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Topic: Self-incompatibility in plants

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Self-incompatibility in plants - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Self-incompatibility is one strategy that evolved with the flowering plants to maintain genetic diversity in a species population and avoid inbreeding. Flowering plants that have hermaphroditic or perfect flowers (that is, have both male ( anther) and female ( pistil) reproductive organs) may be self-incompatabile to prevent self-fertilization. Sporophytic self-incompatibility involves the phenotype of the pollen being determined by the diploid genome of the parent plant. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Self-incompatibility_in_plants

Plant Physiology I The SLK in self-incompatible plants is thought to interact with ligands borne on incompatible pollen (SP11) that set off an intracellular phosphorylation cascade that blocks the development of the pollen on that stigmatic papillae cell. The phenotype of the pollen is determined sporophytically by the diploid genome of the parent plant (Fig. Figure 2: Proposed mechanism of action of a papillar expressed aquaporin in denying incompatible pollen grains access to water in some Brassica species. www.uky.edu /Ag/Horticulture/downie/PlantPhysiol622/Lectures/notes24.html

Laura F. Galloway - Mating system & reproductive biology publications Self and outcross pollinations were conducted for three populations. When plants received few visits by efficient Bombus pollinators, visits by ugly pollinators significantly decreased siring success relative to plants where visits by ugly pollinators were prevented. Thus, the relationship between low-efficiency pollinators and the plants that they visit varies from commensalistic to antagonistic depending on the presence of other pollinators in the community. faculty.virginia.edu /galloway/Matingabstracts.html

REGULATION AND MECHANISM OF THE SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY RESPONSE OF FLOWERING PLANTS Self-incompatibility is an out-breeding mechanism that exploits the ability of pistils of self-incompatible plants to distinguish "self" - pollen from genetically unrelated pollen. INVESTIGATOR: Dzelzkalns, V. In the self-incompatibility response of plants, "self-pollen" is distinguished from pollen of genetically unrelated origin in the stigma or style of the pistil. Histochemical analysis of these plants indicates that several, conserved sub-regions of the 196 bp stigma-specifying domain are critical for SLG gene expression. www.nal.usda.gov /pgdic/pggrantinfo/1993/9163499.html

Cornell Plant Biology - June Nasrallah Like many other plant species with perfect flowers, approximately half of the species in the crucifer family possess a genetic self-incompatibility system. In flowering plants, the cellular interactions that take place between the pollen and pollen tube (the male gametophyte) on the one hand and the pistil (the female reproductive structure) on the other hand are required for successful fertilization and the completion of the plant life cycle. These genes encode cell surface receptors required for the stigma to distinguish self-related from self-unrelated pollen, as well as a small cysteine-rich protein borne by pollen that identifies the pollen grain as being self or non self and that likely represents the ligand for the stigma-localized receptor protein kinase. www.plantbio.cornell.edu /people.php?netID=jbn2

Tasha Ladoux: Stanford Research Communication Program Over 60% of flowering plants have this "self-incompatibility" breeding system, however, there are several different forms throughout the many plant families. It may seem odd that any plant would be able to or want to self fertilize, however most plants are hermaphroditic which means they have both male and female parts within the same flower. If a plant is unable to produce fruits after self-fertilization occurs it is considered "self-incompatible", hence the name of the breeding system. www.stanford.edu /group/i-rite/statements/2002/ladoux.htm

Genetic barrier to self-pollination identified Many flowering plants prevent inbreeding and increase genetic diversity by a process called self-incompatibility, in which pollination fails to set seed if the pollen is identified as its own by the pistil. If the crop plants can be made self-incompatible by the introduction of the genes controlling self-incompatibility, then all seeds produced will be hybrids resulting from cross-pollination between two different lines. To raise hybrid seed, self-pollination and sib-pollination (pollination by a plant of the same hybrid) must be circumvented. www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-05/ps-gbt051704.php

Angiosperm reproduction Unlike lower plants like ferns and seaweeds which rely on spores to invade new habitats, flowering plants are dispersed by seeds and this undoubtedly accounts for their success. Plants have a range of perennating organs, which store reserves and are produced to enable the plant to tide over periods of unfavourable environmental conditions, e.g. Flowering plants are the dominant plants on the earth today with an estimated quarter of a million species. scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/cape/capefl.html

Evolution of self-fertilization in plants Using an annual plant endemic to California, Gilia achilleifolia (Polemoniaceae), as a model system, I showed that the degree of herkogamy (spatial separation between anther and stigma) influences selfing rate of individual plants within a population with isozyme analysis (Takebayashi and Delph in prep). Because selfed offspring are generally less vigorous than outcrossed offspring (inbreeding depression), early naturalists thought that the evolution of self-fertilization must be maladaptive. Considering herkogamy to be a selfing rate modifier, we provided the first evidence for an association between a floral trait controlling the selfing rate and level of inbreeding depression within a population (Takebayashi and Delph 2000). www.faculty.uaf.edu /ffnt/research/node1.html

