lecture 8
		The Na concentration gradient is used to produce secondary active transport of sugars and amino acids
		A flow or flux of a material is proportional to the gradient of force acting on the molecule.
		It is useful to think of a dilute solution as having a high water concentration and a concentrated solution as having a lower water concentration.
	members.aol.com /BearFlag45/Biology1A/LectureNotes/lec08.html (1719 words)

	The insect V-ATPase, a plasma membrane proton pump energizing secondary active transport: molecular analysis of electrogenic potassium transport in the tobacco hornworm midgut -- Wieczorek 172 (1): 335 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		The insect V-ATPase, a plasma membrane proton pump energizing secondary active transport: molecular analysis of electrogenic potassium transport in the tobacco hornworm midgut
		The insect V-ATPase, a plasma membrane proton pump energizing secondary active transport: molecular analysis of electrogenic potassium transport in the tobacco hornworm midgut -- Wieczorek 172 (1): 335 -- Journal of Experimental Biology
		Articles by Wieczorek, H. Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol 172, Issue 1 335-343, Copyright © 1992 by Company of Biologists
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/172/1/335 (1719 words)

	Active transport
		In secondary active transport, there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead, the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of cells is used.
		An example is the sodium-calcium exchanger or "antiport", which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out.
		A primary ATPase universal to all cellular life is the sodium-potassium pump, which helps maintain the cell potential.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/active_transport (1719 words)

	Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2004-25 CDC/NIOSH
		The FF received airway support in the form of bag-valve mask ventilation with 100% oxygen during the 15-minute transport to the hospital, as repeated intubation (breathing tube placed in the throat to maintain airway) attempts were unsuccessful.
		The autopsy report, completed by a pathologist, stated the FF “died of acute, occlusive thrombosis of the left circumflex coronary artery secondary to coronary artery atherosclerosis.” The physical stress of fire fighting and the underlying atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) contributed to this fire fighter’s cardiac arrest and sudden death.
		If this FD had been performing pre-placement and periodic medical examinations, it is possible the FF may have been precluded from active fire fighting.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/face200425.html (1719 words)

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In the News (Sun 5 Jul 09)