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Topic: Seismic risk

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	Earthquake Hazard and Risk, Earthquakes and other Geologic Hazards
		Risk, on the other hand, is the likelihood (chance) of harm if someone or something is exposed to a hazard, and generally quantified by three terms: likelihood (chance), a level of hazard (loss), and exposure (time).
		Seismic Hazard: Earthquakes of a certain magnitude or the phenomena generated by the earthquakes, such as surface rupture, ground motion, ground-motion amplification, liquefaction, and induced-landslides, that have potential to cause harm.
		Seismic risk depends not only on seismic hazard and exposure, however, but also on the models (i.e., time-independent [Poisson] and time-dependent ones) that could be used to describe the occurrences of earthquakes.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/geologichazards/risks.htm (1044 words)

	Seismic risk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Seismic risk takes the results of seismic hazard analysis, and calculates the 'follies of man'.
		A special subset is urban seismic risk which looks at the specific issues of cities.
		Seismic risk calculations are the foundation for risk mitigation decision-making, a key step in risk management.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seismic_risk (496 words)

	Seismic Risk Models (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		If seismicity is not well understood, or if the model or data used is incomplete, the uncertainty associated with the seismic hazard model outputs is exacerbated, and decisions made using the results are compromised.
		Seismic risk is lowest shortly after a major earthquake, and increases with time as elastic strain builds.
		Since the ability to directly measure seismic activity is relatively recent, it is assumed that qualitative descriptions of historic events are sufficiently accurate to enable the event to be consistently converted to a value of MMI.
	www.utoronto.ca.cob-web.org:8888 /env/nh/pt4ch6-4.htm (4208 words)

	Seismic I.Q. - How to Get your House's Seismic I.Q.
		The Seismic I.Q. service is based on a standard widely-adopted in the real estate industry to evaluate the physical damage risk to a structure from seismic activity.
		Seismic I.Q. is a division of ACRESWorld, Inc., an architectural and engineering firm founded in January 2000 by experienced professionals with advanced degrees in engineering and architecture.
		Seismic I.Q. is not affiliated with insurance firms or seismic retrofitting contractors and they safeguard the confidentiality of your assessments.
	www.seismiciq.com (643 words)

	GeoFact No. 03, Earthquakes & Seismic Risk in Ohio
		Seismic risk in Ohio, and the eastern United States in general, is difficult to evaluate because earthquakes are generally infrequent in comparison to plate-margin areas such as California.
		Earthquake risk in the eastern United States is further compounded by the fact that seismic waves tend to travel for very long distances.
		Ground motion from seismic waves tends to be magnified by unconsolidated sediments such as thick deposits of clay or sand and gravel.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /geosurvey/geo_fact/geo_f03.htm (1227 words)

	DRM - Incremental Integrated Seismic Rehabilitation
		Integration of seismic rehabilitation into the normal cycle of building operation and maintenance significantly reduces the cost of work specifically assigned to seismic rehabilitation because in many maintenance procedures scaffolding and other construction equipment are in place, work surfaces are exposed, and use interruptions are accommodated.
		Incremental phasing of seismic rehabilitation significantly reduces the obstacle of initial cost and allows for the accomplishment of improved seismic safety over a period in which it may be accommodated in maintenance budgets or as an increment of normal capital improvement.
		This is because the seismic risk is probabilistic over time, as a function of earthquake recurrence periods, and so are the benefits of the reduction of this risk.
	www.drmonline.net /projects/rehabilitation.htm (783 words)

	[No title]
		Risk and Insurance Management: Internally, the owner organizationÕs risk and insurance management may have a direct or indirect role in the budget phase of the process, regarding the decisions related to insurance.
		Seismic Consideration In areas of seismic hazard, the risks of building loss or damage, occupant death or injury, and retail building owner liability must all be assessed.
		Seismic Consideration Even though seismic rehabilitation is clearly a risk reduction activity, there is no evidence that any building owner has improved its bond rating as the result of undertaking seismic mitigation activities of any kind.
	www.fema.gov /txt/plan/prevent/rms/399/fema399_apndx.txt (2221 words)

