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Topic: Seeps

In the News (Thu 12 Nov 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Fluid Seeps Workshop Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Seeps, both dominated by hydrocarbons and aqueous fluids, are now known to be a general feature of the geohydrogeology of continental margins.
		Seeps are associated with consolidating sedimentary basins, especially at continental margins, whereas vents generally lie over young oceanic crust and are driven by temperature contrasts between magma bodies and seawater.
		The critical issues for future research on fluid seeps are organized under the manifestations of seeps at the sea bed or land surface, the biological influence of seeps, the geochemical effects of seeps on the oceans and atmosphere, and seep phenomena in the subsurface and as preserved in the stratigraphic record.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/pi/margins/seeps_workshop.html (6135 words)

	County of SB: Energy Division
		Seep hydrocarbons are released gradually throughout the marine environment, including sea floor, water column, sea surface, and shoreline.
		Seeps do not result in major mortality of marine animals, nor do they lead to massive accumulations of tar along the shore, though to be sure seeps are responsible for some fatalities of birds and do leave weathered tar residue on rocks in some areas and intermittent tarring of beaches.
		The seep tents were installed as part of an agreement with Santa Barbara County Air Resources Board, in which ARCO captured the seep gas to offset emissions of nitrogen oxides from planned future offshore drilling.
	www.countyofsb.org /energy/information/seepspaper.asp (14014 words)

	Cold seeps
		Cold seeps in the Aleutian subduction zone were found after detecting a methane anomaly only 2 x the background in the bottom water.
		Seeps in this are caused by the pressure of the Pacific Plate subducting under the N. American Plate, causing a fluid flow out of the sediment of 3.4 m y-1.
		Numerous hydrocarbon seeps are present at water depths of 400 - 2,200 m venting, in different proportions, fluids containing methane, hydrogen sulphide and higher hydrocarbons.
	www.sos.bangor.ac.uk /marine/mb/O3B16/cold_seeps.html (883 words)

	EOM Current Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Revisiting areas known to contain oil seeps and oil-impacted soils, hand held hyperspectral sensors that had been imaged during the group shoot were put to use.
		Twenty kilometers east of the "Dibble seeps," HJW observed clearings on the airborne flight strips that were situated within the heavily vegetated north flank of the Sulphur Mountain anticline.
		The spectral library of oil-contaminated soils and onshore oil seeps built by HJW may be the first of its kind anywhere in the commercial sector.
	www.eomonline.com /Common/currentissues/Jan01/ellis.htm (1492 words)

	Cold Seep Communities-Section III
		The presence of seep communities was suspected in Monterey Bay from samples of vesicomyid clams (bivalves associated with seeps) dredged from the bay during research cruises (J. Nybakken, pers.
		Fluid seepage at one seep region (Mt. Crushmore) is suspected to result from artesian flow of rainwater which enters a sandstone aquifer (Purisima Formation) in the Santa Cruz mountains and is released along the walls of Monterey Canyon after percolating downslope 1000 m or more.
		In addition, the distribution of clam species within individual seeps varies according to localized gradients in sulfide concentration, similar to the zonation of flora and fauna along a desiccation gradient in the rocky intertidal zone.
	bonita.mbnms.nos.noaa.gov /sitechar/cold3.html (854 words)

	Bubbles of surprise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The origin and behaviour of seeps is readily explained by the burial of organic matter in sediment during the global Flood, the diagenesis of these sediments, and the changes in global climate during and after the Ice Age.
		Massive seeps would almost certainly cause large numbers of benthic creatures to perish in a violent manner and sure enough, mass extinctions of such creatures in the fossil record are dramatic depictions of violent death.
		Seeps are one area where creation scientists can lead in science because the evolutionist scientific establishment seems reluctant to fully embrace the implications of seeps for the geosciences.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/magazines/tj/docs/v15n2bubbles.asp (2889 words)

