Secularism in Turkey

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Topic: Secularism in Turkey

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	Religion in Turkey
		Although the concept of "secularism" was included in the Constitution of the Republic of Turkey in 1937, the principle of secularism had existed "de facto" since the foundation of the Republic.
		Turkey is the only country among the Islamic countries which has included secularism in her Constitution and practices it
		With the abolition of the Caliphate and the Ministry of Shariah (Islamic Law) and Foundations, on 3 March 1924 during the Republic period, significant steps were taken on the course to secularism and by providing the unification of education and later the unification of the judiciary.
	www.enjoyturkey.com /info/facts/Religion.htm (428 words)

	N4.htm
		Turkey's model secularism differed from the classic western form in that though separation of religion and state was adopted, the State assumed control of religious affairs.
		The Republic of Turkey has achieved important developments in government administration, has established a pluralist parliamentary democratic regime that believes in secularism, has re-constructed its society, and has developed international relations and ties with related international organizations and institutions.
		The Republic of Turkey, with its 76 years of experience, is sure that what it has accomplished thus far is a guarantee of what it can and will do in the future.
	www.byegm.gov.tr /yayinlarimiz/NEWSPOT/1999/Sep-Oct/N4.htm (1080 words)

	IJNL Vol 6 Iss 1: Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey
		Since party members could not be convicted of activities against secularism, State Counsel could not order their exclusion, and hence should not be able to institute proceedings for the dissolution of a party as a center of such activities.
		In 1998, the Turkish Constitutional Court dissolved the Refah Party as a “center of activities contrary to the principle of secularism” and banned six of its leaders from political party activities for five years.
		Turkey, Judgment, Strasbourg, February 13, 2003 (includes a concurring opinion of Judges Ress and Rozakis [pp.
	www.icnl.org /JOURNAL/vol6iss1/rel_moeprint.htm (3801 words)

	secularism and turkey MetaFilter
		It's a discussion of how the term "secularism" is incomplete in describing what the relationship between church and state is in Turkey, and the history of what forces have brought the current situation to bear.
		Turkey is only "secular" because they've managed to slaughter or drive out anyone that disagrees with the regimes.
		He seems to like Turkey well enough except for the bits about getting put in jail if he speaks Kurdish in public.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/45333 (1625 words)

	The Ottoman Sultans of Turkey & Successors in Romania
		Turkey now has an especially tough time with its own identity as it is torn between the Islamic fundamentalist revival seen elsewhere and the secularism that Kemal Atatürk made the foundation of the modern state in the 1920's.
		Turkey would always be playing catch-up but would then never actually catch up.
		An honest and informed treatment of this can be found in Harem, The World Behind the Veil [Abbeville Press, New York, London, Paris, 1989], by a woman who grew up in Turkey, Alev Lytle Croutier, many of whose own relatives had lived in traditional harîms.
	www.friesian.com /turkia.htm (1625 words)

	No. 97-D 199
		The Center for Security Policy has long believed that the United States has been inadequately attentive to Turkey's strategic importance -- in its own right and as a model for pro-Western democratic secularism in an Islamic nation whose success becomes more imperative with each passing day.
		Turkey, of course, appears in the lower right-hand corner of such a map -- a sort of marginal nation, seemingly at the fringes of what matters in the world.
		Now is the time for a wholehearted American embrace of democratic, secular Turkey -- a truly indispensable nation for American and Western interests in a critical part of the world.
	www.security-policy.org /papers/1997/97-D199.html (354 words)

	MSN Encarta - Turkey (country)
		Turkey has had multiparty competitive elections since 1946, although following the 1960 and 1980 military coups, existing political parties were banned and their leaders barred from political activities for various periods of times.
		Center-left Kemalist political parties generally support a strong role for the state in economic affairs and a doctrinaire interpretation of secularism that is hostile to groups suspected of supporting religious causes.
		The founder of ANAP was Turgut Özal, who served as prime minister from 1983 to 1989 and as president of Turkey from 1989 to 1993.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575380_9/Turkey_(country).html (1417 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Turkey
		Turkey's president from 1923 until his death in 1938, he apparently was persuaded that the masses needed a period of tutelage.
		Turkey was admitted to the League of Nations in July 1932.
		In the post-Ataturk era, and especially after the military coup of 1960, this ideology came to be known as "Kemalism" and his reforms began to be referred to as "revolutions." Kemalism comprises a Turkish form of secularism, strong nationalism, statism, and to a degree a western orientation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Turkey (2162 words)

