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Topic: Security padding

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	Padding (cryptography) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Padding is appended to the final block in a predictable way that includes the total length of the message; this padding ensures that the final block is the right length, and is a key part of the security proof for this way of building hash functions, which is known as the Merkle-Damgård construction.
		In public key cryptography, padding is the process of preparing a message for encryption or signing with a primitive such as RSA.
		A modern padding scheme aims to ensure that the attacker cannot manipulate the plaintext to exploit the mathematical structure of the primitive and will usually be accompanied by a proof, often in the random oracle model, that breaking the padding scheme is as hard as solving the hard problem underlying the primitive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Padding_(cryptography) (788 words)

	[No title]
		If padding is required, its length is determined by two factors: - the length of the ICV - the IP protocol version (v4 or v6) For example, if the output of the selected algorithm is 96-bits, no padding is required for either IPv4 or for IPv6.
		This padding is not transmitted with the packet.
		Security Considerations Security is central to the design of this protocol, and these security considerations permeate the specification.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /~jgast/cs740/papers/ipAuthHdr.txt (5492 words)

	Side-Channel Attacks on Symmetric Encryption Schemes: The Case for Authenticated Encryption
		padding'' is a bit-oriented padding scheme; it works as follows: append a 1-bit to M (mandatory) and then zero or more 0-bits as necessary to fill out the block.
		Each of the encryption schemes we have discussed meets the minimal security requirement for privacy: it is computationally infeasible to distinguish the encryption of a given message from the encryption of a random string of the same length.
		Proceedings of the Sixth USENIX Security Symposium, 1996.
	www.cs.colorado.edu /~jrblack/papers/padding.html (6099 words)

	RFC 2402 - (rfc2402) - IP Authentication Header (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Security services can be provided between a pair of communicating hosts, between a pair of communicating security gateways, or between a security gateway and a host.
		Kent and Atkinson Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 2402 IP Authentication Header November 1998 3.3.3.2 Padding 3.3.3.2.1 Authentication Data Padding As mentioned in section 2.6, the Authentication Data field explicitly includes padding to ensure that the AH header is a multiple of 32 bits (IPv4) or 64 bits (IPv6).
		3.3.3.2.2 Implicit Packet Padding For some authentication algorithms, the byte string over which the ICV computation is performed must be a multiple of a blocksize specified by the algorithm.
	www.rfcsearch.org /rfcview/2402 (5524 words)

	[No title]
		Security Parameters Index (SPI) The SPI is an arbitrary 32-bit value that is used by a receiver to identify the SA to which an incoming packet is bound.
		Security Association Lookup AH is applied to an outbound packet only after an IPsec implementation determines that the packet is associated with an SA that calls for AH processing.
		If padding is required, its length is determined by two factors: - the length of the ICV - the IP protocol version (v4 or v6) For example, if the output of the selected algorithm is 96 bits, no padding is required for IPv4 or IPv6.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc4302.txt (8375 words)

	OpenBSD Security
		We are not so much looking for security holes, as we are looking for basic software bugs, and if years later someone discovers the problem used to be a security issue, and we fixed it because it was just a bug, well, all the better.
		Security is like an arms race; the best attackers will continue to search for more complicated exploits, so we will too.
		January 17, 2002: There is a security hole in sudo(8) that can be exploited when the Postfix sendmail replacement is installed that may allow an attacker on the local host to gain root privileges.
	www.openbsd.org /security.html (7958 words)

	The Soapbox (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Reform Despite this dismal forecast, we are auspicious enough to still be able to control (through somewhat sluggishly) the destiny of the floundering Titanic of American social welfare.
		The waves of debt beat against Social Security’s antiquated hull, and time erodes away our last chances for stability, but we still have the luxury of having a set of options to improve our situation.
		Social Security, Bush said, would be a “top priority” going into his second term.
	dolphin.upenn.edu /~soapbox/Issue2/SocialSecurityReform.htm (931 words)

	[No title]
		Inclusion of the Padding field in an ESP packet is optional, but all implementations MUST support generation and consumption of padding.
		The first padding byte appended to the plaintext is numbered 1, with subsequent padding bytes making up a monotonically increasing sequence: 1, 2, 3,...
		Security Considerations Security is central to the design of this protocol, and thus security considerations permeate the specification.
	www.rfc-editor.org /rfc/rfc2406.txt (5926 words)

	PROTOTYPING SP4 - A SECURE DATA NETWORK SYSTEM TRANSPORT PROTOCOL INTEROPERABILITY DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
		Standard security protocols must provide for the verification of the identities of both the senders and receivers of data to ensure that computers and connecting communications are secure.
		In the OSI Security Laboratory the feasibility of secure OSI was demonstrated by using SP4.
		The OSI Security Laboratory has proven to be successful as a resource where interested researchers from government, and industry, can experiment with new ideas in network security, try new approaches for common problems, and develop new solutions.
	securityv.isu.edu /isl/sp4rpt.html (5114 words)

