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Topic: Seldjuk Empire

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Kilij Arslan I

Anatolian beyliks

Alp Arslan

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Oghuz Turks

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Mustafa Kemal Pasha

First Crusade

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Merv

Bishop of Brandenburg

1037

	Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of Greater Khorasan when the caliph Al-Ma'mun moved his capital to Merv.
		In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into Afghanistan.
		The empire broke down in the second half of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when Genghis Khan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Turkmenistan (1080 words)

	Seljuk Turks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		When Malik Shah died in 1092 the empire split, as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves.
		As the dynasty declined in the middle of the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Anatolia in the 1260s and divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks, which in turn were later conquered by the Ottomans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seljuk_Turks (457 words)

	Seldjuk Empire. Who is Seldjuk Empire? What is Seldjuk Empire? Where is Seldjuk Empire? Definition of Seldjuk Empire. ...
		The Seljuk Empire's lands covered approximately today's Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Turkey, all of the Middle East and a part of the Arabian peninsula.
		They and their descendants (i.e., the Ottoman Empire) played a major role in medieval times by setting a barrier against the Mongol onslaught, defending the Islamic world against Crusaders and bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire.
		The fact that they embraced Sunni Islam and defended it with an irresistible power is one of the reasons why this branch is the major and most populous division of Islam.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Seldjuk_Empire (320 words)

	Byzantine Empire [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Emperor Romanus IV is defeated by the Seljuk TurksThe Seljuk Turks (Turkish: Selçuk; Arabic: سلجوق; Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Caesar Augustus.
		The Middle Ages of Western Europe are commonly dated from the end of the Western Roman Empire (5th century) until the rise of national monarchies, of European overseas exploration, the discovery and diffusion of printing, and the humanist revival of the Renaissance in the 15th century i...
	www.wikimirror.com /Byzantine_Empire (3094 words)

	History of Turkmenistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Tribes of horse-breeding Turkmen drifted into the territory of Turkmenistan from ancient times, possibly from the Altay Mountains, and grazed along the outskirts of the Karakum desert into Persia, Syria, and Anatolia.
		From the 16th century on, with the decline of the Timurids, Turkmen raiders on horseback preyed on passing caravans, pillaging and taking prisoners for the slave trade.
		Russia sent forces to Turkmenistan under General Skobelev, and in 1881 fighting climaxed with the massacre of 7,000 Turkmen at the desert fortress of Geok Depe, near modern Ashgabat; another 8,000 were killed trying to flee across the desert.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan (714 words)

	[No title]
		Remember that you as Seldjuks are not a united team; in fact you are (as your personal briefs will make clear) a collection of individuals struggling for individual power in the loose confederation of the Seldjuks, so read this paper and your individual briefs very carefully.
		The Fatimids Unlike the Seldjuk Turks, the Fatimids have a largely mercenary army, recruited from Arabs, Berbers, Sudanese, and with a high proportion of infantry.
		The elite of the army is the Caliph's bodyguard, comprising the Mameluk mounted regiments, and the Sudanese guard of archers and foot soldiers.
	www.megagame-makers.org.uk /download/gwi-sel.txt (3136 words)

	[No title]
		The Oguz had first formed the Göktürk Empire in the 6th century; after the expansion of Islam among the Turks, but among the Turks the Oguz came to be called the Turkmens.
		The brightest period of the Ottoman State was during the reign of Sultan Süleyman (1520-1555) when the boundaries of the Empire spread from the outskirts of Vienna to the Persian Gulf and from the Crimea to an expanded north Africa as far as Ethiopia.
		The Ottoman Empire continued to acquire territory until the middle of the 17th century.
	www.interomega.com /turco.htm (3230 words)

	Cappadocia : About Cappadocia : The Seldjuk Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Seldjuk Turks who lost their first capital İznik (Nicea) during one of the crusades, moved their capital to Konya (Ikonium) in central Anatolia.
		Tha Seldjuk empire was the first state founded by Turks on Anatolian soil.
		The Seldjuk Turks who established commercial relations with other Islamic countries and conquered Sinop (1204) at the Black Sea coast and Attalia (1207) at the Meditteranean, sought to expand the volume of trade and to guarantee the security and comfort of the travellers.
	www.goreme.net /ing/aboutcappadocia/the-seldjuk.htm (374 words)

	[No title]
		It is in both your interests to reduce the power of the Seldjuks and restore the old status quo, whereby the two great powers of the Eastern Mediterranean - yourselves and the Greeks - live in peace and tolerance, each with your own sphere of influence.
		The Fatimid Army Unlike the Seldjuk Turks, the Fatimids have a largely mercenary army, recruited from Arabs, Berbers, Sudanese, and with a high proportion of infantry.
		The elite of the army is the Caliph's Guard, composed of mounted Mameluk regiments and Sudanese archers and foot soldiers.
	www.megagame-makers.org.uk /download/gwi-fat.txt (2487 words)