	Seismic Risk Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The objective of this section is to explain seismic risk modelling in greater depth, for the purposes of model examination and assessment of model output.
		As risk analyses are performed, it will become increasingly imperative that those individuals responsible for risk management of the exposures understand the methods and models used, and the meaning of the results produced.
		Seismic shaking, however, will be the only portion of the model reviewed and evaluated in depth since it is responsible for most of the damage associated with an earthquake.
	www.utoronto.ca /env/nh/pt4ch6-1.htm (1226 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The remaining buildings are considered to be a higher seismic risk and we complete an RVS inspection on each of these buildings.
		Risk identification activities should be completed for all non-exempt buildings in all seismic zones by FY2001.
		Although a formal policy is pending, all seismic risk mitigation costs, such as rehabilitation designs and construction, are considered reimbursable in accordance with the original funding authority used to construct the building.
	www.usbr.gov /ssle/seismicsafety/bulleti1.htm (481 words)

	Seismic Risk Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Some seismic risk models have been developed to aid the insurance industry with risk management via the estimation of the probable maximum loss.
		The seismic hazard module uses the location and magnitude of an earthquake, specified in step 1, to estimate the probability of seismic hazard for either individual sites, or the insurance portfolio as a whole.
		Seismic risk modelling is to be used as a diagnostic
	www.utoronto.ca /env/nh/pt4ch6-2.htm (925 words)

	Specialists Meeting on the Seismic Probabilistic Safety Assessment of Nuclear Facilities
		Seismic PSA results have enabled both plant managerial personnel and regulators to concentrate their efforts and resources where it matters most, and in the process to improve safety significantly - often at low cost.
		The NEA sponsored a workshop on seismic risk in Tokyo in August 1999 to discuss seismic PSA and SMA methodologies for nuclear installations.
		A major new development is the publication, under the auspices of the American Nuclear Society, of a methodology standard for seismic PSA and SMA [4].
	www.nea.fr /html/nsd/workshops/seismicrisk (804 words)

	Seismic Risk
		It includes the study of pre-earthquake thermal anomalies using the images of the IR satellite (Ouzounov, 2004), observation of behavior of the surface latent heat flux data (Singh and Ouzounov, 2004), measurements of ionospheric precursors of earthquakes (Serebryakova et al., 1992, Liu et al., 2000).
		Relationship between earthquakes and the geological structure of the area of earthquake due to the study of lineaments was studied by a number of authors.
		Stich et al., (2001) obtained from the analysis of 721 earthquakes with magnitude between 1.5 and 5.0 mb that the epicenters draw well-defined lineaments and show two dominant strike directions N120-130ºE and N60-70ºE, which are coincident with known fault system in the area and with the source parameters of three of the largest events.
	www.geofisica.cl /papers/alonso2/Seismic_Risk.htm (2787 words)

	Protecting Critical Computing Assets - Seismic Risk
		Risk can be defined Probability X Cost, where cost is defined as business interruption, loss of assets, loss of business revenue, loss of customers and employment.
		If the cost of business interruption is high and the probability of an earthquake is high, such as in the Seattle area, then the risk to your computing assets is also high and pro-active preventive steps can be taken to minimize the risk in preparation for the next seismic event.
		Washington is the nation’s second-most vulnerable state to costly damage from earthquakes, and Seattle is among 25 cities considered most at risk according to a Seattle PI article dated September 20, 2000.
	www.worksafetech.com /Seismic_Risk/Seismic_Risk_Def.asp (272 words)

	Seismic Risk in Northern Pakistan and the KILLER Earthquake of 8th October 2005
		Seismic Risk in Northern Pakistan and the KILLER Earthquake of 8th October 2005
		Seismic Risk in Northern Pakistan and the KILLER Earthquake of 8
		The death and destruction in Muzaffarabad, Hazara, Kohistan, NWFP, Islamabad, AJK and disputed Kashmir areas is a geological reckoner of the seismically active, tectonically unstable region of northern Pakistan where the Indo-Pak and Eurasian convergent Plates characterized by the continent-continent collision, obduction and thrusting is alive.
	www.gsp.gov.pk /eathquake.htm (527 words)

