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Topic: Secondary education in Japan

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	Education in Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Education of commoners was generally practically oriented, providing basic training in reading, writing, and arithmetic, emphasizing calligraphy and use of the abacus.
		Educational and athletic facilities are good; almost all elementary schools had an outdoor playground, roughly 90 percent have a gymnasium, and 75 percent have an outdoor swimming pool.
		Education in Japan is a national, prefectural, and municipal responsibility.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Education_in_Japan (4134 words)

	Japan - Primary and Secondary Education
		Two problems of great concern to educators and citizens began to appear at the lower-secondary level in the 1980s: bullying, which seemed rampant in the mid-1980s but had abated somewhat by the end of the decade, and the school-refusal syndrome (toko kyohi--manifested by a student's excessive absenteeism), which was on the rise.
		Their relatively poor educational attainment through the upper-secondary level in the 1960s was said to have been largely corrected by the 1980s, but reliable evidence is lacking.
		They provide supplementary education that many children need just to keep up with the regular school curriculum, remedial education for the increasing numbers of children who fall behind in their work, and preparation for students striving to improve test scores and preparing for the all-important upper-secondary and university entrance examinations.
	countrystudies.us /japan/78.htm (4024 words)

	Technology Education in Japan
		Curricula for elementary, lower secondary, and upper secondary education is promulgated by the Ministry of Education, Mombusho.
		With the introduction of technology education in the lower secondary schools, vocational education was moved to the upper secondary level as an elective course.
		In upper secondary schools, students enrolled in vocational technical education were required to take fundamental subjects such as "Fundamentals of Industry," "Mathematics in Technology," and "Practice." The goal of these subjects was to improve students' fundamental knowledge and skills, as well as accommodate new teaching materials and methods (Tamura, Arai, and Murata, 1985).
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /ejournals/JTE/v5n1/murata.jte-v5n1.html (2693 words)

	Appendix 5 - Section 4 - Japan
		Under the School Education Law in Japan, the purpose of universities is to "conduct teaching and research in depth in specialised academic subjects as well as to provide broad knowledge as a centre of learning and to develop intellectual, moral and practical abilities".
		The Ministry of Education, Science, Sport and Culture (the Monbusho) tends to refer to the universities and junior colleges as higher education provision, which means that in 1994 it claims to have a 44 per cent participation rate.
		As with education between 15-18, in higher education value is placed on breadth, and whilst the Ministry regulation on the 20 per cent has recently been withdrawn, universities are not thought likely, in general, to depart from past practice.
	student.bton.ac.uk /citrix/SCAACD/a5_048.htm (1282 words)

	WENR, May/June 2005: Education in Japan
		Japan’s widely discussed demographic issues are epitomized, in the higher-education world, by a MEXT report estimating that by 2007 the number of high school graduates seeking admission to universities will be equal to the total number of places available (this was recently revised from an original estimate of 2009).
		Private schools at the upper secondary level are generally considered to be better at preparing students for university entrance examinations, hence the higher proportion of students attending private schools at this stage than at the lower secondary level.
		Schools in the upper secondary sector are ranked on a national basis according to the number of their students who are accepted to prestigious universities such as the University of Tokyo.
	www.wes.org /ewenr/05may/practical.htm (4899 words)

	Chemical Education International
		Traditionally the standard of teacher education in Japan in the past, and for science teachers in particular, was very high.
		It must be noted that COS played a positive role in primary and secondary education in Japan in the past as a means to maintaining the high standard of the primary and secondary science education.
		Japan is now a country with fewer children than 10 years ago, and so the number of children who would normally have gone to universities in that time has also decreased.
	www.iupac.org /publications/cei/vol3/0301x0an2.html (2707 words)

