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Topic: Disperse the seeds

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	Cornell News: deer disperse seeds
		Dispersing seeds is newly discovered role for deer -- except the plants often are noxious weeds, Cornell ecologists report
		Ecologists have long known about the myriad ways seeds are dispersed from plants in eastern North America: Ants carry some seeds and so does the wind, while birds and other vertebrates drop indigestible seeds in their feces.
		The study by Vellend and his colleagues was the first comprehensive test of seed dispersal by white-tailed deer, which are known to researchers by their scientific name, Odocoileus virginianus, and to long-suffering gardeners by unprintable epithets.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/July03/deer_dispersal.hrs.html (636 words)

	Secondary dispersal and Fungal Infection
		Seeds are naturally found cleaned of pulp when they are dropped by a bird or when rain washes away a defecation, and many seeds are found singly in the soil seed bank.
		Mean germination for dispersed seeds was consistently lower than for non-dispersed seeds (Figure 2-2b) and lack of significance may have been due to a lack of power, since dispersed seeds were difficult to relocate.
		Seeds removed by ants were recovered in areas surrounding ant nests and in the paths between the station and the nests, as in previous studies (Horvitz and Schemske 1986b, Roberts and Heithaus 1986).
	www.nceas.ucsb.edu /~jones/thesis/chpt2.htm (3955 words)

	Drift Seeds and Drift Fruits
		Seeds of the Asian coral tree (Erythrina variegata) are buoyant in seawater and may have drifted to distant shores of the tropical Pacific.
		Drift seeds and fruits from the shores of Floreana Island in the Galapagos Archipelago.
		he seeds of mangroves are especially remarkable because they commonly germinate within their fruit while still attached to the parent plant, a condition known as "viviparous seeds." Having their embryonic root (hypocotyl) already elongated gives them a better chance of establishing themselves in soft mud during low tide.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /pldec398.htm (7028 words)

	Australian Museum - Empty Seeds
		Seeds don't come cheap---physiologically speaking, that is. However, the high cost of producing them usually has obvious returns for a plant.
		In ideal circumstances the fruit drops to the ground where rabbits and hares devour it and, as a by-product of their foraging, disperse fertile seeds away from parent trees.
		Fuentes and Schupp assessed the impact of the Plain Titmouse on a population of Utah Junipers.
	www.austmus.gov.au /archive.cfm?id=1596 (295 words)

	Seed Dispersal 1
		So it is important that the seeds are dispersed over a wide area where they stand a better chance of finding the right condition to grow.
		The seeds of the dandelion are carried by the wind.
		When the seeds are ripe and the pod has dried, the pod bursts open and the peas and beans are scattered.
	www.zephyrus.co.uk /seeddispersal1.html (943 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : Biology : Fruits and Seeds
		Since plants do not move from place to place, they have developed ways to make certain that their seeds are taken well away from them; this is called seed dispersal.
		Seed dispersal is important because if the seeds were to develop close to the parent plant, the young plants would not receive enough sunlight to grow.
		The animal is eventually left with the hard seed or seeds in the centre of the fruit, which it spits out.
	www.saburchill.com /chapters/chap0045.html (456 words)

	Thomas, Donald W., 1991. On Fruits, Seeds, and Bats . BATS. Vol 9, No 4:8-13.
		However, the vast numbers of seeds that accumulated either in the rejecta pellets that bats dropped under their feeding trees, or in fruits that fell uneaten below cape fig trees, could still be the most important source of new seedlings if these were the seeds that best escaped predation by ants and other predators.
		These fecal seeds escape seed predators better than others and are primed by their travel through a bat's gut to germinate as soon as conditions are appropriate.
		Nightly, each quarter-pound bat eats and disperses the seeds of nearly half a pound of fruits of forest trees, many of which are economically important.
	www.batcon.org /batsmag/v9n4-3.html (3231 words)

	SEED DEVELOPMENT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Seeds are made up of several parts - the cotyledon, protective sheaths, and the seed coat are only a few.
		The area of the seed that is stained blue is called endosperm, and it nourishes the embryo as it develops.
		Fruit serves to disperse the seeds the plant produces, which is very important.
	www.jmu.edu /biology/k12/fruitdev/seed.htm (463 words)