	History of Turkmenistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In the middle of the 11th century, the powerful Turks of the Seldjuk Empire concentrated their strength in the territory of Turkmenistan inan attempt to expand into Afghanistan.
		The empire broke down in the secondhalf of the 12th century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when GenghisKhan took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west.For the next 7 centuries the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant intertribal wars amongstthemselves.
		Russia sent forces to Turkmenistan, and in 1881 fighting climaxed with the massacre of 7,000 Turkmen at thedesert fortress of Geok Depe, near modern Ashgabat; another 8,000 were killedtrying to flee across the desert.
	www.therfcc.org /history-of-turkmenistan-116741.html (388 words)

	Revue Renaissance Traditionnelle \| The double-headed Eagle, iconographic sources of the Masonic symbol, by Pierre ...
		In the late eleventh century, the Seldjuks of Anatolia separated from the Grand Seldjuks of Iran to create the Seldjuk Empire known as Rum, as it was situated on Byzantine territory.
		The double-headed eagle flourished under the reign of the greatest Seldjuk sultan of Konya, Alaeddin Keykübad (1219-1236) and that of his son and successor, Keyhusrem II (1236-1246).
		The lecterns in the orthodox churches adorned with this emblem are similar to the Koran stands of the Seldjuks.
	www.renaissance-traditionnelle.org /Articles/double-headed-eagle.htm (2652 words)

	Seljuk Turks
		The Seljuk Turks (Arabic: سلجوق; Saljūq, السلاجقة al-Salājiqa; Persian: سلجوقيان Saljūqiyān; Turkish: Selçuk; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that occupied parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		The Seljuk Turks and their descendants, the Ottoman Turks, played a major role in medieval history by creating a barrier to Europe against the Mongol invaders from the East, defending the Islamic world against Crusaders from the West, and conquering the Byzantine Empire.
		Under Alp Arslan's successor Malik Shah I and his vizier Nizam al-Mulk the Seljuk state expanded in various directions so that it bordered China in the East and the Byzantine Empire in the West.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/se/seljuk_turks.html (630 words)

	Dragonlance Nexus: Seldjuk - Lexicon
		The northern and western part of the land was mountainous mixed with forest lands, and Seldjuk's coastline has very hilly shores.
		During the Annexation War of 196-190 PC, Seldjuk was invaded by the Holy Empire of Istar and surrendered to Kingpriest Ardosean II in 195 PC.
		Seldjuk became a province of the Holy Empire of Istar from then until the Cataclysm.
	www.dl3e.com /lexicon/13104.aspx (202 words)

	The Glorious Empire
		The western provinces of the empire are similar to parts of Solamnia, the inhabitants being settlers from the far eastern realms of that nation.
		The peace inside the empire was shattered by the wars between rival Kingpriests and by the heathen wars in the last decades before the Cataclysm.
		The roads of the empire were renowned for their durability and breadth, so large they were that entire caravans could pass each other on bridges and in passes with enough room for horsemen to pass between them.
	www3.sympatico.ca /john.grubber/Istar.htm (23233 words)

	[No title]
		It is your sacred duty to maintain the Empire's power and authority, to defend and rebuild the last glories of the great Roman Empire.
		Family dispute among the Seldjuk ruling family after the death of Suleiman ibn-Kutulmush left Alexius in his element, plotting with one chieftain against another, playing on their mutual jealousies, offering each in turn bribes and even hints of marriage alliances.
		The Fatimid Caliphate is no real threat to the Empire as long as it remains limited in its own ambitions to the South, and provided that they do not start to develop as a naval power to rival the Empire.
	www.megagame-makers.org.uk /download/gwi-byz.txt (5470 words)

	Aral Sea - General Information History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In 1920 Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic and in 1936 - the union republic in the structure of the USSR.
		After the downfall of the Seldjuk empire (the end of the 12th century) the Turkmen had no their centralised state system till 1924.
		In the second half of the 19th century the territory of Central Asia was captured by the tsarist Russia, which conducted the colonial policy.
	www.grida.no /aral/aralsea/english/general/history.htm (2106 words)

	islamic warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Society during the time of the Seldjuk Turks was divided into something along feudal lines when one is discussing the art of warfare during the crusades.
		Depending on the status of the individual they could be bound to take a contingent of their own soldiers when called upon for this military service.
		Individual sultan's inability to enforce loyalty within the obligations of the iqta' caused political weakness in the Seldjuk empire.
	www.umich.edu /~marcons/Crusades/topics/war/islamic_warfare.html (802 words)

	Ayan: The ultimate Travel Agent for Turkmenistan and Central Asia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Its upsurge took place in XI-XII centuries, at the time of the Great Seldjuks.
		The Seldjuk's Empire stretched from the Lower Amu-Darya to the Mediterranean sea.
		Under Seldjuks Merv occupied 640 hectares and was one of the most developed cities of its time.
	www.ayan-travel.com /tm_rg_mr_mv.html (663 words)