	Politics of Turkey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its current constitution was adopted on November 7, 1982 after a period of military rule, and enshrines the principle of secularism.
		See for more informations on elections: Elections in Turkey.
		Turkey elects on national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Turkey (430 words)

	Symposium: Militant Islam vs. Turkey
		Turkey's seculars would engage in containing Fundamentalism, recognizing Kurdish identity, and settling crisis with the Greeks and the Armenians, and in return, the US would treat Turkey in similar terms as with Israel and support a continental role of Turkey all the way to central Asia.
		First and foremost, Turkey, as the ONLY functioning multiparty parliamentary democracy under constitutionally protected secularism in a majority Muslim country, is a manifest denial of the perverted version of Islam which these terrorists are advocating.
		Turkey is a Muslim country which institutions are seriously secular.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/Printable.asp?ID=11406 (4397 words)

	Atasoy: Islamic Revivalism and the Nation-State...
		At present, Islam has become rearticulated in nationalist/populist discourses in a way that the Kemalist state ideology of cultural unity is unable to determine the lines of inclusion and exclusion with respect to the dominant form of sociability in Turkey.
		Turkey inherited an Islamic legacy of nationhood from the Ottoman Empire.
		Islam justified a hierarchic division between rulers and ruled on the basis of divine rule (Inalcik, 1964 and 1994).
	www.bsos.umd.edu /CSS97/papers/competin.html (6007 words)

	Online NewsHour: Religion and Politics in Turkey -- October 31, 2002
		Elizabeth Farnsworth reports from Turkey on the conflicting roles of secularism and Islam in Turkish politics.
		Turkey's national hero, Kemal Ataturk, recognized the fault line and forced through a political reformation in the 1920s, which made Turkey western enough to seam a bridge between the two worlds.
		A political party claiming to speak for this Turkey may win elections this Sunday with potentially important consequences for this part of the world.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/europe/july-dec02/turkey_10-31.html (1899 words)

	EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Turkey: What Remains Of Political Islam?
		Turkey’s military and judiciary, which see themselves as the guardians of secularism, eventually ousted Erbakan and banned Welfare, which they suspected of drifting toward fundamentalism despite party leaders’ claims that they were not a radical Islamic group.
		It is a nationalist party, as all political parties in Turkey are.
		Following the victory of Turkey’s conservative Justice and Development Party, or AKP, in the 3 November early legislative polls, there has been much debate at home and abroad about the true nature of this untested political group.
	www.eurasianet.org /departments/insight/articles/eav011203.shtml (1899 words)

	Felicity Party (Turkey)
		The Felicity Party has found itself outflanked and outclassed by the successful moderate Islamist Justice and Development Party government, although it has launched sustained attacks of the government's desire to join the European Union, military ties with Israel and the United States, gradualism and general acceptance of Turkish state secularism.
		The Felicity Party is a Turkish political party of strongly Islamist views, often seen as the main voice of Islamic fundamentalism in Turkey.
		It was founded on 20 July, 2001 from the embers of the Virtue Party which had been declared unconstitutional on the grounds of threatening the secular nature of Turkey's constitution.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/felicity_party__turkey_ (1899 words)

	Islamist Women , Their Headscarves and Democracy in Turkey
		The headcovering is thus judged to be against secularism and women’s rights.
		Islamists, a minority of liberals and some feminists who argued that female students should be allowed into universities with their headscarves claimed that this was a dictate of civil rights.
		On the other hand, women protest the ban on headcovering, because it be can be advocated on a liberal plane, but do not have the courage to advocate Sharia, since it is explicitly prohibited by secular law; or, they simply have not thought about the implications of their insistence on headcovering.
	www.bgu.ac.il /humphrey/seminar/yasim.htm (1899 words)

	Holidays in Turkey
		Within the context of Turkey, by "secularism" one should understand the separation of religion from politics, not from the government.
		Official working hours in Turkey are from 09:00 to 17:00, however, this has started to change some since the first years of the 90s, due to the change of
		Turkey is a secular country with a population that is more than 95% Moslem.
	www.guidetoturkey.com /aboutturkey/info_tips/holidays.asp (277 words)