	Natural Oil and Gas Seepage in the Coastal Areas of California -- MMS Pacific Region
		Oil, tar, and natural gas seeps are part of the natural environment, and geological and archeological evidence shows that seepages have occurred throughout California for thousands of years.
		A significant difference between offshore seeps and onshore seeps is that underwater seeps are subject to the weight of the seawater column and to shifting ocean floor sediments.
		Seeps are affected by tidal changes, and, like onshore seeps, offshore seeps are stimulated by earthquake activity.
	www.mms.gov /omm/pacific/enviro/seeps1.htm (1905 words)

	Seeps 12:1999 Explorer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Fluid seeps, both terrestrial and submarine, record the flux of fluids from the earth's lithosphere to the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
		Fluid seeps also form precipitates at the surface and in the subsurface, which affect the surface geomorphology of continental margins, and influence water and air quality.
		Careful studies of seeps in ancient rocks are necessary to evaluate their influence on the geologic and paleontologic record.
	www.aapg.org /explorer/1999/12dec/seeps.cfm (1064 words)

	Seeps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Obtaining seep oil became more permanent at the better sites such as the seep in Oil Creek on the Hamilton McClintock parcel from which as much as 1250 gallons of oil could be trapped and kegged during the seasons when the creek was free of ice and not in flood.
		It is possible that the pioneer oil gatherers of the 19th century dug shallowly into the ground of the surface seeps so that a puddle of water could collect during rains and thus let the oil seek its place by rising to the top.
		Of the various historic oil seeps in northwest Pennsylvania which the author has found mention of in the literature and which visits were made to, no trace of oil remains visible to the eye.
	www.oilhistory.com /pages/Gathering/seeps.html (754 words)

	NAI: News Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		These "methane seeps" are found all over the world on continental slopes some 500 to 1,000 meters (1,640 to 3,280 feet) beneath the waves.
		The methane seeps and brine pools harbor their own distinct assemblages of living organisms, although methane also is found at some brine pools.
		While the environment around methane seeps may be analgous to possible Europan ecosystems, Joye says seafloor brine pools are akin to modern soda lakes and perhaps Mars' ancient lakes or seas.
	nai.arc.nasa.gov /news_stories/news_detail.cfm?article=seeps.cfm (1850 words)

	UCSB Scientists Study Ocean Seeps - Daily Nexus Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Seeps can be found in the Gulf of Mexico, all along coastal California, the North Sea, the west coast of Africa and in the Caspian Sea, which are all areas rich in oil.
		Though it is rare for an offshore oil field to seep, faults off the central coast of California run through the oil and gas deposits and fracture the rocks containing the oil.
		The reduced seeps are also due to a change in the amount of the gas and oil.
	www.ucsbdailynexus.com /news/2001/1627.html (744 words)

	Levin Seeps
		Scripps scientist Kevin Brown reports that the geological setting of the cold seeps along the crest of a plunging anticline suggests updip migration of fluids and gases from the subsurface hydrates.
		Most studies of cold seeps have focused on the larger fauna such as clams and tubeworms, or the chemosynthetic bacteria that are unique to these environments.
		Comparison of the Eel River seep communities with those observed during previous cold seep surveys off the coasts of Alaska and Oregon reveal geographical diversity in the ecosystem's structure and function, including highly variable reliance on methane.
	www.westnurc.uaf.edu /levinseeps.html (499 words)

	Marine Hydrocarbon Seeps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Some of the seep gas can also come from methane hydrate dissociation, a CH -water ice that is stable at great depths and low temperatures; but the CH will have had its origin from one of the two mentioned sources.
		Seeps produce gas that rises in the water, and can also produce oil, both as droplets and as oily covered bubbles.
		Ongoing bubbleology research into seeps has focused on measuring environmental variables, the bubble distribution, and the impact of the seeps on the environment in order to be able to model the impact of seeps for large scale assessment.
	www.bubbleology.com /MarineSeeps.html (350 words)

