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Topic: Secondary metabolite

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	Medical Herbs
		Secondary metabolites, once considered to be side/waste products of the plant, are believed to be the molecules of medicinal value to humans.
		In general, secondary metabolites derive from primary metabolites and are synthesized in the later periods of growth and reproduction -- they are not synthesized continuously during the plant's life.
		Since secondary metabolites are not considered to be crucial for the growth and development of a plant, their production, from the start, is low.
	endeavor.med.nyu.edu /~desait01/herbs.html (925 words)

	Secondary metabolite emodin increases food assimilation efficiency of Yellow-vented Bulbuls (Pycnonotus xanthopygos) ...
		Our results suggest that sometimes secondary metabolites in ripe fruit may not be detrimental to frugivores and the presence of emodin in the pulp of ripe buckthorn fruits might be selectively adaptive to the plant.
		Secondary metabolites may also affect digestion through binding of proteins, a mechanism commonly reported in herbivorous vertebrates and hypothesized to be important in fruit-eating birds (Izhaki and Safriel 1989, 1990a).
		Secondary metabolites may affect mean retention time, which determines the time that digesta are subjected to the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and absorption (Klasing 1998).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3793/is_200304/ai_n9166815 (867 words)

	Metabolic pathway engineering to increase production of ascorbic acid intermediates - Patent 5032514
		Metabolites and metabolic pathways present in both the host organism as well as arising consequent to the transfer of genetic material are determined.
		These metabolites or metabolic pathways may be present in the host cell or may arise consequent to transfer of genetic material to the host cell wherein the transfer of genetic material renders the cell capable of converting an ordinary metabolite to a desired product.
		The metabolite was identified as L-idonate based on: a) identical observed retention times on both the ion exchange and organic acids HPLC systems; and b) identical retention times and mass spectra of the pertrimethylsilated derivative of the unknown peak as compared with a standard of authentic L-idonic acid as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5032514.html (12135 words)

	EvoMet & DFG - Evolution Metabolischer Diversität
		The DFG Priority Programme SPP 1152 "Evolution of Metabolic Diversity" (EvoMet) was established to initiate a collaboration between plant scientists, microbiologists and chemists with the aim to investigate evolution and diversity of secondary metabolite formation.
		Secondary metabolites are, however, required for the interaction of an organism with its environment.
		Secondary metabolite-producing organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi and plants are being investigated in order to establish general principles of the evolution of the biosynthesis and regulation of secondary metabolite formation.
	www.ipb-halle.de /dfg/dfg-spp-1152/homepage/index.htm (449 words)

	New method to find new metabolites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While primary metabolites are essential compounds that aid basic growth and reproduction in fungi, secondary metabolites are not required for life.
		"Secondary metabolites are bioactive compounds that are only produced at select times during the life cycle of the organism," explains Keller, noting that the compounds can help fungi survive various environmental stressors.
		Although scientists were able to pinpoint the locations of genes believed to be involved in the production of secondary metabolites by pouring over the sequence data, the actual activity of the genes and their gene products still needed to be confirmed.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=15538 (903 words)

	CT 1/98 Safety considerations for food ingredients...
		Increased knowledge of plant secondary metabolic pathways and the availability of cloned genes that encode several key enzymes in these pathways have made it possible to manipulate plant secondary metabolism in cultured cells in a more targeted manner.
		Secondary metabolites generally are not products of single genes but are the results of multistep, multienzyme processes.
		Elicitors are compounds that stimulate the synthesis of phytoalexins and various secondary metabolites in plants.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/chemtech/98/jan/safety.html (3714 words)

	Metabolic Engineering of Plant Secondary Metabolism
		Plant secondary metabolism is an economically important source of fine chemicals, such as drugs, insecticides, dyes, flavours, and fragrances.
		In this book, firstly a general introduction is given on plant secondary metabolism, followed by an overview of the possible approaches that could be used to alter secondary metabolite pathways.
		In a series of chapters from various authorities in the field, an overview is given of the state of the art for important groups of secondary metabolites.
	www.knovel.com /knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=1153 (139 words)

	Secondary metabolite biography .ms (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Secondary metabolites, also known as natural products, are those products (chemical compounds) of metabolism that are not essential for normal growth, development or reproduction of the plant or organism.
		Although plants are better known as a source of secondary metabolites also bacteria, fungi and many marine organisms (sponges, tunicates, corals, snails) are very interesting sources too.
		Secondary metabolites can be classified by their chemical structure or physical properties into one or more of the following groups: alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic organic acids, phenols, iridoids, steroids, saponins, peptides, ethereal oils, resins and balsams.
	www.biography.ms.cob-web.org:8888 /Secondary_metabolite.html (176 words)