	FOCUS: Islam and Turkey - The Regional Impact
		The tensions between religious and secular forces in the Middle East have been prominent for a number of years and the current situation in Turkey is but the most recent example.
		Moreover, in contrast to the argument concerning the compatibility of Islam and democracy, some regional analysts believe that the current government in Turkey arises from unique circumstances and does not present a workable model to the Arab world since the relationship between Islamists and secularists is more one of conflict than cooperation.
		Turkey is still a Western-oriented democracy and a NATO member, and is still seeking to join the European Union.
	www.sfcg.org /Bulletin/Bul22/FOCUS22.htm (828 words)

	EU fearful of Islam downgrades Turkey's entry talks (by Abid Mustafa) - Media Monitors Network (MMN)
		Polls in France and the Netherlands showed that opposition to Turkey’s membership was one of the key reasons voters gave for opposing the EU constitution.
		In European minds, the above examples only reinforce the idea that Muslims and Islam are incompatible with secularism.
		Such a bold gesture would dramatically increase Turkey’s standing in the Muslim world.
	usa.mediamonitors.net /content/view/full/15759 (1121 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly Pop beats politics in Turkey
		Privately, VP sources admit that their preferred coalition partner would be Ciller, who has recently shifted her political focus from Turkey's urban middle classes to the pious, conservative poor of rural areas, whose sufferings as a result of Turkey's endemic high inflation have recently been exacerbated by an economic slowdown.
		In March, the public prosecutor at the Ankara State Security Court filed a case for the closure of the VP and called for the death penalty for four Islamist politicians on the grounds that they were seeking to erode the principle of secularism enshrined in the Turkish constitution.
		Both the DLP and the MP have already indicated that they are prepared to renew an alliance that began in July 1998, when the DLP was a junior partner in a tripartite coalition led by the MP and which collapsed in November 1998.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /1999/424/re3.htm (809 words)

	Turkey Ante Portas by Franz Fischler - The Globalist > > Global Politics
		And yet, the tensions in Turkey’s multifaceted society remain -- divided, as it is, between ultra-religious conservatism and westernized secularism, majority Sunni Muslims, men and women, rich and destitute.
		However, Turkey already was a secular democracy as far back as 1923 under Atatürk — without apparent effect on the neighboring Muslim countries.
		Shouldn’t Turkey become an EU member in order to have a positive, democratizing influence on its Middle Eastern neighbors?
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4204 (894 words)

	Religion and Politics in Modern Turkey 1997 Fall
		This course gives an introduction to modern Turkish politics by focusing on a central tension in the Turkish political life, namely that between secularism and Islam.
		In a second section, it analysis how electoral victory of a religious party has led to a reformulation of the understanding of what Turkish society is, what Turkish politics should be about and what place Turkey has in the world.
		Religion and Politics in Modern Turkey 1997 Fall
	www.ceu.hu /crc/Syllabi/97-98/SEES/lean-tur.html (1063 words)

	MERIA RESEARCH GUIDE
		Look for the “All About Turkey” link and choose from the headings; history of Anatolia, history of Turks and Turkey, Ataturk and his reforms, language, constitution, religion and secularism.
		The “Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession” found at turkey/rep_10_99/index.htm> covers relations between the EU and Turkey, recent developments, criteria for membership including political and economic criteria, the ability to assume obligations of membership, and the administrative capacity to apply the EU acquis (legislative program).
		The representation of the European Commission to Turkey (Avrupa Komisyonu Turkiye Temsilciligi) is another source with links to the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, legal texts involving Turkey and the European Economic Community (and later, the EU), Turkey’s 1999 progress report, and the 1999 composite report on candidate countries.
	www.biu.ac.il /SOC/besa/meria/research-g/turkey.html (4316 words)

	Turkey and the Jews - Middle East Forum
		More effectively than anyone else, these individuals point out Turkey's importance as an ally in an especially turbulent part of the world (for example, vis-à-vis Iraq); its positive influence in the Middle East as an enduring democracy; and its importance as a model of secularism for the Muslim world as a whole.
		With regard to Jews, as is the case in so many other ways, Turkey has successfully removed itself from the paranoia and repression of the Middle East and made itself a part of the West.
		In short, unlike the dying Jewish communities in other parts of the Muslim Middle East, the one in Turkey is vibrant and influential.
	www.meforum.org /article/pipes/254 (4316 words)