	McGill Journal of Education: Academic pressure and impact on Japanese students (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		All data for the present paper are secondary material, but I chose to use this approach to gain a broad understanding of the multiple influences and the impact of academic pressure on students.
		In Japan, it is hardly an exaggeration to say that school is the most important time in a child's life and that success (i.e., academic achievement) is all that matters.
		All the universities in Japan are ranked according to excellence and students are admitted on the basis of their performance on the entrance examination.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3965/is_200001/ai_n8894769 (1333 words)

	The First International Forum on Education Reform : Experience of Selection Countries
		Among such colleges, those offering upper secondary courses are called "upper secondary specialized training colleges (or, koto-senshu-gakko)" and those offering postsecondary courses are called "professional training college (or, senmon-gakko)." The former require the completion of lower secondary schooling for admission and the latter require the completion of upper secondary schooling.
		And it can be also said that elementary and secondary education of Japan have already reached at the complete level and higher education has reached at matured level in a half century.
		Since local government is in charge of elementary and secondary education, the ministry began to subsidize the salary of teachers and school facilities through local educational boards.
	www.worldedreform.com /intercon/kedre11.htm (2932 words)

	Primary and secondary education (from Japan) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The primary and secondary educational systems are organized as follows: kindergarten (not compulsory), from one to three years; compulsory elementary school, six years; compulsory middle school, three years; and high school (not compulsory), another three years.
		The dichotomy between elementary education (q.v.) and secondary education has gradually become less marked, not only in curricula but also in organization.
		In a 1970 report, the National Institute of Adult Education (England and Wales) defined adult education as “any kind of education for people who are old enough to work, vote, fight and marry and who have completed the cycle of continuous education, [if any] commenced in childhood.” Adult education...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-23298 (891 words)

	Education
		In Japan there is a great importance placed on the university or even the high school you graduated from, so there is the exam hell to get in the right high school or university.
		He said many teachers in Japan were blaming the tests for forcing them to focus on grammar instruction, but he believed that the entrance exams had been changing and the teachers were just using it as an excuse for not changing their teaching methods.
		In the last several years there have been many sensational crimes committed by teenagers in Japan so when I saw this article yesterday in The Atlantic about the random acts of violence committed by teenagers in Vermont and the possible causes I was intrigued.
	radio.weblogs.com /0114259/categories/education (876 words)

	A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON THE OPEN EDUCATION FACULTY IN TURKEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Students in distance education are, therefore, responsible for their own progress, in the sense that they must make their own arrangements about where and when to study, work without direct supervision, and basically develop skills in self-pacing and self-evaluation.
		Education and training are delivered through these communication technologies such as video, satellite, television, radio, computers, and interactive systems of the some of these technologies such as video conferencing, audio graphics, teletraining, one way video-two way audio, two way audio-two way video, and some others.
		The Open Education Faculty's system is based on the combination of three educational components as; printed materials, television and radio broadcasts, and academic counseling.Printed materials are prepared by the academic staff from various universities and edited by the faculty members of Anadolu University according to the principles and techniques of distance learning.
	home.anadolu.edu.tr /~udemiray/11_ch1.htm (9434 words)

	Japan, Inc.: International Schools in Japan - Special Advertising Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		You might be surprised to learn that Japan is home to numerous multi-lingual, multi-racial, multi-purpose and globally competitive educational institutions that allow expatriates, multicultural families and Japanese families returning from living overseas to learn in a truly international educational environment.
		From kindergarten to primary, secondary and post-secondary education, Japan is endowed with a plethora of options for international schooling.
		Though PAL, modeled around Japanese educational philosophies, and Children's House, offering alternative education methods, are representative of Japan's educational diversity, western-style schools, with accreditation from foreign institutions, are a common route for newly arrived expat families who want to maintain the same school environment for their children.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0NTN/is_2003_Jan/ai_104732918 (1367 words)

