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	The Seleucid period (
		Mesopotamia is scarcely mentioned in the Greek sources relating to the Seleucids, because the Seleucid rulers were occupied with Greece and Anatolia and with wars with the Ptolemies of Egypt in Palestine and Syria.
		Seleucid rule brought changes to Mesopotamia, especially in the cities where Greeks and Macedonians were settled.
		Since Greece was overpopulated at the beginning of Seleucid rule, it was not difficult to persuade colonists to come to the east, especially when they were given plots of land (cleroii) from royal domains that they could pass on to their descendants; if they had no descendants, the land would revert to the king.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/seleucid.html (1967 words)

	Epochs and Eras
		The other group is formed by eras with a more religious background which mainly begin to count the years from the creation or the beginning of the world.
		Even after the end of the Seleucid empire, in the Jewish calendar the years were counted using the Seleucid era.
		This Era (the Capitolinian Era) begins with the year 752 BCE and was used in lists of consuls, which began their terms on 15 March, the civil year beginning on 1 January already.
	www.ortelius.de /kalender/era_en.php (1664 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This Era of Incarnation was dominant in the East during the early centuries of the Byzantine Empire, and is still used today in Ethiopia, accounting for the 8 or 7-year discrepancy between the Gregorian and the Ethiopian calendar.
		The Era of Martyrs, which numbered years from the accession of Diocletian in 284, who launched the last yet most severe persecution of Christians, prevailed in the East and is still used officially by the Coptic and used to be used by the Ethiopian church.
		This era was abolished with the fall of fascism in Italy on July 25, 1943.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Anno_Domini (2650 words)

	Ethics of the Hellenistic Era by Sanderson Beck
		The Seleucid kingdom dated its beginning from 312 BC when Seleucus I Nicator seized Babylon in his own name; but his empire was not really established until Antigonus I was defeated at Ipsus in 301 BC, and Asia Minor was not included until Lysimachus was eliminated in Lydia in 281 BC.
		The Seleucid army then defeated the Egyptians at Panium in 200 BC, and five years later Ptolemy V surrendered his Asian holdings in a treaty and accepted Antiochus' daughter Cleopatra I as a bride.
		Unhappy with the settlement, the Aetolians allied with Nabis in Sparta and invited Seleucid Antiochus III to liberate Greece.
	www.san.beck.org /EC23-Hellenistic.html (20398 words)

	Calendars
		The dates, both year and month, appear to be based on the Seleucid Era calendar, which is generally believed to have used the Macedonian system (October start), not the Babylonian system (April start).
		If the Seleucid year is 312 or less, subtract it from 313 to get the date B.C. This will give the year beginning in October.
		If the Seleucid year is 313 or more, subtract 312 from it to get the date A.D. This will give the year beginning in October.
	www.parthia.com /parthia_calendar.htm (885 words)

	Arsacid Chronology in Traditional History - (CAIS) ©
		Throughout this period, the Arsacid era (q.v.) and the Seleucid era which preceded it by 64 years, were both in use, and so it would have been easy to recall that the Ctesiphon accession of Ardeshir I occurred in the 538th year of the Seleucid era and in the 474th year of the Arsacid era.
		The last category is of non-Iranian origin, as Tabari specifies, being clearly based on Syrian sources using the Seleucid era: Alexander was usually claimed as the initiator of the Seleucid era (hence the era of Alexander), and was assigned a reign of 14 years (Shahbazi, op.
		This Zoroastrianization of the Arsacid era must have been the work of the Parthian families who resented the Sasanian re-interpretation of the Seleucid era as the "era of Zoroaster," so they countered claiming that their era had been initiated by Zoroaster.
	www.cais-soas.com /CAIS/History/ashkanian/arsacid_chronology.htm (676 words)