	The SSL Protocol
		The padding data is used to make the record length be a multiple of the block ciphers block size when a block cipher is used for encryption.
		The sender of a "padded" record appends the padding data to the end of its normal data and then encrypts the total amount (which is now a multiple of the block cipher's block size).
		The actual value of the padding data is unimportant, but the encrypted form of it must be transmitted for the receiver to properly decrypt the record.
	wp.netscape.com /eng/security/SSL_2.html (7319 words)

	RFC 2402
		The SPI is an arbitrary 32-bit value that, in combination with the destination IP address and security protocol (AH), uniquely identifies the Security Association for this datagram.
		As mentioned in section 2.6, the Authentication Data field explicitly includes padding to ensure that the AH header is a multiple of 32 bits (IPv4) or 64 bits (IPv6).
		Security is central to the design of this protocol, and these security considerations permeate the specification.
	www.apps.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2402.html (5611 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		We consider the impact of the possibility of decryption failures in proofs of security for padding schemes, where these failures are both message and key dependent.
		We show that with this padding scheme we can prove security in the presence of decryption failures, under certain explicitly stated assumptions.
		We also discuss the applicability of proofs of security to instantiated cryptosystems in general, introducing a more practical notion of cost to describe the power of an adversary.
	eprint.iacr.org /2003/172 (149 words)

	AM - Labor accuses Govt of padding security spending
		ELEANOR HALL: To security issues in Australia now, and the Federal Labor Party is launching an attack on the Howard Government's national security spending today, accusing it of padding the figures for major security initiatives.
		And while the Federal Government is this morning defending its commitment to national security, it has conceded that sometimes what it announces as "new funding" is in fact what it calls "continuing funding", as Nick Grimm reports.
		Back in may he outlined how "new funding" was being used to provide 15 different measures to strengthen the nation's capabilities in intelligence, counter-terrorism, border security, and protective security.
	www.abc.net.au /am/content/2004/s1167549.htm (771 words)

	The world wonders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"The world wonders" was security padding added by a radioman to a US Navy message from Admiral Chester Nimitz to Admiral William Halsey, Jr.
		The message (and its trailing padding) became famous, and created some ill feeling, since it appeared to be a harsh criticism by Nimitz of Halsey's decision to pursue the carriers and leave the landings uncovered.
		The padding phrase was perhaps inspired by the 90th anniversary of the Charge of the Light Brigade in the Battle of Balaclava.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_world_wonders (392 words)

	UnixWare 7.1.3 Update Pack 2 New Features
		This version fixes a major security vulnerability present in versions 2.3.1 to 3.3, and is built with privilege separation and compression turned on.
		Smaller packets are required to be padded with zeros to the 46 byte minimum, but the standards do not specify what part of the system (e.g., the kernel, the driver, etc.) should do the padding.
		UnixWare closes this vulnerability by padding the Ethernet buffer with zeros at the DLPI level, before the driver (or any other entity) has an opportunity to pad the buffer with non-zero data.
	uw713doc.sco.com /en/FEATS/713up2_newfeats.html (3236 words)

	Ntru - CryptoLab - Articles
		The security of the NTRU cryptosystem comes from the interaction of the polynomial mixing system with the independence of reduction modulo two relatively prime integers p and q.
		This affects the provable security properties of a cryptosystem, as it limits the ability to build a simulator in the random oracle model without knowledge of the private key.
		The appropriate countermeasure is to change the parameter sets and possibly the decryption process so that decryption failures are vanishingly unlikely, and to adopt a padding scheme that prevents an attacker from directly controlling any part of the input to the encryption primitive.
	www.ntru.com /cryptolab/articles.htm (1061 words)

	RFC 2402 (rfc2402)
		Specifically, ESP does not protect any IP header fields Kent & Atkinson Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 2402 IP Authentication Header November 1998 unless those fields are encapsulated by ESP (tunnel mode).
		Kent & Atkinson Standards Track [Page 11] RFC 2402 IP Authentication Header November 1998 3.3.3.2 Padding 3.3.3.2.1 Authentication Data Padding As mentioned in section 2.6, the Authentication Data field explicitly includes padding to ensure that the AH header is a multiple of 32 bits (IPv4) or 64 bits (IPv6).
		Kent & Atkinson Standards Track [Page 12] RFC 2402 IP Authentication Header November 1998 3.4 Inbound Packet Processing If there is more than one IPsec header/extension present, the processing for each one ignores (does not zero, does not use) any IPsec headers applied subsequent to the header being processed.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /cgi-bin/rfc/rfc2402.html (5495 words)

	Submissions and Contributions to IEEE P1363.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		For parameter sets in [3] that claim k-bit security but are vulnerable to this attack, we find that an attacker can typically recover a single key with about k/2 bits of effort.
		The original presentation of the NTRUSign signature scheme gave a set of parameters that were claimed to give 80 bits of security, but did not give a general recipe for generating parameter sets to a specific level of security.
		Compared to other public key cryptosystems at roughly equivalent levels of security, NTRU offers: more efficient encryption and decryption, in both hardware and software implementations; much faster key generation, allowing the use of ``disposable'' keys (because keys are computationally ``cheap'' to create).
	grouper.ieee.org /groups/1363/lattPK/submissions.html (1545 words)