	BGHR Seismic Risk Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The range of impacts and earthquake phenomena are of concern to a variety of professions including the insurer, the builder and earthquake engineer and the teams that plan the efficient use of urban land to mitigate against the worst effects of earthquake ground shaking.
		Seismic hazards can be low and rare or high and relatively frequent, the consequences usually being losses to buildings and infrastructure, insured or otherwise, and fatalities.
		Estimation of risk and expected losses in future scenario earthquakes requires knowledge of building stock in an urban area and building vulnerability to earthquake ground shaking, again a vital area of study.
	www.uea.ac.uk /env/srg (476 words)

	ASSESSMENT OF THE URBAN SEISMIC RISK
		Seismic Intensity Map has been drawn on the map based on the field observations and preliminary damage evaluation prepared by General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, Ministry of Public and Settlement.
		Especially the increase in the seismic activity after the main shock around the Gemlik region indicate that the failure stress may have migrated towards west along the southern strand of the North Anatolian Fault Zone.
		Previous seismic and GPS studies show a fatal earthquake risk in the Marmara region and these results are supported by the annual distiribution of the maximum shear stresses derived from GPS deformation rates.
	www.neu.edu.tr /earthquake/1.htm (5550 words)

	DEVINE - Seismic Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Seismic hazard is a description of the probability that an earthquake of a given size will take place in a given time.
		Seismic risk is a description of the risk linked to the possibility that an earthquake occurs, and the foreseen consequences of such an event.
		This may involve a description of the risk to the population (displacement, injuries or deaths) as well as risk to structures (estimates of the capacity of buildings to withstand shaking).
	www.acri.fr /devine/seis/indexe.html (147 words)

	American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
		Purpose: The Seismic Risk Committee is charged with developing procedures for seismic risk analysis, including risk from geological hazards, which can be used to formulate sound design criteria.
		In conjunction with the risk and vulnerability committee of the Council on Disaster Reduction (CDR), the seismic risk committee has currently completed an ASCE monograph on Acceptable Risk Processes: Lifelines and Natural Hazards.
		Those members who have not already committed to drafting papers for the acceptable risk monograph may be asked to serve as reviewers for papers planned for this monograph.
	www.asce.org /inside/tclee_seisrisk.cfm (185 words)

	Pacific Environment : Seismic Risk and the On-shore Pipeline Portion of Sakhalin Energy Investment Company's ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The report documents that Sakhalin II seismic examinations present incomplete, inaccurate and contradictory information, understates seismic risks, fail to provide documentation of site-specific risks at individual fault crossings, and base their findings on hazards to people, but not to the environment.
		Risks to the Environment: Shell et.al propose to bury or trench on-shore oil and gas pipelines across 800 kilometers of Sakhalin's length.
		Much of this territory is highly active seismically, as indicated by the fact that the pipelines will cross active faults at 22 locations (in contrast, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline only crosses 3 active earthquake faults).
	www.pacificenvironment.org /article.php?id=210 (808 words)

	Seismic risk evaluation probable maximum loss (PML) report by EBI Consulting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The probable maximum loss value is not intended to be a guarantee of how the property will perform in a seismic occurrence; rather, it is a statistical review that is intended to suggest how the property will be affected by a probable seismic event.
		EBI Consulting represents that the estimate of seismic performance for these buildings is based on a limited review of the property condition, and on a large measure of engineering judgment that is incorporated into the St-Risk program.
		Learn more about EBI Consulting’s seismic risk evaluation services by calling 781.273.2500 or emailing info@ebiconsulting.com. You can also request a proposal online.
	www.ebiconsulting.com /real-estate/seismic-risk-evaluation-pml.aspx (376 words)

	PRISMA - Publications - Seismic Risk in the Greater Metropolitan Region of San Salvador (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Seismic Risk in the Greater Metropolitan Region of San Salvador
		The fourth chapter considers the mitigation of seismic risk in El Salvador and in the MRSS by controlling vulnerability, principally through the regulation of seismic design.
		In the fifth chapter, mitigation of seismic risk by means of land use planning that takes into account the geotectonic threats introduced in the third chapter.
	www.prisma.org.sv /pubs/riesgo_e.htm (241 words)