	Secondary metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that Secondary metabolite be merged into this article or section.
		Secondary metabolism is a term for pathways and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
		Plants produce secondary metabolites as a response to adverse environmental conditions or in particular developmental stages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Secondary_metabolism (187 words)

	DreamPharm: Plant Secondary Metabolism (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While primary metabolim consists of biochemical pathways that are in general common to all cells, secondary metabolisms consist of a large number of diverse processes that are specific to certain cell types.
		Many of these secondary products are originally meant for defence against herbivores such as insects which would soon come up with metabolic pathways to detoxify and even utilize these defence compounds.
		This is because secondary metabolites are derived from the primary products, such as amino acids or nucleotides, by modifications, such as methylation, hydroxylation, and glycosylation.
	dreampharm.com.cob-web.org:8888 /ginger/psm.asp (1552 words)

	Streptomyces - Secondary Metabolism
		Because of this wide spread common observation, one role for secondary metabolites has been postulated as a mechanism by which Streptomyces can assure growth in time of famine at the expense of micro-organisms suppressed by the antibiotic activity of these secondary metabolites.
		We believe that whether the secondary metabolism is tightly regulated and co-ordinated with morphological changes not induced environmentally (Hodgson, 1992), it may not be worthwhile for the cell to maintain and invest in high levels of amino acid metabolism regulation.
		The antibiotic activity of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces might be an evolution selection consequence of this phenomenon.
	template.bio.warwick.ac.uk /staff/dhodgson/strep/secondary.html (887 words)

	Linking ESTs to gene function and secondary metabolite discovery in Metarhizium anisopliae \| 38th Annual Meeting ...
		Fungi generally make three main classes of secondary metabolites: nonribosomal peptides, polyketides, and terpenes, as well as hybrid molecules consisting of these and other moieties.
		We and others have cloned secondary metabolite biosynthetic genes from fungal EST libraries or by using degenerate primers to clone fragments of nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase genes.
		As a first step toward determining the function of genes predicted to synthesize secondary metabolite toxins and to identify the roles of such toxins in the biology of Metarhizium anisopliae, we developed efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and gene disruption methodologies for the fungus.
	www.ent.iastate.edu /sip/2005/node/406 (265 words)

	Tewksbury Lab, David Haak
		Many of the most intricate and fundamental interactions between plants and their herbivores, pathogens, and pollinators are mediated by plant secondary metabolites â“ compounds with no known physiological (primary) function in the plants that produce them.
		Though it has long been recognized that many plants produce these metabolites in ripe fruit, their importance in mediating interactions between plants and seed dispersers, seed predators, and fruit pathogens remains largely unexplored.
		Given the tremendous influence of secondary metabolites on plant-herbivore interactions, consideration of their role in seed dispersal may be critical for developing general theories of dispersal ecology and plant-animal interactions.
	faculty.washington.edu /tewksjj/david.html (463 words)

	ICPP98 Paper Number 1.9.2S (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many studies of secondary metabolite localization and activity have been motivated in large part by the desire to learn whether or not these substances indeed play a major role in resistance.
		Antimicrobial activities of the metabolites are assessed by measurement of pathogens' germination or growth in vitro in the presence and absence of the metabolite.
		Whether secondary metabolites have effective activity during plant-pathogen interactions has in a few cases been tested by genetic modification of plants: biosynthesis of metabolites has been suppressed, biosynthetic flux has been diverted to other products, or biosynthesis has been enhanced by overexpression of genes coding for rate-limiting enzymes.
	www.bspp.org.uk /ICPP98/1.9/2S.html (584 words)

	Plant Tissue Culture: an alternative for production of useful metabolite. Chapter 6.
		Although the mechanism by which elicitors increase the productivity of secondary plant metabolites has not been elucidated, their stimulating activity is quite significant if an appropriate elicitor is chosen to stimulate synthesis of a particular product.
		Furthermore, biosynthetic pathways of many secondary metabolites and their regulation mechanisms in higher plants are not always understood precisely, therefore, it is also difficult to know what kind of mutants should be induced in order to increase product synthesis.
		Wienmann (122) discussed that a close correlation existed between the expression of secondary metabolism and morphological and cytological differentiation, but he concluded that it is not yet clear to what extent secondary metabolism depends on the development of specific structures, it is unknown whether these two processes are genetically and/or physiologically linked.
	www.fao.org /docrep/t0831e/t0831e07.htm (6601 words)

	Agripedia, Interactive Multimedia Instructional Agriculture Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Secondary metabolites are compounds that are not produced during the primary growth phase but are produced when the culture is entering stationary phase.
		specific secondary metabolites are not universally formed by microorganisms like primary metabolites are).
		Production of secondary metabolites is dependent on growth conditions, especially the media composition.
	www.ca.uky.edu /Agripedia/classes/pls566/NOTES04.asp (155 words)

