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Topic: Sedition Act of 1918

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Espionage Act of 1917

Alien and Sedition Acts

Revenue Act of 1913

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Sedition Act

Alien and Sedition Laws

First Amendment to the United States Constitution

Smith Act

Alien Registration Act

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List of political parties in the United States

Palmer Raids

Federal Reserve Act

	1st Amendment in History
		The Sedition Act of 1798, signed by President John Adams, gave federal authorities the right to prosecute any individual suspected of plotting against the federal government.
		This Act also allowed a provision that made it a criminal act to speak or write maliciously of the president or of Congress, which was defined as “with the intent to defame” or to bring either “into contempt or disrepute.”
		The Sedition Act of 1798 effectively stifled legitimate political discussion, and was held in criticism for this reason.
	www.illinoisfirstamendmentcenter.com /history.php (1613 words)

	Sedition Act of 1918 - dKosopedia
		The Sedition Act of 1918 was an ammendment[1] to the Espionage Act of 1917.
		The Sedition Act forbade an American to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, of the United States flag, or armed forces.
		The Espionage Act made it a crime to help wartime enemies of the United States, but the Sedition Act made it a crime to express an opinion that contradicted that of the government.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Sedition_Act_of_1918 (135 words)

	2006-10-Time To Get Serious About Sedition
		Sedition is a term of law referring to actions and speech that tend toward insurrection against the established order.
		Sedition has been construed to mean subversion of a national Constitution and incitement of discontent with or resistance to lawful authority.
		The Smith Act of 1940, restricted to the advocacy of violence against the government, was invoked infrequently during World War II, although it was later used to prosecute leaders of the Communist Party.
	www.serve.com /Lincolnheritage2/2006-10-Time_To_Get_Serious_About_Sedition.htm (673 words)

	VA Nurse Investigated for “Sedition” for Criticizing Bush \| The Progressive
		Sedition is a lesser crime than "treason," which requires actual betrayal of the government, or "espionage." Espionage involves spying on the government, trading state secrets (particularly military) to another country (even a friendly nation), or sabotaging governmental facilities, equipment or suppliers of the government, like an aircraft factory.
		The Sedition Act of 1918 was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917.
		The Sedition Act was the most recent attempt by the United States government to limit “freedom of speech,” in-so-much-as that “freedom of speech” related to the criticism of the government, or, more applicably, the political policies of the presidential administration or congressional majority.
	progressive.org /mag_mc020806 (5655 words)

	sedition. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Sedition Act of 1798 generated so much opposition (see Alien and Sedition Acts) that similar statutes were not enacted until the 20th cent.
		During World War I the Espionage Act (1917) and the Sedition Act (1918) punished speeches and writings that interfered with the war effort or caused contempt for the government.
		The Smith Act of 1940, restricted in scope to the advocacy of violence against the government, was invoked only infrequently during World War II, though it was later used successfully to prosecute Communist party leaders, as in Dennis v.
	www.bartleby.com /65/se/sedition.html (268 words)

	EDITORIAL - Sedition Unconstitutional In Ohio Too
		In 1918, Montana passed the Sedition Act at the height of anti-German sentiment and it was the model for the federal Sedition Act of 1918.
		The Sedition Act was repealed in 1921 after the government recognized that people's rights had been infringed on and people were unable to express their opinions freely as guaranteed in the First Amendment to the Constitution.
		Baumgartner is charged with 34 counts of contempt for having dared to express her criticism of retired visiting judge Richard Markus in addition to over 30 felony counts of intimidation, retaliation and falsification for her allegations of public corruption in Cuyahoga County and for asking Markus to properly perform his judicial duties.
	www.northcountrygazette.org /articles/050406OhioSedition.html (1123 words)