	::: The-Eggs ::: NewsLetter & Information Service of the E.G.U. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Seeps are venting features at the seafloor from which gas is bubbling out.
		Such seeps are more likely to have a pronounced effect on atmosphere and climate than the "normal" steady seeps where the larger part of the methane is dissolved and oxidised, consumed by bacteria or fixed in seafloor carbonate crusts.
		This allows the assessment of the role of gas hydrates in the formation of high-intensity seeps: gas hydrates may either favour outbursts by rapid dissociation or counteract outbursts by buffering the subsurface methane flux, or both.
	www.the-eggs.org /articles.php?id=11 (2974 words)

	[No title]
		The 76 localities also include 29 accounts of oil seeps and 3 accounts of gas seeps; of these, investigations by the U.S. Geological Survey confirmed the existence of 1 gas seep and concluded that reports of 16 oil seeps and 1 gas seep are doubtful or disproved.
		The remaining reports of 13 oil seeps and 1 gas seep are neither confirmed nor refuted and require additional study.
		Seeps of oil and gas are among the most useful indicators of the possible existence of nearby, buried accumulations of petroleum.
	geopubs.wr.usgs.gov /open-file/of02-438/IOP_explan_notes.txt (1391 words)

	Garfield County Democratic Party (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The seeps were first noticed by residents because they bubbled up through a stream and a spring, but any gas coming up through porous soil would be invisible.
		So technicians are checking for ground seeps by using infrared gas detection devices, starting from the known seeps and moving in concentric circles outward from the seeps.
		Macke praised EnCana for its response to the discovery of the seep.
	www.coloradodemocrat.com /pages/6 (4512 words)

	Hydrocarbon Flux Variations in Natural and Anthropogenic Seeps
		Manmade seeps are available for the study from underground gas storage reservoirs, leaky well casings and underground coal gasification reactors.
		Perhaps this striking conclusion would have stopped Gulf's program; however the comparison of seep compositional information with known production proved these microseeps were real, since they could be correlated to their respective source rocks at depth by comparing the compositional information exhibited by the near-surface gases directly to their underlying sources.
		The hook-shaped seep on the north end of Figure 17 was found to consist mainly of propylene.
	eti-geochemistry.com /flux (12164 words)

	Seeps and Oil Exploration
		A good definition of a seep is ''the surface expression of a migration pathway, along which petroleum is currently flowing, driven by buoyancy from a sub-surface origin'' (Clarke and Cleverly,1990).
		Knowledge of where oil and gas seeps are emerging is therefore a key piece of evidence in reducing the risk on source presence in a new basin as seeps originate by leakage from buried oil and gas accumulations (fig 1).
		In the offshore, seeping oil and gas are often easier to detect due to the fact that oil is normally transported from the sea-bed vent to the surface as oil-coated gas bubbles (fig 5).
	www.npagroup.com /oilandmineral/offshore/oil_exploration (964 words)

	Reef Adventure - Study sites in the gulf - Hydrocarbon Seeps
		Natural oil and gas seeps are common in the Northern Gulf of Mexico.
		The chemical enrichment produced by seeps support lush chemosynthetic communities of tube worms, mussel, and other animals that thrive without light at depths of about 2000 feet.
		At seeps, they are important players in the chemosynthetic ecosystem.
	gulftour.tamu.edu /study_site_hydroseeps.html (219 words)

	Seeps in California History
		Products of oil seeps were used by Native American groups living in California - including the Yokuts, Chumash, Achomawi, and Maidu tribes - well before the arrival of European settlers.
		By the 1850's and 60's some of the early settlers were mining oil from natural seeps as far north as Humboldt County, and as far south as Los Angeles County.
		The oil was mined by digging pits and tunnels at seep sites, and, eventually, by drilling under natural seeps in search of underground oil reservoirs.
	seeps.wr.usgs.gov /seeps/history.html (328 words)

	Diversity hot spots at cold seeps? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps were discovered more than 20 years ago, yet remarkably little is known about the biodiversity of these chemosynthetic ecosystems.
		Deep-sea vents and seeps occur in very different geological settings, yet in both types of systems, microbial primary production supports an abundance of large invertebrates, such as giant tubeworms, clams, and mussels.
		Because seeps are considered to be more stable and less toxic than vents, ecologists expected that diversity would be greater at seeps than at vents, but this hypothesis remained untested until now.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-05/bpl-dhs052203.php (181 words)