	Identification and analysis of a siderophore biosynthetic gene cluster from Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 -- Rondon et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Identification of a secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene cluster in the A.
		The arrow identifies the metabolite peak at 16·4 min from the wild-type strain that was associated with siderophore activity.
		from the modification of the metabolite eluting at 16·4 min.
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/150/11/3857 (4986 words)

	Secondary Metabolite Concentrations and Terpene Emissions of Scots Pine Xylem after Long-Term Forest Fertilization -- ...
		Secondary Metabolite Concentrations and Terpene Emissions of Scots Pine Xylem after Long-Term Forest Fertilization -- Turtola et al.
		Secondary Metabolite Concentrations and Terpene Emissions of Scots Pine Xylem after Long-Term Forest Fertilization
		Secondary compounds are known to be associated with the resistance
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/31/5/1694 (336 words)

	Michael G. Thomas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Additionally, the enzymes employed by the producing organisms to generate these metabolites have proven to be a fascinating fusion of reactions that are typically seen in primary metabolism, with slight modifications to generate unusual enzymatic reactions.
		One focus of my group is on the discovery of new bacterial secondary metabolic processes by mining both the sequenced genomes of cultured bacteria and the metagenome of uncultured bacteria for new secondary metabolites.
		Once we have deciphered how a secondary metabolite is biosynthesized, we aim to harness this information for the production of “unnatural” derivatives of these metabolites.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /gradstudies/facultyListing.php?id=20 (736 words)

	Effect of Butyrolactone I on the Producing Fungus, Aspergillus terreus -- Schimmel et al. 64 (10): 3707 -- Applied and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		secondary metabolites are produced by fungi, such as the beta-lactam
		a secondary metabolite concurrently with butyrolactone I in A.
		New metabolites with nematicidal and antimicrobial activities from the ascomycete Lachnum papyraceum (Karst.) Karst.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/64/10/3707 (3409 words)

	The secondary alcohol metabolite of doxorubicin irreversibly inactivates aconitase/iron regulatory protein-1 in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The secondary alcohol metabolite of doxorubicin irreversibly inactivates aconitase/iron regulatory protein-1 in cytosolic fractions from human myocardium -- Minotti et al.
		The secondary alcohol metabolite of doxorubicin irreversibly inactivates aconitase/iron regulatory protein-1 in cytosolic fractions from human myocardium
		hypotheses, the cardiotoxicity of DOX is mediated by metabolites
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/12/7/541 (6297 words)

	Biochemistry and Secondary Metabolism abstracts
		Loline alkaloids (saturated 1-aminopyrrolizidine alkaloids with an oxygen bridge) are fungal secondary metabolites often present in grasses symbiotic with endophytes in the genera Epichlo and Neotyphodium.
		These secondary metabolites are produced within the cytoplasm and must be exported to the exterior to excert their toxic effects.
		To investigate the role of this putative regulatory gene in metabolite production in the fungus, a cosmid (34 kb) containing this gene was obtained and the flanking regions of the gene sequenced to seek the presence of other genes that may have a role in biosynthesis of a secondary metabolite.
	www.fgsc.net /fungalgenetics2001/biochemabs.htm (8267 words)

	References - secondary metabolism - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape ...
		Hartmann T 2004 Plant-derived secondary metabolites as defensive chemicals in herbivorous insects: a case study in chemical ecology.
		Lloyd JC, Zakhleniuk OV 2004 Responses of primary and secondary metabolism to sugar accumulation revealed by microarray expression analysis of the Arabidopsis mutant, pho3.
		Menke FL, Champion A, Kijne JW, Memelink J 1999 A novel jasmonate- and elicitor-responsive element in the periwinkle secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene Str interacts with a jasmonate- and elicitor-inducible AP2-domain transcription factor, ORCA2.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/secmet.htm (9293 words)

	The two-component PhoR-PhoP system controls both primary metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The biosynthesis of most secondary metabolites in different bacteria is strongly depressed by inorganic phosphate.
		enzymes for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is negatively
		An important question is whether the control of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in actinomycetes is exerted by the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/10/6133 (3646 words)

	Arteca - Research Projects Part 2
		The use of bioreactors for the propagation of commercially important horticultural crops and maximizing secondary metabolite production is a new and exciting area research in the plant sciences.
		Utilization of bioreactors for these purposes was once thought to be impractical due to technological limitations, however, with the advent of biotechnology their use for these purposes is now a reality.
		Secondary metabolite production is influenced by a wide array of external stimuli which can be exploited to produce pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other novel compounds.
	hortweb.cas.psu.edu /dept/arteca/resB.html (598 words)

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