	RSA Security - RSA Algorithm
		The inventors of OAEP are Mihir Bellare and Phillip Rogaway, with enhancements by Don B. Johnson and Stephen M. Matyas.
		During efforts to adopt RSASSA-PSS into the P1363a standards effort, certain adaptations to the original version of RSA-PSS were made by Bellare and Rogaway and also by Burt Kaliski (the editor of IEEE P1363a) to facilitate implementation and integration into existing protocols.
		This document outlines the security of the OAEP encoding method and the RSAES-OAEP encryption scheme.
	www.rsasecurity.com /rsalabs/node.asp?id=2146 (274 words)

	Crypt::RSA - RSA public-key cryptosystem.
		Crypt::RSA is structured as bundle of modules that encapsulate different parts of the RSA cryptosystem.
		Secure RSA requires that plaintext is padded in a specific manner before encryption and signing.
		There are four main standards for padding: PKCS #1 v1.5 encryption and signatures, and OAEP encryption and PSS signatures.
	cpan.uwinnipeg.ca /htdocs/Crypt-RSA/Crypt/RSA.html (1217 words)

	Targus 9" Sport Portable DVD Player Case
		This Sport Case holds up to a 9 inch DVD player while allowing you to use the player without removing it from the case.
		The case features non-woven pockets that hold up to 8 DVD disks and an external zippered pocket to hold accessories like power cords and headphones.
		And your DVD player is secured in place by a security strap along with extra padding for added protection.
	www.targus.com /us/product_details.asp?sku=DVD301 (162 words)

	1108650 Exofit Tower Climbing Harness.
		The ExoFit design is based on the concept of a single piece of material constructed in the shape of an “X” that wraps around you for the ultimate in no-tangle donning and comfortable security.
		The shoulder, hip and leg padding is built-in so it can’t slip.
		All DBI/SALA harnesses are designed to securely retain you in case of a fall and distribute the impact forces throughout your body.
	msafetyproducts.com /1108650.htm (579 words)

	[No title]
		Authentication Header Format......................................3 2.1 Next Header...................................................4 2.2 Payload Length................................................4 2.3 Reserved......................................................4 2.4 Security Parameters Index (SPI)...............................4 2.5 Sequence Number...............................................5 2.6 Authentication Data..........................................5 3.
		In the context of IPv4, this calls for placing AH after the IP header (and any options that it contains), but before the upper layer protocol.
		If the IP (v4 or v6) implementation encounters an extension header that it does not recognize, it will discard the packet and send an ICMP message.
	www.ietf.org /rfc/rfc2402.txt (5495 words)

	11th Annual USENIX Security Symposium — Technical Paper
		NOTE: If the mathematical symbols on this page are not rendered correctly, please go here for instructions on adjusting your browser settings.
		padding, nearly all plaintext blocks are correctly padded.
		This paper was originally published in the Proceedings of the 11th USENIX Security Symposium, August 5–9, 2002, San Francisco, CA, USA
	www.usenix.org /events/sec02/full_papers/black/black_html/index.html (6117 words)

	Seat Upholstery and Security Belts (page 1)
		Please notice - for these items it is possible to have a longer time of delivery.
		This lining fits between springs and foamed padding.
		For each you need one lining, for the backseat 2 linings.
	www.hoffmann-speedster.de /us/prod/SITZE.asp (290 words)

	Klima-Pokorny-Rosa attack on PKCS #1 v1.5 padding - information security, vulnerabilities, bugs, exploits and IT ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Klima-Pokorny-Rosa attack on PKCS #1 v1.5 padding - information security, vulnerabilities, bugs, exploits and IT security news
		Bodo Moeller, [OpenSSL Advisory] Klima-Pokorny-Rosa attack on PKCS #1 v1.5 padding (20.03.2003)
		Read or add your comments to this news (0 comments)
	www.security.nnov.ru /news2672.html (67 words)

	[No title]
		We were floored when we found out about what a great bargain this guitar stand truly is. The XCG4 holds virtually any acoustic or electric guitar or bass.
		This is a tubular metal stand with fl velveteen rubber padding, a heavy-duty sheet metal leg housing, a security strap on the top yolk of the stand and a matte fl powder coat finish.
		American Musical Supply is not responsible for typographical errors in pricing or product specification inaccuracies in our catalog or web site.
	www.americanmusical.com /Item--i-MUS-XCG4--m-0107.html (277 words)

	MySQL AB :: MySQL Forums :: Security :: AES_ENCRYPT padding in MySQL
		MySQL Forums :: Security :: AES_ENCRYPT padding in MySQL
		Which kind of padding (zero, none, o pksc5 or another ?) AES_ENCRYPT use ?
		Sorry, only registered users may post in this forum.
	forums.mysql.com /read.php?30,113666,113666 (55 words)

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