	Sedition Note: Other Regimes
		Federal law was complemented by state sedition legislation in 27 states, with a 1918 enactment in Montana for example making it an offence to be "disloyal, profane, violent, scurrilous, contemptuous or abusive" about the government, US soldiers or flag.
		E V Starr was sentenced to hard labor in the Montana state penitentiary for refusing a mob's demand that he kiss the flag and then characterising it as "nothing but a piece of cotton" with "a little bit of paint".
		Sedition encompasses an intent to counsel disobedience to law or to any lawful order, or to raise discontent or disaffection among Hong Kong inhabitants.
	www.caslon.com.au /seditionnote3.htm (1287 words)

	The Military Commissions Act: Unintended Consequences? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Military Commissions Act of 2006 governing the treatment of detainees is the culmination of relentless fear-mongering by the Bush administration since the September 11 terrorist attacks.
		In 1798, the Federalist-led Congress, capitalizing on the fear of war, passed the four Alien and Sedition Acts to stifle dissent against the Federalist Party's political agenda.
		The Sedition Act provided criminal penalties for any person who wrote, printed, published, or spoke anything "false, scandalous and malicious" with the intent to hold the government in "contempt or disrepute." The Federalists argued it was necessary to suppress criticism of the government in time of war.
	legalnews.tv /commentary/the_military_commissions_act_unintended_consequences_20060930.html (816 words)

	New Mexico ACLU wants apology to employee investigated on 'sedition'
		The Espionage Act of 1917 imposed a maximum sentence of 20 years on anyone who caused or attempted to cause "insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny or refuasl of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States." The Sedition Act of 1918 went further, criminalizing "disloyal, scurrilous", or "abusive" language against the government.
		In 1940, Congress passed the Smith act, which was meant to replace the Sedition Act of 1918.
		Smith Act, passed in 1940, made punishable the advocacy of "the propriety of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force and violence." It was mostly aimed at quelling Communist speech.
	www.freenewmexican.com /story_print.php?storyid=38858 (2651 words)

	Can Speaking Your Mind Land You in Jail?
		A total of 150 people were charged with sedition under the state law between 1917 and 1918; more than 75 were convicted of the crime.
		In researching a book on sedition, Clemens P. Work, director of graduate studies at the University of Montana School of Journalism, found that while some of those charged and found guilty of sedition had strongly criticized the war, others simply refused to buy government-issued war bonds or kiss the American flag.
		Sedition charges are rarely brought against people today, according to Cige, mostly because the country has become more comfortable with the First Amendment right to free speech.
	www.njsbf.com /njsbf/student/eagle/fall06-4.cfm (1001 words)

	Reporting From the Front Lines - Timeline/WWI - U.S. News Classroom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The act allows for the prosecution of anyone who publishes opinions considered disloyal or harmful to the war effort.
		Almost one year later, the Sedition Act amends the Espionage Act, making it a crime to publish writing that shows disrespect for the U.S. government, the Constitution, the flag, or the uniforms of the armed services.
		The Creel Committee is a strong supporter of the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918.
	www.usnewsclassroom.com /resources/activities/war_reporting/timeline/ww1-censor.html (385 words)

	Sedition Project Aims for Posthumous Pardons
		After Montana enacted its Sedition Act in 1918, an array of ranchers, farmers, loggers, butchers, cooks and bartenders — people scratching out a living in fierce winters and scorching summers in the rugged West — was convicted of making anti-government statements.
		America's first law against sedition, the Sedition Act of 1798, was enacted to silence opposition to what was then a growing fear of war with France.
		The first case in Montana that came to trial under the Espionage Act was against Ves Hall, a rancher who lived near the junction of Otter Creek and the Tongue River in the southeastern part of the state.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines05/1230-05.htm (1332 words)

	Bring Back the Sedition Acts.
		It was the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, passed during World War I, that allowed us to imprison traitors of all stripes (mostly communists and their union sympathizers infiltrating the U.S. from hostile nations).
		The Acts read, in part, "Whoever, when the United States is at war, shall willfully make or convey false reports or false statements with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military...
		and whoever shall by word or act support or favor the cause of any country with which the United States is at war or by word or act oppose the cause of the United States therein, shall be punished[.]" [4] Under the Espionage and Sedition Act, Mike Isikoff could be sitting in prison.
	nbeaujon.com /sedition_newsweek.htm (1207 words)

