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Topic: Seed fern

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		Seed ferns generally are characterized as having been slender trees or, in some cases, woody, climbing vines, but generally with large, fernlike fronds.
		Reproductive organs of seed ferns were borne upon the foliage; single ovules and seeds were borne in place of pinnae, while male organs often occurred as compound pollen organs composed of partially or wholly united microsporangia.
		A further characteristic of cycad stems not occurring in cycadeoids, seed ferns, or coniferophytes is the presence of girdling leaf traces.
	www.geocities.com /Heartland/Plains/6761/ecycads.htm (5930 words)

	seed
		Seeds of a particular crop gathered at one time and likely to have similar germination rates and other characteristics.
		Seeds that have been approved by a legally recognized certifying agency as being qualified under established standards of germination; they are free from disease and weeds and are true to variety.
		A method of planting grass seed by spraying it in a stream of water, which may contain other materials such as mulch or plant food.
	glossary.gardenweb.com /glossary/seed (444 words)

	Fossil Record of the Seed Plants
		The integument is a layer of tissue found in all seeds; it is produced by the parent plant, and develops into the seed coat.
		Seed plants were thus overshadowed in their early evolution by plants which did not produce seeds.
		By the Permian, the seed plants were beginning to produce large trees, and by the Triassic, all major groups of seedplants had appeared, except for the flowering plants.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /seedplants/seedplantsfr.html (703 words)

	Chapter Excerpt: FOLIAGE by Harold Feinstein (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But because flowers and seeds are not visible parts of a fern's anatomy, common belief held that they were invisible.
		Seeds are dormant plants containing live embryos waiting for the right moment to germinate and grow.
		Fossils of extinct "seed ferns" depict fern-like, seed-bearing plants that may have filled the evolutionary gap between spore-bearing and seed-bearing plants.
	www.twbookmark.com /books/61/0821227394/chapter_excerpt13690.html (882 words)

	Frazer, Sir James George. 1922. The Golden Bough (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In Bohemia they say that he who procures the golden bloom of the fern at this season has thereby the key to all hidden treasures; and that if maidens will spread a cloth under the fast-fading bloom, red gold will drop into it.
		Hence, when we consider that two great days for gathering the fabulous seed are Midsummer Eve and Christmas—that is, the two solstices (for Christmas is nothing but an old heathen celebration of the winter solstice)—we are led to regard the fiery aspect of the fern-seed as primary, and its golden aspect as secondary and derivative.
		Fern-seed, in fact, would seem to be an emanation of the sun’s fire at the two turning-points of its course, the summer and winter solstices.
	www.bartleby.com /196/pages/page705.html (623 words)

	RedNova News - Science - Patterns of Segregation and Convergence in the Evolution of Fern and Seed Plant Leaf ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This loss of seed plant morphological diversity may either simply reflect the depauperate nature of the extant gymnosperm flora-and thereby perhaps be tied to the rise of an alternative form of morphological diversity among angio-sperms-or reflect an evolutionary trend independent of the decline in gymnosperm diversity.
		Ferns rarely have exhibited the morphologies typical of post- Paleozoic seed plants, but otherwise they had occupied the morphological range of Paleozoic seed plants by the Triassic and they have maintained this morphological d\iversity through to the present.
		Fossil seed plant examples of the evolution of more angiosperm- like leaves largely correspond to the conditions described for ferns; they tend to be smaller plants in warm, at least seasonally wet environments, although not always likely to have been heavily shaded.
	www.rednova.com /news/display?id=120517 (5831 words)

	The Los Angeles International Fern Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In medieval times ferns were belived to have mystical and magical properties, their seed and flowers were thought to be invisible.
		Ferns need nutrients like all plants, but their requirements are considerably less than most other plants.
		Ferns growing in a garden with rich soil may never need to be fertilized, but those grown in baskets, plaques and pots need regular fertilizing in order to assure healthy growth.
	smcdaniel.net /laifs/basics.html (865 words)

	[No title]
		Name gymnosperm implies that the seeds are "naked" i.e., the ovules are not enclosed; they are exposed such that pollen can land directly on the ovules.
		Gymnosperms are those seed plants that lack the structure that encloses the ovule of angiosperms.
		The medullosan seed fern was a tree 3-8 meters tall.
	www.d.umn.edu /biology/courses/bio3601/outlineMar16.htm (1649 words)

	seed fern -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Gymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants) share with ferns a dominant, independent sporophyte generation; the presence of vascular tissue; differentiation of the plant body into root, stem, and leaf derived from a bipolar embryo (having stem and root-growing apexes); and similar photosynthetic pigments.
		Seeds are vital to the survival of plant species.
		Seeds are a valuable source of food and come in a vast variety.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9066570 (899 words)

	Alethopteris sp. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Seed ferns (Pteridospermales) are an extinct group of gymnosperms.
		Although their foliage resembled that of modern ferns, they reproduced by means of seeds.
		This variety of seed fern was a small tree and may have stood about four meters (13 feet) tall.
	www.museum.state.il.us /exhibits/mazon_creek/alethopteris.html (53 words)