	TURKEY
		The Armenian Apostolic Church in Turkey is headed by a patriarch in Istanbul; the Armenian Catholic Church by the patriarch-catholicos of Cilicia; the Chaldeans by the bishops of Mardin; the Roman Catholics by an apostolic delegate in Istanbul and the archbishop of Izmir; and the Jews by a grand rabbi in Istanbul.
		Turkey in Asia is bounded on the north by the Black Sea and Georgia; on the east by Armenia and Iran; on the south by Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the west by the Aegean Sea.
		Turkey's population has grown very rapidly from 13,648,270 in 1927, when the first official census was taken, to 24,111,778 at the census of 1955 and to 50,664,458 at the census of 1985.
	www.geocities.com /CollegePark/Field/4504/turkey.html (4316 words)

	Voice of Ataturk
		Islam and Secularism in Contemporary Turkey: - By Prof.
		Turkey and New Zealand - By Ayse Cebesoy Sarialp
		The Contribution of Turkish Women to the Modernization of Turkey
	www.ataturksociety.org /asa/voa/voa.html (4316 words)

	National Review: Turkey Shoot
		Turkey's large, emerging market grew 7.4 per cent last year and attracted $16.8 billion in foreign investment in 1995, including $885 million from U.S. businesses plus $3.7 billion in American exports.
		Turkey has looked Westward since 1923 when Mustafa Kemal Ataturk set this ancient country on a modern, secular path.
		Turkey's armed forces and its equally secular political establishment orchestrated his political demise without gunfire.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_14_49/ai_59451075 (1305 words)

	Discover Turkey: Mesut Yilmaz
		Turkey is officially secular, and the military considers itself the guardian of secularism, the basic principle of Turkey's constitution.
		The Foreign Ministry was given to Democratic Left deputy Ismail Gem, while the new Minister of Defense is Ismet Sezgin deputy of the Democratic Turkey Party.
		Turkey's Prime Minister designate Mesut Yilmaz presented the members of his cabinet to President Suleiman Demirel.
	members.tripod.com /discover_turkey0/Yilmaz.htm (1305 words)

	Turkey
		STEPHEN KINZER, "Defending Secularism, Turkey's Military Warns Islamic Leaders," New York Times, March 2, 1997
		Turkish Foreign Relations, Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C. "Turkish Generals Raise Pressure on Premier," New York Times, June 13, 1997
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/turkey.htm (35 words)

	templateC05.php?CID=1783
		On September 22, Raffarin questioned Turkey's European aspirations, stating, "Do we want the river of Islam to enter the riverbed of secularism?" Meanwhile, Sarkozy demanded that Turkey's membership be brought to a referendum in France, a practice not deemed necessary for the accession of other countries, including the ten states that joined in May 2004.
		Great Britain regards admitting Turkey, a democratic, secular, pro-Western country, into the EU as a smart strategic decision.
		In countries where politicians rally against Turkey, a convenient excuse for their stance seems to be "negative public opinion." Yet, public opinion does not seem to be overwhelmingly in favor of Turkey, even in countries whose leaders are supportive of Ankara's accession.
	www.thewashingtoninstitute.org /templateC05.php?CID=1783 (1323 words)

	TURKEY: Why `Islamists' trounced the ruling parties
		Turkey's powerful military command and its ruling-class political parties are nervous about a US attack on Iraq, not out of anti-imperialism but out of the fear that it may encourage Iraqi Kurds, and therefore also Turkey's oppressed Kurds, to rebel and set up a Kurdish state.
		Turkey and Israel agreed in July to enhance their security relationship, jointly appealing to Washington to approve Ankara's purchase and possible co-production of the Arrow anti-tactical ballistic missile interceptor, developed by the US and recently deployed in Israel.
		“Politics has never seen such a widespread liquidation operation”, declared the Turkish daily Sabah following the crushing victory of the “Islamist” Justice and Development Party (AKP) in Turkey's November 3 general election.
	www.greenleft.org.au /back/2002/518/518p18.htm (2114 words)

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