	Archived:Contemporary Research in the United States, Germany, and Japan on Five Education Issues: Structure of the ...
		Such a statement reflects the importance given to academic credentials in Japan, specifically, the fact that one's social and financial status are closely related to the status of the university from which one graduates.
		Since compulsory education in Japan ends in the ninth grade, all students must pass an entrance examination to obtain admission to high school.
		The competition is compounded by the fact that Japan is a society where it is difficult to reverse one's choices.
	www.ed.gov /pubs/Research5/Japan/secondary_j.html (2468 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In other words, at this stage of the education system “the reward” in itself is the ability to be able to go on and study at a particular institution.
		This appears to suggest that although the education system aims to be egalitarian, variance does exist owing to differences in “effort, perseverance and self-discipline.” This is surely, more than anything else, an indication of a meritocratic education system.
		Yet, as we have already mentioned for entrance to upper secondary school, the entrance is influenced by many external factors, in particular the region in which the student studies and the amount of money that their family has available to spend on education, especially juku.
	www.hood-online.co.uk /academic/articles/Meritocratic.doc (1735 words)

	Japan 21 - Teachers - Japan Foundation study tour
		Applications are invited from full-time secondary schoolteachers or from those working in the administration of secondary education with previous teaching experience, to the Japan Foundation's annual Study Tour to Japan.
		The Tour offers a valuable introduction to Japan's education system, society and culture, aiming to deepen participants' understanding of the country and to enhance their teaching resources.
		Fully funded by the Japan Foundation, the Study Tour is organised in co-operation with the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; and local Prefectural Boards of Education.
	www.japan21.org.uk /teachers/stst.html (415 words)

	A Status Report on Information Systems Education at Japanese Private Universities
		Japan has one of the higher secondary and post-secondary participation rates in the world.
		Japan has a highly developed computing industry and a commensurate educational and training system to provide the necessary human resources to grow and maintain this important industry sector.
		General education and humanities components are similar except for the emphasis on English language courses.
	www.cs.ubc.ca /wccce/program01/papers01/ken.html (3293 words)

	Japan Today - Kuchikomi - Education system provides no hope - Japan's Leading International News Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		What there is in Japan is a system that rewards those who obey all the rules and who learn to be a good cog turning in the machine that is Japan Inc. Academic acheivement is NOT the priority of universities in Japan, it hasn't been for more than 30 decades now.
		Japan for a while and see what universities in the rest of the world are about.
		It's not just the education system or the flailing pension system that are driving the youth out of the education system and off the map of normal employment (think furita, putaro, hikikomori,etc.).
	www.japantoday.com /e?content=kuchikomi&id=353 (2006 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Engineering Tasks for the New Century: Japanese and U.S. Perspectives (1999)
		Japanese educators place great importance on the belief that all children should be able to follow the regular school curriculum unless they have serious disabilities, such as blindness, deafness, or severe mental retardation or emotional disturbance.
		High school education is, in contrast, hierarchically organized, so that the type of schooling differs, depending upon the type and quality of school in which the student is enrolled.
		Engineering Education Tasks for the New Century: Japanese and U.S. Perspectives 10 In theory, it is possible for Japanese students pursuing an arts curriculum to decide late in their high school careers to gain admittance to an engineering school, but in practice this occurs very rarely due to the difficulty of the university entrance examination.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309065887/html/6.html (7580 words)

	Education and Leadership for the Twenty-first Century — www.greenwood.com
		Benjamin C. Duke looks at the educational methods and environments that are shaping future leaders; the attitudes and perceptions that will ultimately influence their capacities and styles; and how these factors may affect the political and economic future of nations, regions, and the international community as a whole.
		In his two-year study, Duke surveyed 3,000 students enrolled in 40 outstanding secondary schools that are likely to produce leaders in their respective countries in the twenty-first century.
		The author argues that Japan is educating leaders who will encourage harmony and consensus but be unable to provide the bold, creative leadership required to deal with the new Asian superpower's enormous international responsibilities.
	www.greenwood.com /books/bookdetail.asp?sku=C3986 (354 words)

