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	Tunnel - New World Encyclopedia
		A tunnel may also be used for a canal or a flow of water—for consumption, for hydroelectric purposes, or for sewers— or it may carry other utility services such as telecommunication cables or steam pipes.
		Improvements in tunnel boring machines permitted the construction in the twentieth century of such undersea tunnels as the Channel Tunnel connecting England and France and the Seikan Tunnel, the longest undersea railroad tunnel in the world at 53 km (33 mi), connecting the Japanese islands of Hokkaido and Honshu.
		The Seikan Tunnel in Japan is the longest rail tunnel in the world at 53.9 kilometers (33.4 miles), of which 23.3 kilometers (14.5 miles) is under the sea.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Tunnel (2481 words)

	Seikan Tunnel - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Seikan Tunnel (in Japanese, Seikan Tonneru), undersea rail tunnel linking the city of Aomori, on Honshu, the main island of Japan, to the city of...
		Seikan Tunnel, in Japan, which links the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido across the Tsugaru Strait, 53.8 km (33.4 mi); the world's longest rail tunnel.
		The Seikan Tunnel (青函トンネル Seikan Tonneru or 青函隧道 Seikan Zuidō) is a 53.85 km (33.49 mile) railway tunnel in Japan, with a 23.3 km (14.5 mile) portion under the seabed.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Seikan_Tunnel.html (175 words)

	How tunnel is made - Background, History, Raw materials, The manufacturing process of tunnel, Byproducts/waste, Quality ...
		A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage that is primarily horizontal.
		The lengthiest person-carrying tunnel is the Seikan Railroad Tunnel.
		The tunnel roof is formed between the walls by framing and pouring reinforced concrete on the bottom of the shallow trench.
	www.madehow.com /Volume-6/Tunnel.html (2948 words)

	Tunnel Summary
		The Seikan Tunnel in Japan is the longest rail tunnel in the world at 53.9 km (33.4 miles), of which 23.3 km (14.5 miles) is under the sea.
		The Channel Tunnel between France and England under the English Channel is the second-longest, with a total length of 50 km (31 miles), of which 39 km (24 miles) is under the sea.
		The Lincoln Tunnel between New Jersey and New York is one of the busiest vehicular tunnels in the world, at 120.000 vehicles/day.
	www.bookrags.com /Tunnel (2835 words)

	Seikan Tunnel
		The Seikan Tunnel (青函トンネル Seikan Tonneru or 青函隧道 Seikan Zuidō) is a 53.85 km (33.49 mile) railway tunnel in Japan, with a 23.3 km (14.5 mile) portion under the seabed.
		Geology of the undersea portion of the tunnel consists of volcanic rock, pyroclastic rock, and sedimentary rock of the late Tertiary era.
		Beneath the Tsugaru Strait, the use of a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was abandoned after less than 2 km due to the variable nature of the rock and difficulty in accessing the face for advanced grouting.
	www.jgames.co.uk /title/Seikan_Tunnel (1213 words)

	Trans Global Highway. A proposal by Frank X. Didik, May 2006
		Suspended under water tunnels are not suggested for this crossing, because of the shallow depth of the Bering Strait.
		It is proposed that the AmerAsian Peace Tunnel start on the US side, from the town of Cape Prince of Wales, which has a population of 156 and about 80 buildings, including a large school, streets and general store, and end at the Russian settlement of Naukan or 2 km north at the Dezhnev settlement.
		The proposed segmented, prefabricated tunnels could provide for both vehicle as well as rail transport, though with the potential complexity of ventilation, a Chunnel approach may have to be taken, whereby the vehicles are transported by electric powered railroad, through the tunnel.
	www.didik.com /highway (3749 words)

	Main Titles \| Glorious Final Fantasy
		It is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world, with the Seikan Tunnel in Japan being longer, but the undersea section of 37.9 km (23.55 miles) is the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
		The planned route of the tunnel took it from Calais to Folkestone (a route rather longer than the shortest possible crossing) and the tunnel follows a single chalk stratum, which meant the tunnel was deeper than the previous attempt.
		The tunnel was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II and French President François Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6 May 1994.
	www.gloriousff.com /Final_fantasy/?wikititle=Channel_Tunnel (3685 words)