	Res Ipsa Loquitur: Posthumous Pardons For Dissenters
		Under Montana's sedition law, it was illegal to make "any disloyal, profane, violent, scurrilous, contemptuous, slurring or abusive" comment about the U.S. Constitution, the federal government, soldiers or sailors, the flag or the uniforms of the Army or Navy.
		Their law appears to follow the language of the Sedition Act of 1918.
		Read the Sedition Act sometime, now that's repression....and btw it was held to be constitutional in Schenk v.
	res-ipsa.the-blinding-white-light.com /archives/003373.html (427 words)

	[No title]
		In combination with the Sedition Act of 1918, which amended it, the act was used as the basis for launching an unprecedented campaign against political radicals, suspected dissidents, left-wing organizations, and aliens.
		Sedition Act of 1918 The HYPERLINK "http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Sedition+Act&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1" \t "_top" Sedition Act of HYPERLINK "http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=1918&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1" \t "_top" 1918 was an HYPERLINK "http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Amendment&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1" \t "_top" amendment to the HYPERLINK "http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?method=4&dsid=2222&dekey=Espionage+Act+of+1917&gwp=8&curtab=2222_1" \t "_top" Espionage Act of 1917.
		The Espionage Act made it a crime to help wartime enemies of the United States, but the Sedition Act made it a crime to express an opinion that contradicted that of the government.
	www.liberty.k12.mo.us /~sbooth/Actsinfo.doc (449 words)

	Montana Governor News Releases - Montana's Official State Website
		Family members of those being pardoned were present along with Clem Work, UM Journalism professor and author of Darkest Before Dawn, a book about the Montana Sedition Act, and the UM Journalism students and law students who have been researching the convictions.
		During the years of 1918 and 1919, 78 men and women in Montana were convicted, imprisoned and fined for making remarks critical of America, the President, the Government, the Flag or the War.
		Virtually all sedition convictions in Montana were based on witness accounts of casual statements, often in saloons, that were perceived as pro-German or anti-American.
	governor.mt.gov /news/pr.asp?ID=332 (435 words)

	Montana Forum
		The same state legislative session that passed the Sedition Act created the Montana Council of Defense and granted it the power to enact laws.
		The Montana Sedition Act was "probably the harshest anti-speech law in the history of this country," said Clemens P. Work, the University of Montana journalism professor whose 2005 book, "Darkest Before Dawn" spawned the effort to seek posthumous pardons for Montanans convicted of sedition.
		As he spoke, huge photos of four of the Montanans imprisoned for sedition were on poster boards, along with a large poster quoting the language of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
	www.montanaforum.com /print.php?sid=5245 (865 words)

	protest2.html
		The Espionage Act of 1917 outlawed statements "obstructing the war effort" and "aiding the enemy;" forbade "false statements" designed to "obstruct" enlistment into the armed services, conspiracies designed to cause "disloyalty," and banned from the mails materials considered to be treasonable.
		In court, Debs told the jury the Espionage Act was "a despotic enactment in flagrant conflict with democratic principles and with the spirit of free institutions." He received a 10-year sentence but was pardoned in 1921.
		U.S. The Sedition Act was constitutionally upheld by Supreme Court.
	www.humboldt.edu /~go1/hist420/protest2.html (2309 words)

