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Topic: Seismic retrofit

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	Caltrans :: Caltrans Today
		Structures that require seismic retrofitting include the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, Richmond-San Rafael, Benicia-Martinez, San Mateo-Hayward, and the Carquinez bridges all in the San Francisco Bay Area; the Vincent Thomas Bridge from San Pedro to Terminal Island in Los Angeles County and the San Diego-Coronado Bridge.
		Many Seismic Retrofits involve "hinge seat extensions" which enlarge the size of the hinges that connect sections of bridge decks and helps prevent them from separating during severe ground movement.
		Variable soils and foundations, seismic forces nearly 10 times the original design forces, aged structures, heavy traffic volumes, conflicts with utilities, air space concerns, handling of hazardous waste, and care to protect sensitive resources all contribute to the difficulty in retrofitting these structures.
	www.dot.ca.gov /hq/paffairs/about/retrofit.htm (1541 words)

	Vincent Thomas Bridge - Seismic Retrofit (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Weidlinger Associates is performing a seismic retrofit of the suspended structure of the Vincent Thomas Bridge.
		The retrofit design developed by the firm is intended to strengthen the vulnerable elements by altering the dynamic performance of the structure.
		Retrofit details introduced on the bridge include tower base reinforcement, structural fuses on each of the side spans, release of the stiffening truss at both the tower and the anchorage bent, and viscous dampers.
	www.wai.com /Transportation/Bridges-long/vincent.html (270 words)

	Seismic retrofit
		Seismic and seismic event refer to earthquakes, motions of the ground that can be hazardous to the occupants of buildings and the security and utility of structures such as bridges and tunnels.
		Seismic retrofitting is the modification of structures to make them more resistant to ground motion and/or soil failure due to earthquakes.
		This is typically the lowest level of retrofit applied to hospitals, fire fighting stations, public safety (police) command centers, and the like and is often the most econmical level of retrofit and design for transportation infrastructure such as rail and highway roadways, bridges, and tunnels.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/s/se/seismic_retrofit.html (5213 words)

	Seismic Retrofit Program
		Many Seismic Retrofits involve "hinge seat extensions" which enlarge the size of the hinges that connect sections of bridge decks and helps prevent them from separating during severe ground movement.
		The first column Seismic Retrofit project was the $724,000 Orange (57) and Pomona (60) freeway connector project in Los Angeles County, which began in April of 1990 and was completed in February of 1991.
		Retrofitting of the Phase 2 bridges is estimated to cost $1.05 billion in construction.
	www.digitaladdis.com /conferences/seismic_retrofit_program.htm (825 words)

	Planning for the Big One: the Seismic Retrofit of the Golden Gate Bridge
		In planning a retrofit, it must be kept in mind that some damage is inevitable but, with proper retrofitting, it is believed that collapse is preventable and, further, it is believed that damage can be held to a minimum, to the extent that the transportation system can remain open and functioning during repair.
		Since seismic retrofitting is a relatively new skill, many contractors have to be trained and educated to do the construction.
		To continue a high standard of maintenance during and after the seismic rehabilitation, it is necessary that the maintaining persons have a full set of the "as built" retrofit drawings and maintenance schedules which will indicate frequency of inspection and maintenance for each part of the bridge.
	www.iti.northwestern.edu /outreach/ggbridg2.html (6852 words)


		Because of financial constraints, the District proceeded with phasing the construction of the seismic retrofit in a manner that reflected the degrees of structural vulnerabilities.
		The seismic retrofit measures applied to the Bridge structures consist of various methods of structural upgrades and include both the strengthening of structural components and the modification of structural response of the structures so they can better respond to strong motions without damage.
		The seismic retrofit measures for these phases consist of strengthening foundations, installation of micropiles and rock bolts, construction of reinforced concrete shearwalls, replacement of the housing roof/roadway deck with a pre-cast concrete slab-on-steel stringer deck system involving nighttime lane closures, and other structural modifications.
	goldengatebridge.org /projects/retrofit.php (2136 words)

	SEI Portfolio-Retrofit
		Seismic Retrofit of facility to upgrade it from a Stanford Class 4 facility to a Stanford Class 2 Facility.
		The seismic retrofit and remodel of a fire station that was originally built in the 1960's.
		The seismic retrofit and remodel of a fire station that was originally built in the 1950’s.
	www.structuralengineersinc.com /P-retrofit.htm (209 words)

	Seismic Rehabilitation: Retrofit & Historic Preservation
		Seismic retrofit and historic renovation of the main fire station originally constructed in 1939.
		Seismic upgrade and renovation of the historic city hall originally constructed in 1890 of unreinforced brick and heavy timbers.
		Seismic assessment and strengthening of four two-story concrete tilt-up buildings totaling 330,000 gsf, including the conversion of Building 29 to a corporate education and training center.
	www.dasse.com /Projects/seismic.html (726 words)