	The Channel Tunnel > ENGINEERING.com > Articles Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Not only would they have to build one of the longest tunnels in the world; they would have to convince the public that passengers would be safe in a tunnel this size.
		Many of the tunnel boring machines used on the Chunnel were as long as two football fields and capable of boring 250 feet a day.
		Today, the Seikan Tunnel is the longest railroad tunnel in the world at 33.4 miles in length, 14.3 miles of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait.
	www.engineering.com /Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/79/The-Channel-Tunnel.aspx (742 words)

	BUILDING BIG: Databank: Seikan Tunnel
		Engineers couldn't use a tunnel boring machine to carve the Seikan Tunnel because the rock and soil beneath the Tsugaru Strait was random and unpredictable.
		Despite its limited use, the Seikan Tunnel remains one of the greatest engineering feats of the 20th century.
		One hundred sixty-eight thousand tons of steel was used in the construction of the tunnel.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/seikan.html (346 words)

	Seikan Tunnel Links tunnel Gotthard Base Tunnel Japan Honshu Japan Railway Tsugaru Strait dynamite narrow-gauge ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Seikan Tunnel (青函トンネル Seikan Tonneru) is currently the longest railway tunnel in the world, at 53.9 km (33.4 miles), and will be until the new Gotthard Base Tunnel with 57 km (36 miles) is opened.
		The Seikan Tunnel is slightly longer than the Channel Tunnel and contains a 23.3 km portion under the seabed.
		Currently, only narrow-gauge trains use the tunnel: there are long-term plans to link the tunnel into the Shinkansen network, although these are not expected to be completed until after 2020.
	en.powerwissen.com /Di45ROf8jYjF\|\|SL\|\|GkvACBD1A==_Seikan_Tunnel.html (293 words)

	How Products are Made \| Tunnel
		A tunnel is an underground or underwater passage that is primarily horizontal.
		The lengthiest person-carrying tunnel is the Seikan Railroad Tunnel.
		The tunnel roof is formed between the walls by framing and pouring reinforced concrete on the bottom of the shallow trench.
	science.enotes.com /how-products-encyclopedia/tunnel/print (2909 words)

	tunnel. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Tunnels may be ventilated by shafts leading to the surface or by exhaust fans at the ends.
		River-crossing tunnels are also constructed by dredging a trench in the riverbed and then lowering prefabricated tunnel sections through the water into the trench, where they are connected to each other.
		The Channel Tunnel (Chunnel) under the English Channel is much longer, at 31 mi (50 km), and the Seikan Tunnel in Japan, the world’s deepest underwater tunnel, is also the longest railroad tunnel at 33.5 mi (53.6 km).
	www.bartleby.com /65/tu/tunnel.html (904 words)

	Seikan Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Seikan Tunnel in Japan is a long undersea tunnel with a total length of 53.850 km that links the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido.
		Tunnel excavation began in 1971 after a quarter of a century of survey activities.
		The progress of the construction and the pilot boring and grouting methods used to overcome the invasion of seawater, and the excavation methods used to cope with huge soil pressures are presented.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?8300265 (135 words)

	Howstuffworks "Tunnel Planning"
		The Seikan Tunnel in Japan was built because ferries crossing the Tsugaru Strait often encountered dangerous waters and weather conditions.
		Tunneling through soft ground, for instance, requires very different techniques than tunneling through hard rock or soft rock, such as shale, chalk or sandstone.
		Tunneling underwater, the most challenging of all environments, demands a unique approach that would be impossible or impractical to implement above ground.
	science.howstuffworks.com /tunnel2.htm (512 words)