	Archived:Contemporary Research in the United States, Germany, and Japan on Five Education Issues: Structure of the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Archived:Contemporary Research in the United States, Germany, and Japan on Five Education Issues: Structure of the Education System, Standards in Education, the Role of School in Adolescents' Lives, Individual Differences Among Students, and Teachers' Lives
		Stevenson, H., Lee, S., and Chen, C. "Education of gifted and talented students in mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan." Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 17, 104-130.
		Tsukada, M. "Institutionalized supplementary education in Japan: The yobiko and ronin student adaptations." Comparative Education, 24 (3), 285-303.
	www.ed.gov /pubs/Research5/Japan/refer3c.html (250 words)

	Stephanie Horvath - Research
		I researched secondary education in Japan, focusing on high schools.
		It is a useful tool for educators and students interested in Japan.
		I was able to consistently access it when I linked to it through www.google.com but not when I typed the address into the browser myself.
	www.unc.edu /~shorvath/research.html (502 words)

	Education in Japan
		Today the generally called educational system is 6-3-3-4 system which has 6 years in elementary school, three years in middle school, three years in high school, and 4 years in university.
		This system was inagurated by the school education law which was gpromulgating enacted in March 1947.
		Elementary school and middle school are commonly known by the compulsory education because of the meaning of "parents ought to give thier children education." People graduate from this and advance to their own way.
	hannover.park.org /Japan/TokyoNet/aip/HOT/EDUCATION/japan.html (350 words)

	JCS: Principles of Judo: Kano
		Ever since I came to work in public, I have been engaged in Education, for some time filling the post of the Director of the Bureau of Primary and Secondary Education in Japan, and for 24 years being the Principal of the Higher Normal College in Tokyo.
		In feudal times in Japan there were many martial exercises such as fencing, archery, the use of spears, etc. Amongst them was one called Jujitsu, which consisted principally of the different ways of fighting without weapons, although occasionally some weapons were used.
		In a similar way as I have said in connection with the four items of physical education, the inter-relation of intellectual and moral culture as well as these two with physical culture should be a subject of serious study.
	ejmas.com /jcs/jcsart_kano_0201.htm (2100 words)

	Carleton College Department of Sociology and Anthropology
		I attended a conference last June on Education in Japan: The Perspective from the United States.
		The main focus of this conference was to analyze the Japanese educational system in hopes of isolating elements which would be applied to the improvement of the American system.
		Nobuo Ken Shimahava, professor of education, Rutgers University, spoke on secondary education in Japan.
	www.acad.carleton.edu /curricular/SOAN/major/major_wingspread.html (360 words)

	Search: SecondaryEducation - Info.com
		Secondary Education, MAT School of Education Bell Hall, Room 014...
		Secondary Education, MAT School of Education Bell Hall, Room 014 tla@andrews.edu /bulletin/10-04-teaching-learn-curric.pdf /GRAD/pdf/apps/grad.pdf...
		Secondary Education Projects and Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe in the 1990s.
	www.info.com /SecondaryEducation (317 words)

	Education_1
		The Blakiston's fish owl living in Hokkaido, Japan's northern island, is one of the endangered species.
		Extending from the sub-tropical to the arctic zones, Japan has abundant nature and various exotic forms of life.
		This program shows the ecology of the stange creatures (soldier crabs, kaku sesarmine crabs, barredmud-skipper,coloful pennant coralfish,etc.) living in Iri-Omote Island area in Okinawa, Japan's southernmost prefecture.
	bama.ua.edu /~jprogram/jcic/film_education.htm (275 words)

	AllRefer.com - Japan - Education \| Japanese Information Resource
		Source: Based on information from Robert Leestma, et al., Japanese Education Today, Washington, 1987, 6; and Japan, Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Education in Japan: A Graphic Presentation, Tokyo, 1982, 14.
		Many of the historical and cultural characteristics that shape Japanese arts shape its education as well.
		Japanese tradition stresses respect for society and the established order and prizes group goals above individual interests.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/japan/japan97.html (454 words)

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