	Sedition Act of 1918
		The Espionage Act of 1917 was amended by Congress the following year to not only target those who interfered with the draft, but also those individuals who publicly criticized the government — including negative comments about the flag, military or Constitution.
		More than 2,000 prosecutions occurred under the original and amended Espionage Act, the most famous of which was that of Socialist spokesman and draft opponent, Eugene V. Debs, who was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
		JULY 14, 1798 An Act in addition to the act, entitled "An act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States." SEC.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1345.html (331 words)

	billingsgazette.com
		By lunchtime, he had been arrested for violating Montana's Sedition Act and, less than a month later, was in prison in Deer Lodge, serving a sentence of 7-1/2 to 20 years.
		Montana's Sedition Act was passed by a special session of the Legislature in 1918, but has since been repealed.
		It was one of the harshest of its kind in the country, Work said, and was the basis for a national sedition law passed by Congress later in 1918.
	www.billingsgazette.com /index.php?id=1&display=rednews/2006/01/09/build/state/40-seditionists.inc (916 words)

	Tracked in America: World War I
		Soon after the beginning of World War I, Congress passed the Espionage Act in 1917 and the Sedition Act in 1918 to stifle dissent and anti-war protests from both citizens and non-citizens.
		Eugene V. Debs, a prominent labor organizer and the Socialist Party presidential candidate, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for delivering an anti-war speech in June 1918.
		1918: Eugene Debs, the Socialist Party presidential candidate, is convicted of violating the Sedition Act.
	www.trackedinamerica.org /timeline/ww1/intro (508 words)

	The Free Expression Policy Project
		Espionage and Sedition Act prosecutions and war fever during World War I were followed by the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids of 1919 and the early 1920s.
		The decision established the "actual malice" standard for defamation claims by public officials; disapproved the 1798 Sedition Act; and announced the "profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open," and may well include "vehement, caustic, and sometimes unpleasantly sharp attacks on government and public officials."15
		Quotations in this section from the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the Espionage Act of 1917 and Sedition Act of 1918, and the Alien Registration Act of 1940 are from Stone, supra note 1, pp.
	www.fepproject.org /factsheets/politicalspeech.html (5675 words)

	Mark Levin Fan » Blog Archive » The Sedition Act of 1798. Professor Levin gives us an education.
		Unfortunately, the Sedition Act of 1918 was repealed by Congress in 1921 even though the Supreme Court had found it to be constitutional.
		If even the slightest attention was paid to the Sedition Act of 1798, the Espionage Act of 1917 (both still in force) and all of the later acts (all still in force) would not be needed.
		Sedition, treason, slander and defamation is all that they have to offer us now.
	marklevinfan.com /?p=1465 (658 words)

	Indicted Face Stiff Penalties Under 1917 Espionage Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Espionage Act of 1917 made it a crime, punishable by a $10,000 fine and 20 years in jail, for a person to convey antipathy with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the military or naval forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.
		During and after World War I the Espionage Act and the Sedition Act were used in prosecutions that would be considered constitutionally unacceptable in the U.S. even in the political climate after the September 11, 2001 attacks on New York's World Trade Center.
		While much of the laws were repealed in 1921, major portions of the Espionage Act remain part of U.S. law (18 USC 793, 794) and form the legal basis for most classified information.
	www.rense.com /general68/indictedfacestiff.htm (282 words)

	Espionage Act of 1917 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Prohibited disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government, Constitution, soldiers and sailors, flag or uniform of the armed forces.
		The federal government prosecuted almost 2,000 and convicted 900 persons under these acts.
		Individuals were prosecuted for saying that war was in violation of the teachings of Jesus.
	www.uh.edu /~dsocs3/outlines/civilliberties/espionage_act_of1917.htm (65 words)

	sedition1918
		Smith Act of 1940 (Alien Registration Act, 54 Statutes at Large 670-671 (1940), 18 U.S. Code § 2385 (2000).
		Whoever organizes or helps or attempts to organize any society, group, or assembly of persons who teach, advocate, or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any such government by force or violence; or becomes or is a member of, or affiliates with, any such society, group, or assembly of persons, knowing the purposes thereof--
		As used in this section, the terms "organizes" and "organize", with respect to any society, group, or assembly of persons, include the recruiting of new members, the forming of new units, and the regrouping or expansion of existing clubs, classes, and other units of such society, group, or assembly of persons.
	www.wfu.edu /~zulick/341/sedition1918.html (336 words)

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