	California Storms Fuel Increase in Offshore Oil Leaks
		The seeps are under pressure all the time, creating a natural pump for both oil and natural gas that oozes constantly into the ocean, explained Ira Leifer, a research scientist and oil seep expert at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB).
		Leifer also notes that even though the Coal Oil Point seep field is not apparently the cause of the January bird deaths, it is an environmental concern.
		"The seeps normally release a lot of oil, they are now releasing quite a bit more, and the oil is going somewhere, and when it gets there, it is affecting the environment, which includes not only birds, but other flora and fauna," he said.
	www.livescience.com /environment/050203_oil_seep.html (890 words)

	CNN - Researchers explore deep sea oil seeps - June 24, 1998
		As principal investigator, Carney is spending the summer on a research vessel to collect large fish and crabs in deep water near oil seeps and bring them to the surface.
		By inference, if deepwater fish are eating animals that ingest oil and methane, and fish nearer the surface dine in turn on these deepwater predators, then humans may be eating fish that several links back in the food chain were eating the naturally leaking oil and methane.
		Why aren't they at the seeps, knocking off a tubeworm or two for a snack?" They probably are, Carney replies to his own question.
	www.cnn.com /TECH/science/9806/24/tubeworm.yoto (633 words)

	Reefs of the Gulf - Cruise Background
		Natural hydrocarbon seeps on the seafloor of the Gulf of Mexico are special environments that oceanographers discovered only recently.
		Seeps chemically enrich the nearby water and sediments, supporting lush chemosynthetic communities of tube worms, mussels, and other animals.
		Tubeworms and a crab dwell in the seafloor ecosystem of the seeps.
	gulftour.tamu.edu /cruise_background.html (378 words)

	Seeps Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Welcome to our web site about natural oil and gas seeps in the state of California.
		Seeps are like springs that ooze oil and gas instead of water.
		the relationship between oil seeps and underground oil fields
	seeps.wr.usgs.gov (99 words)

	slides may have ties to gas seeps
		Some say the natural gas seeps now evident in the area are nothing new, just a tamer version of what went on 65 years ago.
		Gas seeps near the construction site of the Humane Society – all in view of what was known as Moving Mountain in 1932.
		What these and several other seep spots have in common is that they are close to where the Fruitland Coal Formation breaks through to surface.
	www.durangoherald.com /archives/OILGAS/news1065.htm (819 words)

	Penn State Eberly College of Science -- Tube Worms Live Record Long Life Spans
		Both the seeps and vents are regions on the ocean floor where fluids rising from the Earth's crust are breaking through and mixing with the seawater.
		Tubeworms live on the sulfide and other nutrients in the fluids at both the seeps and the vents, but they grow at much different rates in these two very different environments, according to the researchers.
		The scientists say the tubeworms they studied at the cold seeps are the most long-lived noncolonial animals without backbones currently known.
	www.science.psu.edu /alert/Fisher2-2000.htm (1164 words)

	[No title]
		Seeps can be categorized into about six general types, determined by their cause.
		The seep is caused by water flowing to this location through soil and transporting salts that are deposited at the surface.
		For continuous cropping to impact on a saline seep, the recharge area that must be cropped has to be large enough to reduce excess moisture that feeds the seep.
	paridss.usask.ca /factbook/new97/SMITHE.htm (1183 words)

	Ocean: Cold Methane
		These are the cold seeps and related environments, where oil and methane gas are bubbling up from undersea sediment layers.
		Fluid seepage at one seep region (Mt. Crushmore) is suspected to result from artesian flow of rainwater which enters a sandstone aquifer (Purisima Formation) in the Santa Cruz mountains and is released along the walls of Monterey Canyon after percolating downslope 1000 m or mor...
		In contrast, fluids at the Clam Flat seep, where fluid flow is thought to derive from tectonic-based sediment compression, had nearly 100 times more sulfide and very high methane concentrations.
	www.resa.net /nasa/ocean_methane.htm (1840 words)

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