	Seleucid era - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Seleucid era was a system of numbering years in use by the Seleucid Empire and other countries among the ancient Hellenistic civilizations.
		The era dates from the return of Seleucus I Nicator to Babylon in 312 BC after his exile in Egypt, considered by Seleucus and his court to mark the foundation of the Seleucid Empire.
		In this system year 1 of the Seleucid era corresponds to the period from autumn 312 BC to summer 311 BC.
	seleucidera.quickseek.com (276 words)

	The Iran National Museum
		The pre-historic era, which covers the longest period of human life, is immensely important, as it forms the basis for all developments that took place in societies in different historical eras.
		The Achaemaenian period is one of the golden eras in Iranian history from the viewpoint of culture, economics, politics and social affairs.
		Main developments of the era included the replacement of Greek language and writing with Arsacide Pahlavi; revival of Achaemaenian systems in government administration; revitalisation of ancient Iranian religions and beliefs, particularly compilations of the Avesta, the religious book of Zoroastrians; and, the gradual restoration of genuine and traditional vernacular Iranian elements.
	www.iccim.org /english/Magazine/iran_commerce/no1_1999/14.htm (2615 words)

	Qwika - similar:Parthia
		The date ΓΟΡ is the year 173 of the Seleucid era, corresponding to 140–139 BC.
		The Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem.
		Coin of Osroes I. The date ΗΚΥ is year 428 of the Seleucid era, corresponding to 116–117.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Parthia (1079 words)

	Iranian calendar Information
		Their era became known as that of Alexander, or later the Seleucid era.
		The Zoroastrian priests, however, misinterpreted this date to be the time the "true faith" was revealed to their prophet, and since Avestan literature indicates that revelation happened when Zoroaster was thirty years old, the date of 568 BCE was taken to be his birthday.
		During early Pahlavi era, in 1925, the lunar calendar was officially replaced by the modern Iranian calendar.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Iranian_calendar (2350 words)

	When was Tisha BeAv? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The reference here is to the epochal year of the Seleucid Era, the era usually called the years of the Greeks or the minyan lishtarot "documents era" in Jewish literature.
		The Talmud refers to several eras in general use, those of the Greeks and Persians, those of various kings, and the practice of the sages to refer to the years since the Destruction of the Second Temple.
		The Era we use today solves a calendrical problem of determining a cycle for adding the second Adar needed to keep the lunar months properly in line with the seasons, and may reflect the calibration of the Sabbatical years which became authoritative under the Geonim.
	www.du.edu /~sward/tishabeav.html (1893 words)

	Experts prepare to uncover mysteries of Seleucid era Laodicea Temple
		In 1943, archaeologists discovered an 85x36 centimeter ancient inscription of 30 lines written in Greek calling on the people of Nahavand to obey the laws of the government.
		The inscription indicated the existence of the Laodicea Temple, which had been built by the Seleucid king who ruled Asia Minor, Antiochus III the Great (223-187 BC), for his wife Queen Laodicea.
		A number of capitals and bases of the temple’s columns excavated over the years are currently being used as decorations in Nahavand’s Hajian Bazaar and several other parts of the city.
	www.mehrnews.ir /en/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=300220 (365 words)

	Zoroastrian Calendar - Crystalinks
		Following Alexander's conquest of Persia in 330 BCE, the Seleucids (312-248 BCE) instituted the Hellenic practice of dating by era, as opposed to dating by the reign of individual kings, and began the era of Alexander (now referred to as the Seleucid era).
		This practice was not considered acceptable to the Zoroastrian priests, who consequently founded a new era, the era of Zoroaster - which incidentally led to the first serious attempt to establish a historical date for the prophet.
		The Parthians (150 BCE-224 CE), who succeeded the Seleucids, continued the Seleucid/Hellenic tradition, and it was not until the calendar reform of Ardashir I that dating by regnal year was reinstituted.
	www.crystalinks.com /calendarszoroaster.html (1463 words)

