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Topic: Secondary succession

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	www.newsforge.com (2015 words)

	Ecological succession - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ecological succession, a fundamental concept in ecology, is the process by which a natural community moves from a simpler level of organisation to a more complex community.
		Succession is a natural process that occurs after some form or disturbance which simplifies the system.
		Ecological succession was formerly seen as having an end-stage called the climax, which was thought to represent the ultimate vegetation (called the climax community) in an equilibrium that depends on the local climate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ecological_succession (794 words)

	Ecological succession - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Primary succession by definition starts with a bare substrate and a pioneer community, whereas secondary succession occurs after an existing successional stage is disturbed (such as, for example, following a fire, a flood, volcanic eruptions, or deforestation).
		Ecological succession is sometimes see as having an end-stage called the called the climax, which was thought to represent the ultimate vegetation (called the climax community) in equilibrium with the local climax.
		At the turn of the 20th century, Henry Chandler Cowles was one of the prime movers in the emerging study of "dynamic ecology", through his study of the Indiana Dunes, sand dunes at the southern end of Lake Michigan.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Ecological_succession (635 words)

	Succession - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In politics, succession is the ascension to power by one politician or monarch after another, usually in a clearly defined order.
		Succession begins with arrival of the pioneer species and leads eventually to establishment of a climax community.
		Succession may be thought of as a more general term for any possible progression, as in chord progression or harmonic progression, though not all simultaneity successions are harmonic progressions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Succession (449 words)

	Mark McCleery's Biology Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Succession is a result of these changes and is defined as a series of progressive changes in an area with one community replacing the other until a climax community is created.
		Secondary succession is ecological succession in an area which has supported an ecosystem whose development to a steady state has been prevented by inhibitory factors such as grazing or fire.
		The sequence of communities during succession is known as a sere, the type of sere is determined by the environment being colonised, eg a hydrosere is a series of successions in an aquatic environment and a xerosere is a succession beginning in a dry area.
	www.btinternet.com /~fulton/mark.htm (1193 words)

	The Duke Forest: Forest Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Succession on abandoned fields is rapid, and tree seedlings are often apparent within a year or two after abandonment.
		This means that the final, most stable stage of succession over most of the area should consist of a mixture of various species of oaks and hickories.
		Succession is a continual, never-ending process – the forest ecosystem is in a constant state of flux.
	www.env.duke.edu /forest/sucession.htm (814 words)

	Ecological Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The "engine" of succession, the cause of ecosystem change, is the impact of established species have upon their own environments.
		It is possible to observe both the on-going process of succession and the consequences of past succession events at almost any point along the trail.
		To appreciate how ecological succession affects humans and also to begin to appreciate the incredible time and monetary cost of ecological succession, one only has to visualize a freshly tilled garden plot.
	www.nk2.psu.edu /naturetrail/succession.htm (1250 words)

	Econet
		This kind of succession, which occurs in areas that have been disturbed and that were originally occupied by living organisms, is called secondary succession.
		Primary succession, in contrast to secondary succession, occurs on some bare, lifeless substrate, such as rocks, or in open water, where organisms gradually occupy the area and change its nature.
		Primary succession that occurs on places such as dry rocks is called xerarch succession, to distinguish it from the hydrarch primary succession that occurs in open water.
	www.owc.org.mn /econet/html/ecological_succession.htm (963 words)

	Tropical Restoration for the New Millennium - Management of Regeneration and Secondary Forests (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Secondary forests (the woody successional vegetation that regenerates after the forest cover has been removed by human intervention) are an important feature of the landscape in agricultural frontier zones of the neotropical humid lowlands.
		Secondary forest overstories are dominated by a small group of long-lived tree species for many decades and bear little similarity to those of comparable old-growth forests; this low-diversity overstory, in addition, may inhibit the development of other tree populations.
		If secondary forest patches are to be maintained in the landscape as a way of restoring both forest cover and plant biodiversity in agricultural landscapes while at the same time providing economic benefits to rural communities, research on the biological basis for their management is warranted.
	members.aol.com /tropbosq/abstr6.htm (3839 words)

	Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In politics Succession refers to the ascension to power by one politician after another, usually in a clearly defined order.
		In ecology, succession refers to the replacement of one biological community by another.
		In music or music theory a succession is a series of pitches, or a series of simultaneities, or simultaneous pitches.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/s/su/succession.html (326 words)