	The Seismic Retrofit of Historic Buildings - Oldhouseweb.com
		While some seismic upgrading work is more permanent than reversible, care must be taken to preserve historic materials to the greatest extent possible and for new work to have a minimal visual impact on the historic appearance of the building.
		The two goals of the seismic retrofit in historic buildings are life safety and the protection of older and historic buildings during and after an earthquake.
		Planned seismic retrofit work may add between $10 and $100 per square foot to the cost of rehabilitation work depending on the level of intervention, the condition of the building, and whether work will be undertaken while the building is occupied.
	www.oldhouseweb.com /stories/Detailed/10300.shtml (7614 words)

	Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Buildings \| Development Services
		As the owner of this existing URM building, you are still responsible and mandated to comply with the seismic retrofit regulation of the City of San Diego as stated in the URM Ordinance.
		All URM building owners, whether individually or collectively, are mandated to comply with the seismic retrofit regulations of the City of San Diego as stated in the URM Ordinance.
		All URM building owners are mandated to comply with the seismic retrofit regulations of the City of San Diego as stated in the URM Ordinance.
	www.sandiego.gov /development-services/industry/urmfaqs.shtml (3375 words)

	GGBSeismicStatusApr2006
		It must be noted, that as of April 2006, the seismic retrofit of the Golden Gate Bridge is far enough along that the Bridge no longer faces the potential for collapse but until the entire retrofit is completed, the risk of significant damage to the Main Suspension Bridge remains.
		The seismic retrofit measures applied to all Golden Gate Bridge structures (click here to view diagram of retrofit measures) consist of various methods of structural upgrades and include both the strengthening of structural components and the modification of structural response of the structures so they can better respond to strong motions without damage.
		Seismic retrofit measures for Phases 3A and 3B consist of strengthening foundations, installation of micropiles and rock bolts, construction of reinforced concrete shearwalls, replacement of the housing roof/roadway deck with a pre-cast concrete slab-on-steel stringer deck system involving nighttime lane closures, and other structural modifications.
	www.goldengate.org /news/bridge/GGBSeismicStatusApr2006.php (590 words)

	Preservation Brief 41: The Seismic Retrofit of Historic Buildings: Keeping Preservation in the Forefront
		Seismic work should be "reversible" to the greatest extent possible to allow removal for future use of improved systems and traditional repair of remaining historic materials.
		The two goals of the seismic retrofit in historic buildings are life safety and the protection of older and historic buildings during and after an earthquake.
		Planned seismic retrofit work may add between $10 and $100 per square foot to the cost of rehabilitation work depending on the level of intervention, the condition of the building, and whether work will be undertaken while the building is occupied.
	www.cr.nps.gov /hps/tps/briefs/brief41.htm (0 words)

	William J. Clinton Foundation "Remarks by President on Signing of Seismic Retrofit Legislation"
		This legislation expands the eligible uses of Federal bridge replacement and rehabilitation funds to include seismic retrofitting of highway bridges, regardless of whether the bridges are in need of other repairs or work.
		None of the bridges in the Los Angeles area that were seismically retrofitted failed or suffered major damage as a result of the earthquake.
		This seismic retrofitting legislation does not increase Federal expenditures but allows States the flexibility to determine their own bridge needs.
	www.clintonfoundation.org /legacy/031794-remarks-by-president-on-signing-of-seismic-retrofit-legislation.htm (383 words)

	Seismic Construction Association
		By performing the seismic retrofit, consisting of adding roof to wall anchors and continuity ties, connections are strengthened that have proven to be inadequate in older buildings.
		As a result of the added hardware installed during the seismic retrofit, the retrofit costs become equity in the building (increasing the property value), and the PML (Probable Maximum Loss) is lowered to less than 20%, fulfilling the requirements of most lenders.
		A seismic retrofit can be performed on numerous types of buildings (such as un-reinforced masonry, concrete masonry units, concrete tilt-ups, tuck under parking, etc).
	www.seismicinstitute.com /default.htm (853 words)

	American Welding Society - Welding Journal
		Seismic retrofit at the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge started in 1999 for an estimated cost of half a billion dollars, one of the largest contracts ever released by Caltrans.
		All structural steel is being fabricated to the requirements of AWS D1.1 and D1.5, with approximately 18,500 tons of steel to be used in the retrofit.
		During the retrofit design phase, A. Collins, welding consultant to the design team at Ben C. Gerwick, Inc., made recommendations for welded connections and specified the construction sequence for several critical welded connections.
	www.aws.org /wj/mar03/feature1.html (1670 words)

	Sheedy Co. - Crane and Rigging Services
		Seismic base isolation is a relatively new retrofitting technique that provides a structure flexibility to withstand the lateral forces during an earthquake.
		During a seismic event, the isolators absorb the impact thereby greatly reducing the seismic forces transmitted through the building.
		Specializing in seismic upgrades of existing contemporary and historical structures, Sheedy Drayage Co. has been instrumental on a number of key projects to include San Francisco’s City Hall, the largest structure in the world ever retrofitted with base isolators.
	www.sheedycrane.com /seismic_retrofit.html (386 words)