	[Resistanceen] RESISTANCE No. 36 - March 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Seldjuks overran the Kurdish states, defeated the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071 and established a provincial capital at Iznik not far from the still independent Constantinople.
		The crusades and the Mongol invasion in 1220 broke-up the Seldjuk empire in several Turk kingdoms one of which (Osman) was destined to conquer Constantinople in 1453 and become the Ottoman empire.
		Their expanding empire butted into the Ottoman empire in the Zagros mountains where the small Kurdish principalities that had managed to survive were devastated both by the Turkic Ottomans and the Persian Safavids.
	listas.ecuanex.net.ec /pipermail/resistanceen/2003-March/000001.html (9203 words)

	chronological 1189 - 1199
		Henry (later Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire) squashes a rebellion of nobles led by Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony.
		• Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire is crowned.
		Henry VI of the Holy Roman Empire dies.
	www.allcrusades.com /CHRONOLOGICAL/chrono-1189-1199.html (1723 words)

	History of Turkmenistan -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The territory of (A republic in Asia east of the Caspian Sea and south of Kazakhstan and north of Iran; an Asian soviet from 1925 to 1991) Turkmenistan has been populated since ancient times, as armies from one empire to another decamped on their way to more prosperous territories.
		From the (Click link for more info and facts about 16th century) 16th century on, Turkmen raiders on horseback preyed on passing caravans, pillaging and taking prisoners for the slave trade.
		After kidnapping Russians from the expanding (Click link for more info and facts about Tsarist Empire) Tsarist Empire, the Turkmen fell into trouble.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/H/Hi/History_of_Turkmenistan.htm (330 words)

	The Secret of the Hittites : The Discovery of an Ancient Empire: 紀伊國屋書店BookWeb
		The struggle with Egypt under Ramses II for control of Syria led to one of greatest battles of the ancient world at Kadesh in 1299 BC.
		The fall of the Hittite Empire in 1193 BC was sudden - perhaps because of large scale migration - and historical records were scarce.
		Sayce Guesses the Existence of a Hittite Empire The Bible and New Research 22 (24) Abraham and the Children of Heth.
	bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp /guest/cgi-bin/booksea.cgi?ISBN=1842122959 (552 words)

	Encyclopedia: Saladin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Nur ad-din Abu al-Qasim Mahmud Ibn Imad ad-Din Zangi (also Nur ed-Din, Nur al-Din, Nour el-Din or Nureddin) (1118 - May 15, 1174) was a member of the Zengid dynasty, and ruled Syria from 1146 to 1174.
		The Seljuk Turks (Turkish: SelÃ§uk; Arabic: Ø³Ù„Ø¬ÙˆÙ‚; SaljÅ«q, Ø§Ù„Ø³Ù„Ø§Ø¬Ù‚Ø© al-SalÄjiqa; Persian: Ø³Ù„Ø¬ÙˆÙ‚ÙŠØ§Ù† SaljÅ«qiyÄn; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		Asad al-Din Shirkuh bin Shadhi (died 1169) was an important Muslim military commander, and uncle of Saladin.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Saladin (4388 words)

	Know your history: The Crusades - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Fatimid Egypt and the Roman-Byzantine Empire were allies against the Sunni Abbasid Seldjuk Empire ruled from Bagdad.
		Now, when the First Crusade crossed the river, south of Antioch, that was the agreed boundery between the Roman-Byzantine Empire and Fatimid Egypt, Alexius send a message to Cairo apologizing that he could not control "his" troups.
		When the Crusaders destroyed Seldjuk power in Anatolia and Syria, the Fatimids had used the weakness of the Sunni enemy to retake Jerusalem.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?p=1902273#post1902273 (1798 words)

	The Hundredth Anniversary of Vladimir Bartol, the Author of Alamut
		Hassan Ibn Saba, known as the "old man of the mountain", is a demonic and charismatic leader of Assassins, a Persian sect of Ismailis.
		Shortly thereafter, he sends his kamikaze warriors off, drunk with ideology, to assassinate and massacre for the greater glory of their master.
		In less than a year's time, the Seldjuk Empire is shattered into pieces.
	www.uvi.si /eng/slovenia/background-information/vladimir-bartol (1385 words)

	info: SELJUKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Saljuqiyan; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		In 1194 Togrül was defeated by Ala ad-Din Tekish, the Shah of Khwarezm, and the Seljuk finally collapsed.
		Abbasid Caliphs - Part of a longer article on the history of Islam; outlines the Abbasid caliphate, independent and alongside other dynasties, then under the protection of the Seljuks until the death of Abdullah al-Musta'sim and the start of the Khanid dynasty..
	www.info-masonry.com /Seljuks (694 words)

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