	Dispersal
		Seeds that grow too near to their parent plants, have to compete with the parent plants for food, light and space.
		Seeds therefore need to be spread away from the parent plant if they are to avoid this competition, and grow into well developed and healthy new plants.
		Seeds that look and act like helicopter rotors, which may spin and fly in the wind, the Mohogany being a local example.
	andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu /Dispersal.htm (496 words)

	Biology of Plants: Seed Dispersal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Other plants produce their seeds inside fleshy fruits that then get eaten be an animal.
		The kind of seeds which are often wind dispersed are smaller seeds that have wings or other hair-like or feather-like structures.
		Plants that produce wind blown seeds, like the dandelion shown in the video clip below, often produce lots of seeds to ensure that some of the seeds are blown to areas where the seeds can germinate.
	mbgnet.mobot.org /bioplants/seed.html (309 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, seed removal of dispersed seeds is not necessarily equivalent to seed predation (O'Dowd and Hay 1980, Horvitz 1981, Janzen 1982, Roberts and Heithaus 1986).
		For seeds of intermediate size, removal agents may be especially diverse because of overlap between the two major groups of seed harvesters, ants and rodents.
		Most seeds were not removed; by the end of the experiment, approximately 45% and 38% of the seeds in the total-access and ant-access treatments were removed, respectively.
	www.nceas.ucsb.edu /~jones/thesis/chpt3.htm (3186 words)

	Saving Seeds
		Seed that is picked too early will not have a chance to accumulate enough stored nourishment, whether to get it off to a good start or even to make it through the winter.
		Seed should be harvested from among the plants that were the last to bolt.
		Seed stock must be allowed to stand for 20 days after the fruit ripens; as for all melons, this will increase rates of germination and seed viability.
	www.nepanewsletter.com /seeds.html (11074 words)

	Scattering Seeds--Plants lesson plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Seeds may disperse by wind, water, animals, burrs, or mechanical means, depending on the habitat.
		Have students consider why it is important for plants to have their seeds dispersed away from the parent plant.
		Context: Seeds disperse from their parent plant so that they have room to grow and develop and not be in competition for light, nutrients, or moisture.
	school.discovery.com /lessonplans/programs/scatteringseeds (1466 words)

	Biology 2402 Lecture Notes - Fruits
		The two major functions of fruits are (i) to protect the ovules as they mature into seeds, and (ii) to aid in seed dispersal.
		The chief agents in seed and fruit dispersal are wind, water and animals.
		In a dehiscent fruit, the seeds are the unit of dispersal.
	www.ualr.edu /~botany/fruit_notes.html (966 words)

	Sailing Seeds: An Experiment in Wind Dispersal
		Dispersal of seeds is important for the continued survival of a plant species.
		Burdock fruits have hooks that attach to and are dispersed by animals.
		Students design their own fruit or seed and measure two important qualities that enhance the ability of it to disperse in the wind: distance travelled and time aloft.
	mcintosh.botany.org /bsa/misc/mcintosh/dispersal.html (836 words)

	03/01/00 -- Brazil's Northeast Atlantic Forest At Risk
		"Pollination and seed dispersal are critical because they directly affect the reproductive success of plants, and in tropical species they usually involve direct interaction with animals," the report says.
		Where mammal species that originally dispersed seeds have been wiped out, seed flow of several types of trees throughout the region is very limited.
		Uncontrolled hunting of bird species that disperse and pollinate seeds further threatens the survival of tree species.
	forests.org /archive/brazil/brnoatlf.htm (940 words)

	Khoja Group Products-Spices-Cumin Seeds
		The seeds have little bouquet, though when they are rubbed they give off an aroma reminiscent of oregano.
		The seeds are sprinkled on to naan bread before baking.Also Nigella is an ingredient of some garam masalas and is one of the five spices in panch phoran.
		The seeds may be used whole or ground and are usually fried or roasted before use and they are easily crushed in a mortar and pestle.
	www.khojagroup.com /black_cumin.html (575 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Some trees produce seeds that can use the wind to carry it away from the parent tree to a suitable place for it to grow.
		When an animal eats the fruit it cannot digest the seed and the seed is expelled when it goes to the bathroom.
		The seed drops into the water and floats until the water pushes it onto the shore.
	www.units.muohio.edu /dragonfly/itb/seed_intro.htmlx (347 words)