	Palaeos Plants: Glossary R-S
		Seed fern: any of a number of extinct seed-bearing plants with fern-like leaves.
		Seed plants: a monophyletic clade of plants that reproduces by seeds; megagametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte and enclosed in an integument; microgametophyte is transferred to the megagmetophyte.
		Sinus: the indentations of a lobed pinna or pinnule of a fern or of a dicot leaf.
	www.palaeos.com /Plants/Lists/Glossary/GlossaryR.html (999 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The lack of tree generation gave rise to investigating hay-scented fern and the impact of non-occurrence of tree seedlings, particularly red oak.
		Results suggest that intensive browsing lead to elimination of tree seedlings and depletes the seed bank, because increased understorey light accelerates the growth rates and spread of existing fern colonies.
		The dominance of hay-scented fern results in dense fern root mattes that inhibit germination of remaining seed.
	www.unesco.org /mab/EE/Understorey.doc (480 words)

	Springhouse Magazine Online - Volume 7, Number 4 - August 1990 Out of Print Issue - In Womble's Blue Shadow by Judy ...
		It was this mystical reasoning that gave rise to the belief in Fern Seed.
		In early times the seed was known as "wish seed," and anyone who carried it about would be able to discover treasures, which would reveal themselves in veins of bluish flame in the earth, where the fern-seeds were scattered.
		Fern seed surely would be a help to me. The power of invisibility would probably only create problems, and I'm not certain eternal youth would be a blessing, but to be able to find things hidden or lost.
	www.springhousemagazine.com /v7n4/womble.htm (1229 words)

	! Rainforest Ferns ! Tropical Rainforest, Far North Queensland Australia
		Although ferns were among the earliest vascular plants (algae, lichens, mosses and liverworts are all classified as non-vascular plants) they were not the only ones.
		The Scaly Tree fern (Cyathea cooperi) is an attractive and characteristic tree fern with its node scars (scales) covering its narrow trunk and horizontal crown of feathery fronds.
		A primitive looking fern indeed is the Tassel fern and with good reason - its fossils have been identified to much larger specimens from the Carboniferous period.
	rainforest-australia.com /ferns.htm (1355 words)

	Ferns For The Shade Garden - Part I
		Ferns are found all over the world in just about every type of climate and growing condition.
		The stem on a fern is called the caudex; the leaf is called a frond and includes the stipe or leaf stalk and the blade which is the expanded portion of a frond.
		Of the many ferns that can be grown in the temperate garden, I grow and love the following in my USDA zone 7 garden: I actually have a couple more that I have yet to identify properly and lust after many more.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/222/2584 (1397 words)

	Online Dictionary for French English, Spanish English, Italian English, and more.
		Seed of the celery plant used as seasoning.
		Seed of the dill plant used as seasoning.
		Edible seed of sunflowers; used as food and poultry feed and as a source of oil.
	www.ultralingua.net /?service=ee&text=seed (410 words)

	Wildwood Ways: Chapter 4
		The cinnamon fern when it has reached any size has an underground stump that is as woody and tough almost as that of a tree.
		Flowering fern it is rightly named, too, but it had flowered and gone, and I found of all its regal beauty but a single stalk with brown spore-cases held rigidly aloft among a tangle of brown leaves and bog grass.
		Like the other ferns they had suffered a failing of tissues near the base of the stipe, but pinnules, midribs and rachis were as softly, radiantly green as they had been under the full warmth of the summer sun.
	www.kellscraft.com /wildwoodways/wildwoodways04.html (2359 words)

	Mysterypartners.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ferns that grow in that moist, shady corner of your garden are the miniature modern remnants of a prehistoric forest of towering plants that were around long before the dinosaurs showed up.
		Ferns made me invisible once, when I was eight or nine and hanging out in the patch of ferns down by the creek to avoid drying the supper dishes.
		You put the plates under the fern and when the seed fell, it passed through the plates until it came to rest on one.
	www.mysterypartners.com /Herbs/fern.html (453 words)

	Pteridosperms
		ISTORY OF Pteridosperms or seed ferns are a very heterogeneous group of extinct plants with mostly fern-like foliage but with real seeds.
		The pinnules are tongue-shaped to assymmetrically triangular in outline with a distinct basal lobe (at least the pinnules closest to the main axes).
		Although it is clear that most mariopterids are seed ferns, their natural affinity remains unclear.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/kerp/seite9.html (838 words)

	Magia D' La Luna
		Bracken Fern has been found to be mutagenic and carcinogenic in rats and mice, usually causing stomach or intestinal cancer.
		The name Male Fern was applied to this fern because of its robust appearance and erect growth as contrasted with the graceful, drooping and delicate fronds of the female fern.
		When using the fern to stimulate and invoke the energy of any fertility gods it is recommended to gather the root on Midsummers Eve.
	www.magialuna.net /f.html (3065 words)