	Ecology J2.OO
		Ecological succession is a series of sequential changes caused by populations of a community producing conditions that are unfavorable for their own survival.
		2.04 observe the succession of micro-organisms that occur in a hay infusion.
		Succession is still not complete, for the pioneer trees are not members of the species that make up the mature climax forest.
	www.utm.edu /departments/ed/cece/ecology/J2.shtml (3470 words)

	ch06.
		Secondary succession is much faster than primary because the soil is already formed, although deteriorated and needing restoration as well.
		Ecesis is the successful establishment of a seed or vegetative reproduction organ.
		An example of secondary succession is given in Figure 12, which illustrates the opposite of retrogression and the fact that desirable species can regain dominance or at least increase with years of proper management.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5321E/x5321e06.htm (2106 words)

	Secondary succession of farm land Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Secondary Succession Of Farm Land are great for when you're looking to get better at secondary succession of farm land for selfish purposes.
		If you need help locating secondary succession of farm land then you've come to the right place because we have all the secondary succession of farm land you could want.
		is focused on secondary succession and land-use and land...
	land.6infostorm8.info /bad-lands/secondary-succession-of-farm-land.html (316 words)

	Ecosystems in Time
		Succession is the gradual and directional process of species change in a community resulting from environmental changes brought about by the plants that initially colonize a site barren of life or one that has been disturbed by natural or anthropogenic causes.
		Secondary succession is the reconstruction of an ecosystem following a disturbance that damages or removes all or part of the existing community, BUT leaves the soil intact.
		Secondary succession, as with primary succession, tends to result in the transition of a community from the original pioneer species to climax community.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio100/lectures/sp98lects/l05s98-succession.html (1151 words)

	Ecosystem Lecture 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Primary succession occurs where their is little or no soil and no living organisms have become established.
		Secondary succession occurs after a climax community has been disturbed.
		Periodic fires that restart secondary succession are not considered an autogenic factor because fire is not a factor intrinsic to the functioning of a community, it is an outside factor.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/ecosys3.htm (454 words)

	Secondary Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ecosystems undergo secondary succession following some artificial or natural disturbance such as a forest fire or farming.
		In 1850, Connecticut was almost entirely open land cleared for farming or timber.
		Today, Connecticut has been mostly reforested through the process of secondary succession as farming has left the state since the 1800's.
	environmentalet.hypermart.net /digiweb/secondarysuccession.html (85 words)

	abstract9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The state of secondary forests is not permanent because forests may recover from disturbance through secondary succession.
		During secondary succession changes in species composition can be expected in such a way that in early successional forests only the composition among small trees will deviate from virgin forests while a compositional shift should be found among larger trees in late secondary forests.
		To test whether succession in secondary forests can be studied with such size-structured analysis, we used a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) on a forest inventory database.
	website.leidenuniv.nl /~slikjwf/abstract9.htm (523 words)

	Secondary Forest Workshop Report
		Early stages of post-agricultural secondary succession are usually dominated by grasses (Poaceae), sedges (Cyperaceae), and herbaceous dicots.
		Shifting cultivation, of course, utilizes secondary vegetation as a means to restore soil fertility; in particular, shifts from swidden fields to newly cleared regrowth occur with declining fertility and weed invasions (Ruthenberg 1971; Peters and Neuenschwander 1988; Unruh 1988).
		Secondary vegetation is a form of land-cover, but it is also a conceptual focal point that unites information from the ecological, physical, and social sciences.
	www.lbaeco.org /lbaeco/invest/docs/reports/SecondaryForest/secforest_051699.htm (5777 words)

	Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Primary succession occurs on essentially new substrata: bare or soil that has never been colonised Examples would be sand dunes and lava flows.
		In music or music theory a succession is a series of any musical including pitches pitch classes or simultaneities or simultaneity successions.
		Succession may be thought of as a general term for any possible progression as in chord progression or harmonic progression though not all simultaneity successions harmonic progressions.
	www.freeglossary.com /Succession (660 words)

	Ecology: Biomass, Carbon, And Nutrient Dynamics Of Secondary Forests In A Humid Tropical Region Of Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Mineral soil pools constituted 91% of combined aboveground/mineral soil C pools in the youngest secondary forest and 58% of combined C pools in the oldest secondary forests; changes were due to the substantial accumulation of C in aboveground pools with increasing secondary forest age.
		If current land use trends continue, and secondary forests remain a minor component in the landscape of the Los Tuxtlas Region, their capacity to act as sinks to sequester C and other elemental pools lost due to deforestation and land use will remain untapped.
		Secondary forests that had experienced prolonged periods of land use in the Los Tuxtlas Region required 79 yr to reach primary forest TAGB levels.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_6_80/ai_56022616/pg_6 (1326 words)