	Iran travel agency Iran hotel Iran visa Iran tour Iran ticket iran map Iran tour operator Iran SheedeeTravel
		The Achaemenian period is one of the golden eras in Iranian history from the viewpoint of culture, economics, politics and social affairs.
		Main developments of the era included the replacement of Greek language and writing with Arsacide Pahlavi; revival of Achaemenian systems in government administration; revitalization of ancient Iranian religions and beliefs, particularly compilations of the Avesta, the religious book of Zoroastrians; and, the gradual restoration of genuine and traditional vernacular Iranian elements.
		Compared to the Achaemenian era, Parthian potters employed remarkable techniques, particularly in the construction of the baking furnace and the application of glaze on their vessels.
	www.persevoyages.com /iran.museums.htm (2260 words)

	Chronology of Jubilees Background about Jubilee years and when they happened. Believersweb.org
		Sources from this era make it clear that by the time of the 177th year Seleucid, Judeans were no longer celebrating a jubilee year.
		The year 135-134 BCE (or the year 177 of the Seleucid Era) was noted to be a 7th year in the writings of Flavius Josephus.
		The probable reason a Sabbatical year was celebrated in the 150th year of the Seleucid Era (a year later than subsequent instances of Sabbatical years indicate) may be due to Greek influence.
	www.believersweb.org /view.cfm?ID=1000 (5957 words)

	Hellenistic Astrology [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Its role in the late-Hellenistic era is of special concern, particularly due to its complex interaction with Greek philosophy, as well as its claims on the life of an individual.
		The rivalry between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kingdoms may be reflected in the astrologers' varying attributions of the origins of astrology to Egyptians or Babylonians (called the Chaldaeans).
		Besides being a prolific writer on a variety of subjects, Plutarch was, philosophically speaking, a Platonist, as defined by his era, that is, one influenced by Aristotelian, Stoic, and Neopythagorean notions.
	www.iep.utm.edu /a/astr-hel.htm (19010 words)

	Babylonian Talmud: ‘Abodah Zarah 9
		The Eras in use among Jews in Talmudic Times are: (a) ERA OF CONTRACTS [H] dating from the year 380 before the Destruction of the Second Temple (312-1 B.C.E.) when, at the Battle of Gaza, Seleucus Nicator, one of the followers of Alexander the Great, gained dominion over Palestine.
		This Era was mainly employed by the Rabbis and was in use in Palestine for several centuries, and even in the later Middle Ages documents were dated by it.
		As the notary uses the Seleucid Era, the year 1 of which corresponds to 380 before the Destruction, and as the year 4,000 of Creation corresponds to 172 after the Destruction, the difference between the two eras is 552 (380 + 172), which 48 would bring up to even hundreds.
	www.come-and-hear.com /zarah/zarah_9.html (1959 words)

	[No title]
		The new system (based upon the old Babylonian Lunar-Solar calendar) was called the Seleucid calendar, and the first year of it was known as the beginning of the Seleucid Era.
		The Seleucids believed in CHALDEAN astrology, and the kings of Commagne, as well as a great number of Syrian cities, had the signs of the zodiac as emblems on their coins.
		During the decay of the later Seleucid kingdom, thousands of Syrian slaves were taken to Italy as indemnities to the Romans and further multitudes were taken when the Romans carried them off as the booty of war.
	www.british-israel.ca /Italy.htm (14003 words)

	Coins, Art, and Chronology: Cribb page 3
		The era remains a constant throughout the Kushan period, providing a firm 100 years spanning the reigns of Kanishka I, Huvishka and Vasudeva I. The role of dates in the reigns after Vasudeva I is still disputed.
		Although the inscription lacks any indication of association with a particular era or king, Fussman suggests that it is year 24 in the reign of Eukratides, whose reign he dates from 172 BC, and asserts that this dating system coincides 'exactement' with the era he has postulated for dating the Jihonika inscription.
		The Unknown Era's association with the kings Vima I Tak[to] and Vima II Kadphises suggests that it should be recognized as the era of two early Kushan inscriptions found at Mathura.
	www.grifterrec.com /y/cribb/ekk_cribb_03.html (4469 words)