	Triassic Plants - ZoomDinosaurs.com
		Leptocycas was a cycad, a primitive seed plant from the late Triassic period.
		Seed ferns like Glossopteris and early species of gymnosperms (seed plants, such as the evergreens, in which the seeds are not enclosed) dominated the early Triassic terrain.
		Glossopteris, a tree-like seed fern (Pteriosperm) from the Permian through the Triassic Period.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/dinosaurs/plants/Triassic.shtml (580 words)

	Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase & Fable. Fern Seed. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We have the receipt of fern seed, we walk invisible (1 Henry IV., act iv.
		The seed of certain species of fern is so small as to be invisible to the naked eye, and hence the plant was believed to confer invisibility on those who carried it about their person.
		It was at one time believed that plants have the power of imparting their own speciality to their wearer.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/81/6342.html (188 words)

	Wild Pastures: Chapter 6
		The ferns and the witch-hazel are themselves mysterious and promoters of mystery, and it is hard to tell which leads in waywardness and subornation of sorcery.
		The ferns are the lingering representatives of an elder world, -- a world that was old before the first pine dropped its cones or the leaves of the first deciduous tree fell on the first greensward.
		These are but little fellows of our fern world, and the magic which distills from their fern seed is no doubt less potent than that from greater ferns, but added to the witch-hazel glamour it makes brook magic which will initiate you into many mysteries of the pasture world if you are but patient.
	www.kellscraft.com /WildPastures/wildpastures06.html (2244 words)

	Botanical Network News #120
		In 1597 when Henry IV was written and performed, the belief that ferns had seeds was common and widespread.
		The early herbalists, for example, claimed that the fern seed had to be invisible because no one had ever seen it.
		You could catch it by stacking 12 pewter plates beneath a fern leaf; the seed would fall through the first 11 plates and be stopped by the 12th.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/ben/ben120.html (1006 words)

	Plant Fossils
		The fern group of plants have fossil records extending back to the Middle Devonian periods (350 - 400 million years ago).
		Ferns have leaves, called fronds, which usually consist of leaflets.
		Pteridospermsare plants similar in appearance to the fern and are popularly called seed ferns.
	www.7cs.com /fossils/fern.htm (240 words)

	Pennsynvanian Seed Fern Fossil Neuropteris
		The seed ferns had undergone a large radiation, and many, many species existed, most of which have not been scientifically described in the fossil record.
		The fern fossils here are from a new locality, recently determined by scientists to be part of the Fire Creek Formation, located in Southeastern West Virginia (the formation overlays the Pocahontas Formation that also contains a prominent coal seam.
		Another striking aspect of these fossil ferns is the coloration, and their contrast with the muddy shale, making for a beautiful display in earth tone colors.
	www.fossilmall.com /PaleoRelic/Plants/wv6/wv6.htm (344 words)

	Cycad Fossils: Permian Cycadales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A reduction in leaf size and the number of seeds could conceivably replicate the loose, open cone of this modern cycad.
		From the many variations of seed leaves, simple, and compound vegetative leaves, it is apparent that even in the Permian period early cycads and cycad-like plants were a very diverse group.
		The midrib and herringbone venation on the pinnate leaves (which have a superficial resemblance to the leaves of Stangeria) is easily distinguishable in even very small fragments of these fossilized leaves.
	www.plantapalm.com /vce/evolution/fossils_pg7.htm (205 words)

	Plant Pennsylvanian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Leaf of the Seed Fern Psaronius, in nodule
		secondary pinna of a Seed Fern frond, in nodule
		(Slab B, in red/fl shale) Pinnule leaflet of a Seed Fern frond.
	www.catnapin.com /public/Fossil/Plants/Pennsylvanian.htm (651 words)

	Golden Bough Chapter 68. The Golden Bough.
		Again, the view that the mistletoe owes its mystic character partly to its not growing on the ground is confirmed by a parallel superstition about the mountain-ash or rowan-tree.
		They say that a man who is out in the dark should have a bit of “flying-rowan” with him to chew; else he runs a risk of being bewitched and of being unable to stir from the spot.
		But if the life of the oak was conceived to be in the mistletoe, the mistletoe must on that view have contained the seed or germ of the fire which was elicited by friction from the wood of the oak.
	www.sacred-texts.com /pag/frazer/gb06800.htm (3920 words)

	ISGS Plant Fossils
		The plant fossils are remains of fast-growing ferns and trees.
		In the jungle-like growth, the most common plants were huge ferns that had fronds five or six feet long and grew to a height of more than 50 feet.
		Common in the Mazon River nodules are Neuropteris and Pecopteris from the seed ferns, and Annularia from the rushes.
	www.isgs.uiuc.edu /fossils/plantfossils.htm (276 words)

	Botanical Electronic News #122
		In a series of quick nutshells this is it: The spores (fern dust) are produced on the undersides of the leaves in sporangia.
		A fern spore gives rise to the prothallus of the gametophyte generation; a seed, to the baby plant of the new sporophyte generation.
		Nowadays, it is the belief in the fern seed that walks invisible.
	www.ou.edu /cas/botany-micro/ben/ben122.html (1171 words)

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