	Revegetation in degraded areas with indigenous species
		One of the main characteristics of tropical forests, which has direct implications with their diversities, refers to the high tree species richness of these ecosystems, and that also is correlated with the rarity (less than one individual per hectare) of the co-specific individuals in the forest.
		Secondary succession seems to be a concept that could be used to separate species into ecological groups with similar characteristics, especially with regard to the requirement or otherwise of small or large gaps in different development stages of the plants for their utilization in mixed plantings.
		The pioneer and early secondary species would be full sunlight species (large gaps), the first short living (5 to 15 years), with shade giving crown (dense) and the latter longer living (30 to 50 years), with a narrow crown (monopodial growth).
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5312E/x5312e02.htm (1247 words)

	Plant Succession
		The colonization of bare rock, the filling in of a pond, and the secondary succession that follows the abandonment of a field each involve different species in the early stages.
		In general, plant succession is a reflection of the increasing efficiency of the community at intercepting the energy of the sun and converting it into chemical energy.
		Studying succession in six different biomes, including tropical rain forest, temperate rain forests as well as taiga, it was found that — if nothing (hurricanes, fire) has disturbed the climax forest — eventually the soil becomes less fertile and the biomass of the forest declines.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/Succession.html (825 words)

	Spatial Modeling of Early Secondary Forest Succession
		Characterizing the secondary forest succession after disturbance is important because both live biomass and detritus accumulation rates are highly dependent on the life forms present (i.e., herb, versus shrubs versus hardwoods versus conifers).
		Current understanding about forest succession and its role in controlling global carbon sinks and sources could be improved by (1) additional analysis of the rate, spatial and temporal pattern of secondary forest succession.
		Direct observation of forest succession with satellite remote sensing and aerial photography identify areas prone to prolonged shrub and hardwood occupancy versus those that are rapidly occupied by conifers.
	www.fsl.orst.edu /~yang/res.html (2272 words)

	Ch09 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Succession may occur on sites that were previously unoccupied or on sites at which the exiting biotic community was removed or altered by disturbance.
		Secondary succession is much more common than primary succession; much of the landscape is in a stage of secondary succession.
		One common example of secondary succession is the reestablishment of forest vegetation after an area has been logged.
	drjoe.biology.ecu.edu /Ch09/Ch09.htm (3814 words)

	Abstracts
		Successive emigration from the Biebrza region, abandonment of traditional landuse, and changes of water conditions catalysed successional processes and started shrub encroachment onto open wetlands.
		In succession dominated by Salix, younger stands form a thick front of trees penetrating from the edge towards the centre of the valley.
		Secondary succession in a species-rich dry heathland was studied in the southern part of the Czech Republic over 7-year period following experimental sod- cutting, burning and cutting.
	www.ibot.cas.cz /success/abstract.html (11138 words)

	Evergreen - Investigating the Process of Plant Succession
		As a class, brainstorm examples of natural events and human activities that have resulted in biological communities undergoing secondary plant succession on the school ground and in the community.
		Initiate secondary succession by thoroughly digging up a square metre of land either in the yard at home or at school.
		Students should be able to explain why plant succession occurs using an example such as: succession from bare soil to climax forest.
	www.evergreen.ca /en/lg/lessons/plant_succession.html (1293 words)

	Learn more about Ecological succession in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ecological succession is a fundamental concept in ecology which states that there is a definable sequence of successional stages through which an ecosystem will pass, before reaching its climax.
		Primary succession by definition starts with a bare substrate, whereas secondary succession occurs after an existing successional stage is disturbed (such as, for example, following a fire).
		The Gleasonian model is more complex, invoking interactions between the physical environment, population-level interactions between species and disturbance regimes in determining the composition and spatial distribution of species.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/ec/ecological_succession.html (452 words)

	Succession Field Study Guide
		Ecological succession is a term that describes the predictable progression of a community from the pioneer species to the climax community.
		Secondary succession occurs when an area is disturbed (i.e.
		Since soil is present, secondary succession isn't dependent upon pioneer species and the climax community is achieved sooner.
	www1.br.cc.va.us /murray/serendipity/Biology/Activities/Sherando/succession_field_study.htm (1876 words)

	Ecosystems in Time
		Secondary succession is the arrival of new species in an area that already has life, such as seen here.
		Secondary succession results in the transition of a community from pioneer species to climax species.
		Because soil may already be present, the rate of secondary succession is faster than primary succession.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /bio100/lectures/fall97lects/05f97-succession.html (701 words)

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