	CSC,LLC. - Point of View - Japan Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the tunnel was originally designed to carry the “Shinkansen”;, the bullet train, on a route between the two islands, by the time the tunnel had been completed, 15-years late and $6½ million over budget, the country could no longer afford the cost of connecting it up.
		When the tunnel was finished in 1988, it carried over 3 million people; which figure has been receding regularly since and today stands at around 1.9 million, almost 200,000 less then the 2.07 million passengers the Seikan ferries registered in their final year.
		In particular, the signal circuit for the Seikan Tunnel is based on an uninsulated rail circuit, which does not require insulated connections, and so rails were welded together to form a single rail that runs the length of the tunnel.
	www.chapmanspira.com /pov/Japan/Japan3.htm (1838 words)

	Famous Tunnels
		The Seikan tunnel is the longest rail tunnel in the world.
		The same tunneling techniques were used to build the Hoosac tunnel as the Frejus Tunnel.
		The Hoosac Tunnel was an amazing tunnel and one of the few tunnels that was built without any major problems.
	library.thinkquest.org /3893/FAMOUS.HTM (456 words)

	The Seikan Undersea Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 5.5m diameter Seikan Tunnel in Japan will extend 54 kilometers, crossing under the Tsugaru Straits.
		When completed the –2 billion tunnel will be the longest in the world, and will carry both standard-gauge rail traffic as well as the 260 km/hr Shinkansen passenger express trains.
		To construct this tunnel, however, it has been necessary to go through extremely difficult geologic conditions, including about a dozen major faults, volcanic strata, and areas with water bearing formations transmitting up to the full 250-meter hydrostatic head from the sea above.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?5016516 (125 words)

	Towards the Realization of the Japan-Korea Tunnel
		Among the topics I spoke on was the "Seikan Tunnel", under the strait between the mainland of Japan and Hokkaido, which I was involved in.
		In the beginning, of course, he talked about the Seikan Tunnel, but he said that it was only a small portion of the ideas he had.
		This tunnel will be the world's longest tunnel with a length of 53.85 km, and is regarded as one of the biggest construction projects of this century.
	www.iijnet.or.jp /IHCC/real-01.html (3073 words)

	English Reading Comprehension - Comprensión de lectura en inglés
		The Channel Tunnel, (French: le tunnel sous la Manche; often nicknamed the Chunnel in English) is a rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Cheriton in Kent, England and Sangatte in northern France.
		For much of its route, the tunnel is nearly 40 m under the seafloor, with the southern section being deeper than the northern.
		This access tunnel, which is served by narrow wheeled vehicles, is interconnected, by means of transverse passages, to the main tunnels at regular intervals.
	www.saberingles.com.ar /reading/channel-tunnel.html (602 words)

	USATODAY.com - Swiss cut new Alpine tunnel, promising faster trips across Europe and to ski slopes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The 21-mile Loetschberg tunnel is the latest in a string of engineering feats — from the Channel Tunnel linking France to England to a bridge spanning Sweden and Denmark — that are breaking down natural barriers in an increasingly borderless Europe.
		The trip from Bern, at the northern end of the tunnel, to Visp near ski regions like Switzerland's Zermatt and Italy's Courmayeur on the southern side of the tunnel, will be cut in half — to 55 minutes from 110.
		The two halves of the tunnel met almost perfectly: the center of the bore coming from the north was only 5 inches off the center of the bore coming from the south and their heights were fractions of an inch off.
	www.usatoday.com /travel/destinations/2005-04-28-alpine-tunnel_x.htm (765 words)

	Euro Tunnel - Review - Eurotunnel - The experience
		The Channel Tunnel (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a 51.5km (31 mile) long rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connecting Folkestone, Kent in England to Coquelles near Calais in northern France.
		It is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world, with the Seikan Tunnel in...
		The tunnel was over quickly and quite frankly rather like any other tunnel, certainly it added very little in discomfort to the journey (excepting the lack of outside to stare at).
	www.dooyoo.co.uk /transport-international/euro-tunnel/1033456 (710 words)

	Undersea Tunnel
		Tunnels are convenient, but many types of equipment are under operation day and night to maintain their function.
		Tunnels, whether ground or undersea tunnels, are constructed across geologic or water stratums, so ground water drainage is always necessary.
		The tunnel is constructed not only for the conventional railway line but also for the Shinkansen with a full length of 53.9km, an undersea portion of 23.3km, and a maximum depth from the sea surface reaching to 240m.
	www.aquadevice.com /english/01top_topic11.htm (1723 words)