	Caltech Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory Technical Reports - Impact of Seismic Risk on Lifetime Property ...
		It is also found that the majority of the economic seismic risk results from shaking of S[subscript a] < 0.3g, i.e., shaking with return periods on the order of 50 to 100 yr that cause primarily architectural damage, rather than from the strong, rare events of which common probable maximum loss (PML) measurements are indicative.
		Probable maximum loss (PML) is the only earthquake risk parameter these investors consider, and they typically do not use seismic risk at all in their financial analysis of an investment opportunity.
		However, in cases where seismic risk is high enough to significantly reduce return, a private investor expressed the desire to account for seismic risk via expected annualized loss (EAL) if it were inexpensive to do so, i.e., if the cost of calculating the EAL were not substantially greater than that of PML alone.
	caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu /342 (999 words)

	KARMA2GO - Structural Engineering Software, Seismic Retrofit Risk Analysis
		Comprehensive risk analyses and fatigue analyses can be performed including all nonlinear effects.
		Seismic, wave, wind retrofit of steel, reinforced concrete, wood, masonry, tilt-up structures is one such application.
		Seismic evaluation of existing and new structures such as bridges, buildings, public facilities, stadiums, airport facilities, hangers, runways, mission critical manufacturing facilities, etc. Nonlinear dynamic analyses of cable systems, moored systems, suspended systems.
	www.karma2go.com (751 words)

	Risk Engineering-Company Background
		Dr. Toro's area of expertise is the application of probabilistic and statistical methods, combined with models based on engineering and on the physics of natural phenomena, to the analysis of natural hazards and their effects on structures.
		Dr. Toro has 20 years of experience in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, in the estimation of earthquake ground motions, and in other aspects of earthquake engineering.
		At Risk Engineering John is responsible for developing and implementing the most current seismicity interpretations into our software, including fault sources, area sources, and local site conditions.
	www.riskeng.com /CompanyHTML/company_key.html (356 words)

	Extreme Loads & Structural Risk, Seismic Services
		Information generated from a risk assessment is used by our engineers to assist clients in developing long-term risk reduction strategies.
		For the buildings found to be structurally deficient for seismic forces, conceptual details along with corresponding opinions of costs were developed to remedy the deficiencies.
		The seismic evaluations of GSA structures are based on the most current federal standards for the seismic evaluation and retrofit of existing buildings.
	www.absconsulting.com /svc_xtremeSeismic.html (403 words)

	LIFE SAFETY
		The purpose of the screening is to identify buildings in the Army inventory that may present a life safety risk to the occupants in the event of an earthquake.
		Seismic evaluations will be conducted if buildings are being altered or improved for reasons other than seismic risk mitigation.
		Guidance for the seismic evaluation of existing structures is given in TM 5-809-10-2.
	www.hqda.army.mil /acsimweb/fd/pages/SEISMIC.HTM (427 words)

	MAHSC - Seismic Risk Analysis of Highway-Roadway Systems with Application to Memphis Tennessee
		A major task under this project is to develop an advanced procedure for seismic risk analysis (SRA) of highway-roadway systems.
		The heart of the SRA procedure is a GIS data base comprised of four modules that contain the data and models needed to fully characterize the system, hazards, component vulnerabilities, and economic impacts of system damage.
		Current practice in the United States for prioritizing bridges and other components for seismic retrofit and for establishing their seismic design and retrofit criteria does not consider the importance of the component to post-earthquake traffic flows within the highway-roadway system.
	www.fhwa.dot.gov /seismic/2-5-a.htm (325 words)

	NEDIES - Natural and Environmental Disaster Information Exchange System
		Large earthquake faulting and implications for the seismic hazard assessment in Europe: the izmit-duzce earthquake sequence of August-November 1999 (Turkey, mw 7.4, 7.1)
		Seismic risk assessment and mitigation of hospital facility networks
		Monuments under seismic action: a contribution to the understanding of structural behaviour and to the improvement of restoration techniques
	nedies.jrc.it /index.asp?ID=122 (608 words)

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