	Chronology Of Jubilees
		Sources from this era make it clear that by the time of the 177th year Seleucid, Judeans may have no longer been celebrating a jubilee-year.
		Based upon the indicated unbroken chronology of 7-years after about the 177th Seleucid year (as cited), it is quite clear that the priesthood of the late Second-Temple Era did not officially celebrate a jubilee-year (or a 50th year).
		Due to uncertainty about whether certain historic year-dates should be reckoned from the spring or from the fall season, it would perhaps be possible to interpret that the jubilee-cycle revolves a year earlier or a year later than as is shown in the present analysis.
	www.israelofgod.org /jubileelink.htm (7329 words)

	Seleucus I Nicator (358/4 - 281 B.C.)
		Macedonian army officer, founder of the Seleucid kingdom.
		This conquest marked the beginning of the Seleucid era, which is dated Dios 1 (Oct. 7), 312, in the Macedonian calendar and Nisan 1 (April 3), 311, in the Babylonian calendar.
		Seleucus was an energetic ruler, creating the Seleucid Empire, which gained its greatest expansion under his rule.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/seleucus.html (1004 words)

	When Were the Sabbatical Years?
		This siege is dated in the 149th year of the Seleucid Era in 2 Maccabees 13:1, and in the 150th year in 1 Maccabees 6:20.
		1 Maccabees's date of the 150th year therefore must use a Seleucid Era that begins in either the fall of 313 or the spring of 312, while 2 Maccabees's date of the 149th year must use a Seleucid Era that begins in either the fall of 312 or the spring of 311.
		If we use a Seleucid Era in 1 Maccabees that commences with the fall or spring of 312, then we have the murder occurring in February 135, with a sabbatical date that agrees with Wacholder.
	www.pickle-publishing.com /papers/sabbatical-years.htm (4015 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jewish Calendar
		The beginning of the Hebrew civil year practically coincides with that of seed time in Palestine, while the beginning of the sacred year corresponds to that of the harvest season in the same country.
		the Seleucid era, introduced after the Babylonian Exile, beginning 312 B.C., and used by the Jews probably till the twelfth century.
		To find the number of the Hebrew year, beginning in the autumn of a given year of our common era, we have to add 3761 to the number of the latter.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03166a.htm (1198 words)

	Babylonian to Julian Conversion: Reading the Tables
		The dates of some important events early in the Ptolemaic era, such as the death of Alexander, and of a number of Seleucid events involving Ptolemaic princesses, can be determined from these tables.
		The Seleucid era was inaugurated in 7 SE = 305, retroactive to 1 SE = 311.
		This event was the basis of the Seleucid Era, but (as noted above) he did not start using it until he assumed the title of king in 7 SE = 305/4.
	www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk /Egypt/ptolemies/chron/babylonian/chron_bab_howto.htm (1339 words)

	Babylonian Planetary Theory and the Heliocentric Concept
		In the latter context results exist in the form of "ephemerides" and at least part of the methodology is described (albeit in condensed form) in a number of related "procedure" texts, though none are particularly simple in the first place nor necessarily complete in the second.
		Unfortunately there are no astronomical texts from the earlier period comparable to those of the Seleucid Era, but there is little doubt that a sufficiently high level of mathematics was already in place.
		Apart from the terminology and notation, the extant planetary material of the Seleucid Era supplies reasonably straightforward procedures that are both instructive and informative.
	www.spirasolaris.ca /sbb2c.html (8799 words)

	Zero as a Placeholder (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		During the fourth to first centuries B.C. (Seleucid era) Babylonian mathematicians and astronomers developed a true zero to indicate the absence of sexagesimal units of a certain order.
		In a Babylonian astronomical tablet, dated from the Seleucid era, the number 60 is written as in the table on the left: The zero sign here indicates the absence of units of the first order.
		Babylonian astronomers used the zero at the beginning of a number (or initial position) to note sexagesimal fractions, those whose denominator is a power of 60.
	www.und.edu /dept/math/history/zeroph.htm (475 words)

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