	Channel Tunnel - history.co.uk
		It is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world, with the Seikan Tunnel in Japan being longer, but the undersea section of 39 km (24 miles) is the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
		Between the rail tunnels is a service tunnel, 4.8 m (16 ft) in diameter, which is connected by cross-passages to the main tunnels at intervals of approximately 375 m (1,230 ft).
		Eurostar trains travel at high speeds in France and on the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, where the tracks are modern and custom-made for the standard TGV cruising speed of 186 mph (300 km/h), and within the tunnel at up to 100 mph (160 km/h).
	www.history.co.uk /articles/Display.action?title=Channel_Tunnel (3559 words)

	Japan Atlas: Seikan Submarine Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Seikan Submarine Tunnel was opened in March 1988 and runs beneath the seabed of the Tsugaru Strait, which separates the southern edge of Hokkaido from Aomori Prefecture on the northern edge of the mainland.
		This tunnel is a part of a railway that runs between Aomori City and Hakodate City in just two and a half hours, and was named by combining the two characters and pronunciations of Aomori City's "Ao (Sei)" and Hakodate City's "Hako (Kan)".
		The tunnel was designed with gentle curves and slopes for possible future use by Shinkansen (bullet trains).
	web-japan.org /atlas/architecture/arc02.html (279 words)

	Seikan Tunnel - longest railway tunnel in the world
		The Seikan Tunnel (青函トンネル Seikan Tonneru) is the longest railway tunnel in the world, at 53.9 km (33.4 miles).
		Currently, only narrow gauge trains use the tunnel: there are long-term plans to link the tunnel into the Shinkansen network, although these are not expected to be completed until after 2020.
		There are two train stations inside the tunnel (Yoshioka-Kaitei Station and Tappi-Kaitei Station), both of which are museums detailing the history and function of the tunnel.
	www.japan-101.com /travel/seikan_tunnel.htm (396 words)

	SEIKAN TUNNEL Articles The Seikan Tunnel (?????? Seikan To
		Seikan Zuido) is a 53.85 km (33.49 mile) railway tunnel in Japan, with a 23.3 km (14.5 mile) portion under the seabed.
		Although it is the longest railway tunnel in the world, faster and cheaper air travel has left the Seikan Tunnel comparatively underused.
		Connecting the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido by a land route had been considered since the Taisho period (1912-1925), but serious survey only commenced in 1946, due to the loss of overseas territory at the end of World War II and the need to accommodate returnees.
	www.amazines.com /Seikan_Tunnel_related.html (533 words)

	Channel Tunnel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is the second-longest rail tunnel in the world, with the Seikan Tunnel in Japan being longer, but the undersea section of 24 miles (39 km) is the longest undersea tunnel in the world.
		The planned route of the tunnel took it from Calais to Folkestone (a route rather longer than the shortest possible crossing) and the tunnel follows a single chalk stratum, which meant the tunnel was deeper than the previous attempt.
		Accepting that the Channel Tunnel was a special case, and in light of UK Department of Industry intransigence, EWS said that they could not economically justify running trains to their customers in light of the higher charges.
	channel-tunnel.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Channel_Tunnel (3572 words)

	Swiss open world's longest overland tunnel
		The tunnel will trim the time trains need to cross between Germany and Italy to under two hours from approximately three-and-a-half hours now.
		The trip from Bern, at the northern end of the tunnel, to Visp, near ski regions like Switzerland's Zermatt and Italy's Courmayeur on the southern side of the tunnel, will be cut in half - to 55 minutes from 110.
		The tunnel - which cost about 4.3 billion Swiss francs (£1.75billion) - is longer than the current overland record-holder - Japan's 16.4 mile Hakkoda Tunnel - and will come third overall behind the underwater Seikan Tunnel, also in Japan, and the Channel Tunnel connecting France and the UK.
	www.which.co.uk /reports_and_campaigns/travel_and_leisure/reports/destination_europe/worlds_longest_tunnel_news_article_557_116765.jsp (182 words)

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