	SeedQuest - Central information website for the global seed industry
		However, because the seedpods open naturally to disperse their seeds at different times, part of each harvest is lost.
		He adds that the same approach could be used in other crops that disperse their seeds in a similar way, such as soybean and peas.
		These studies demonstrate a genetic strategy for the control of seed dispersal that should be generally applicable to diverse Brassica crop species to reduce seed loss.
	www.seedquest.com /News/releases/2005/august/13327.htm (502 words)

	BSCI 124 Lecture Notes -- Fruits and Seeds
		In contrast, spores are single cells that contain little nutritive tissue and require much growth before attaining the size and development of embryos in seeds.
		Some seeds are modified to aid in their dispersal.
		For example, pine seeds possess papery wings that catch in air currents and help to disperse the new generation.
	www.life.umd.edu /classroom/bsci124/lec22.html (445 words)

	germinationquestions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Apples are fleshy, sweet-tasting fruits that attract and are eater by fruit-eating animals that disperse their seeds.
		Cocklebur fruits contain two seeds each, and the two seeds are kept dormant by two different mechanisms.
		Compare and contrast a seed with the amniote egg of a bird as adaptations for reproducing on land.
	www.bsu.edu /classes/ruch/BIO310/germinationquestions.html (228 words)

	Kidsgardening Curriculum-Go Seeds Go!
		Students explore various seed dispersal adaptations and invent their own creative modifications to disperse seeds.
		Share with students that when looking at a seed, we can’t always tell what its dispersal method is. In many cases, for instance, the fruit plays the key part, by luring animals that eat and them excrete seeds.
		Share that immigrants to this country purposely brought seeds from their own countries to plant, and accidentally brought additional seeds, in bales of hay, straw, or on articles of clothing.
	www.kidsgardening.com /curriculum/goseedsgo.asp (987 words)

	Cloud Forest Alive! - eTours
		One of the greatest challenges facing plants is the need to disperse their seeds away from the parent.
		This is necessary to avoid competition with the growing seedlings (potentially harmful to both the offspring and the parent), and to be able to spread to new areas.
		The fruits and seeds in this photograph are of a wild avocado tree (Ocotea) of the Lauraceae family.
	www.cloudforestalive.org /tour/lesson.php?id=83 (339 words)

	Birds_Bees
		Wind dispersal – some plants produce tiny seeds that can be blown around in the wind or they equip their seeds with a wind-friendly devise, like a papery wing or bit of fluff, that helps them fly.
		Instead, the seed passes through the digestive system of the animal and comes out the other end intact and somewhere far away from the parent plant.
		Some fruits have bigger seeds that animals do not ingest, but the animal will eat the fruit around the seed and leave the seed behind somewhere.
	www.fairchildgarden.org /EduProfDev/Birds_Bees.html (876 words)

	Silver Maple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Silver Maple's seeds are brown and thin.
		Because the seeds are Aerodynamic, or shaped for traveling in the wind, the wind will pick up the Maple seeds and carry them to suitable land.
		It seems to make sense, but the Silver Maple does not disperse its seeds through water even though it likes to grow near water.
	www.units.muohio.edu /dragonfly/itb/maple.htmlx (329 words)

	NATURE. The Seedy Side of Plants \| PBS
		We're speaking of the ubiquitous plant life that covers our planet, relentlessly evolving elaborate schemes to disperse its seeds and ensure the continuation of its almost limitless species.
		Many plants take advantage of the primeval forces of Mother Nature herself to help their seeds germinate, sending them far and wide by means of wind, rain, and tides.
		Fruit-producing plants rely on the appeal of their fruits for dispersal of the seeds, and have evolved their own unique "marketing strategies" and their own select clientele -- animals as well as humans -- to help the process along.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/plants (284 words)

	Deer help disperse seeds--including noxious weeds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Email the release "Deer help disperse seeds--including noxious weeds."
		Your e-mail address, and that of your recipient(s), will be used only to let the recipient(s) know who sent the link and in the case of transmission errors.
		The information will not be used for any other purpose.
	www.eurekalert.org /emailrelease.php?file=cuns-dhd073103.php (47 words)

	Why Birds Disperse The Seeds Of Hot Chili Peppers
		Your tongue burns, tears trickle from your eyes and beads of sweat form on your face.
		Mammalian predators, whose digestive systems would damage the seeds of the plant, are repelled, while birds can consume the peppers with ease.
		Wild birds are almost entirely responsible for dispersing the seeds of hot peppers, which pass through their gut without being digested.
	unisci.com /stories/20021/0208026.htm (381 words)

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