	House Bolting, Foundation Retrofit, and Cripple Wall Bracing by Seismic Safety Inc.
		The concept of a seismic retrofit is not really rocket science: Bolt the house to the foundation, add plywood to brace the walls, then use special hardware to connect those elements together.
		Assuming the foundation is serviceable, retrofitting a soft-story building can cost as little as $6,000 or as much as $30,000 sometimes more..
		Be warned of fraud, some contractors are marketing themselves as 'seismic retrofit' specialists and telling homeowners that they should pay for a variety of services that are very probably not needed.
	seismicsafety.com (865 words)

	Hard Decisions Before the Legislature: Toll Bridge Seismic Retrofit
		In order to fund the higher costs of the toll bridge seismic retrofit program, Chapters 327 and 328, Statutes of 1997 (SB 60 and SB 226 respectively, Kopp), authorized the expenditure of up to $2.6 billion on the retrofit of all toll bridges, of which $1.3 billion was for the east span of the Bay Bridge.
		One could argue that improving the bridges' seismic safety benefits primarily users of the bridges and, therefore, charging those drivers (in the form of a toll) is an appropriate means to pay for the retrofit work.
		Caltrans has sufficient funding to cover its other seismic retrofit costs through the end of 2005, and the amount of additional funding needed to pay for ongoing contracts through June 2006 would be a small fraction of the total additional funding the program needs.
	www.lao.ca.gov /2005/toll_bridge/toll_bridges_012405.htm (7138 words)

	Proposition 192 1996 Primary Election
		Retrofitting of Phase 1 bridges is generally complete; the work was funded by state gas taxes.
		The proposition specifies that expenditures for retrofitting these bridges, overpasses and interchanges be funded exclusively from the bonds; state gas taxes and toll revenues could not be used for this purpose.
		Evidence that retrofitting works can be seen in Southern California, where every bridge strengthened with state-of-the-art technology survived the 1994 quake intact, according to the California Chamber of Commerce, the director of the state Office of Emergency Services and a retired California Highway Patrol commissioner.
	www.calvoter.org /voter/elections/archive/96pri/props/192.html (671 words)


		The structural steel of the south approach viaduct and the Fort Point arch will be retrofitted with foundation strengthening, member strengthening and replacement, installation of seismic motion isolators and dampers, and linking of the separate spans so that they will move together during an earthquake.
		Retrofit measures have been designed to allow the structure be opened to emergency vehicles shortly following a major nearby earthquake and to be open to limited traffic within a few days.
		Bridge retrofit measures will fine tune the structures to reduce violent actions caused by the ground motions of an earthquake and strengthen the structures to reduce the damage caused by these actions.
	www.goldengate.org /news/bridge/archives/seismicretrofit.php (568 words)

	Chapter 4: Seismic Retrofit/Strengthening of Bridge Columns/Piers
		The retrofit of bridge columns/piers is conducted by one of two methods, the winding method and the sheet method.
		Seismic retrofit of viaduct piers in Osaka Prefecture
		Seismic retrofit of piers on a bypass road for a viaduct in Saitama Prefecture
	www.wtec.org /loyola/compce/04_04.htm (886 words)

	Seismic Retrofit Bracket braces trapeze installations., Cooper B-Line
		Highland, IL- Cooper B-Line introduces the B650 Seismic Retrofit Bracket, a state of California OSHPD approved bracket which allows installers to quickly and easily brace and support existing trapeze supports.
		Suitable for all trapeze supports and single pipe hangers, the B650 Seismic Retrofit Bracket can be installed in three easy steps (1, 2, 3) by installers who need to retrofit existing non-seismic applications which support electrical conduit, cable tray and mechanical piping systems.
		To retrofit an existing trapeze support, simply loosen the top of the hex nut, slide the bracket and key in place, and tighten it down.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/27774/1728 (570 words)

	Retrofit Solutions - Conrete Encased Steel Riveted Frames
		Their measured properties will then be incorporated in finite element models of complete structures, and these in turn used to predict the probable performance when subjected to earthquake.
		Seismic retrofit techniques for riveted connections: Discusses hysteretic behaviour of existing non-retrofitted connections and suggested retrofit measures for beam column connections such as welded haunch connections (either bottom or top haunch), welded haunch connections (only bottom haunch), slotted beam web, ductile knee-brace retrofit, selective welding retrofit, steel use-plates retrofit and combined approaches.
		Seismic retrofitting of steel structures: Discusses local versus global modifications to the structure including issues related to member behaviour, connection behaviour, frame behaviour, curvature ductility, rotation ductility, displacement ductility, failure mode, local buckling, and deformation.
	www.retrofitsolutions.org.nz /projects/seismic/steel/cesrf.shtml (301 words)

	Ghirardelli Associates: Projects - Seismic Retrofit
		The retrofit program included replacing the existing steel bearings with isolation bearings, adding a new tapered exterior concrete jacket to most of the piers and adding additional caissons with tie down anchors.
		The retrofit work involves strengthening all aspects of the substructure and superstructure of the bridge.
		The full length of the pile is pressure grouted and bonded to the existing foundation to provide tension and compression capacity during a seismic event.
	www.ghirardelliassoc.com /projects_exp_sr.html (583 words)

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