Young.doc Considering the sessile nature of plants, it would be easy to assume that plants do not control their breeding, or in another words unconsciously disperse of their pollen, as opposed to the conscious mate-selection behavior in animals. Jain SK (1976) The evolution of inbreeding in plants. Among the wide range of reproductive options in plants, two extreme cases have been considered here for discussion, i.e. www.hort.wisc.edu /pbpg/seminar/fall2002/Young.doc

Science News: 130-year-old pollination mystery solved - self-incompatibility gene identified - Brief Article Botanists have struggled to piece together how some plants avoid self-fertilization -- and the loss of genetic diversity that goes hand-in-hand with it -- ever since Charles Darwin noticed that some plants can fertilize themselves while others cannot. According to this theory, a plant that cannot fertilize itself has an S gene that is turned on, causing it to make an S protein in the pistil that recognizes and rejects its own pollen. Plants with an S gene that is turned off do not produce this S protein, so they can fertilize themselves. www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n8_v145/ai_14840380

Stephen Weller Further analyses, in collaboration with Doug and Pam Soltis, based on improved phylogenies of flowering plants as well as increased understanding of the degree of homology of self-incompatibility will provide additional insights into the number of times this breeding system has evolved in the flowering plants, and its role in the diversification of flowering plants. Preliminary analyses of phylogenies of flowering plants provides no evidence that self-incompatibility had any role in the diversification of the flowering plants. Genetic models predict that dioecy will evolve in populations when the product of the selfing rate and inbreeding depression (the loss of fitness that occurs when normally outcrossed individuals produce inbred offspring) is sufficiently high, or when females produce more than twice as many seeds as hermaphrodites. darwin.bio.uci.edu /~sakaiweller/weller.html

Pós-Vegetal-IB Lawrence, M. Population genetics of the homomorphic self-incompatibility polymorphisms in flowering plants. Incompatibility and incongruity in wild and cultivated plants. Gribel, R. and Gibbs, P. High outbreeding as a consequence of selfed ovule mortality and single vector bat pollination in the Amazonian tree Pseudobombax munguba (Bombacaceae). www.ib.unicamp.br /ensino/pos/cursos/pos_vegetal/Disciplinas/nt257.html

Genome Biology Full text Pollen recognition during the self-incompatibility response in plants The remarkable success of flowering plants is a consequence of a suite of unique angiosperm features, most of which are found in the flower itself. Flowering plants, or angiosperms, are the most successful group of land plants and dominate the Earth's vegetation, with between 250,000 and 300,000 species. Unique to flowering plants, SI systems can thus optimize the outbreeding potential of co-sexual flowers pollinated by insects or other animals. genomebiology.com /2002/3/2/reviews/1004

ScienceWeek Flowering plants have the same mating imperatives, but they lack our sensory faculties, are largely immobile, and rely on the vagaries of factors such as wind or insects to assist mating. But what mostly sets flowering plants apart from other plants is that their eggs are enclosed in the diploid tissues of the pistil. In flowering plants the diploid generation is visible and familiar to us; the male and female gametophytes are not because they are microscopic. scienceweek.com /2004/sa040723-6.htm

Self-Incompatibility in the Brassicaceae: Receptor-Ligand Signaling and Cell-to-Cell Communication -- Kachroo et al. 14 (Supplement 1): 227 -- THE PLANT CELL Plant J. Nasrallah, M.E. Genetic control of quantitative variation in self-incompatibility proteins detected by immunodiffusion. De Nettancourt, D. Incompatibility and Incongruity in Wild and Cultivated Plants. Singh, A., Perdue, T.D., and Paollilo, D.J. Pollen-pistil interactions in Brassica oleracea : Cell calcium in self and cross pollen grains. www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/14/suppl_1/S227

Cornell News: avoiding self-pollination Just as humans have a natural aversion toward marrying kin, some food crop plants have genes that allow them to avoid being fertilized by "self-related" pollen. Pollen, which carries the male sperm, is released by stamens and is carried by wind or insects, and it is drawn to a plant's stigma. On the plant's pistil is the stigma, which is the site for capturing pollen. www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Sept01/pistils.bpf.html

BREEDING HYBRID VARIETIES IN WINTER RAPESEED USING RECESSIVE SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY Two plants per replication were tested, one plant was cultivated in normal atmosphere the other plant exposed to 6 % CO atmosphere and 80 % relative humidity after selfing. After the exposure of self-incompatible plants to carbon dioxide self seed set was determined. The percentage of outcrossing (hybridity level) of several hybrids was determined at a random sample of 96 plants using the isozyme marker acid phosphatase. www.regional.org.au /au/gcirc/4/228.htm

Faculty Research - Kao Self-incompatibility is an intraspecific reproductive barrier that prevents flowering plants from self-fertilizing and promotes out-crossing. It is estimated that more than half of the flowering plant species possesses self-incompatibility. In plants, this mechanism has been implicated in regulating floral organ identity, circadian rhythm, and auxin and jasmonate responses. www.bmb.psu.edu /faculty/kao/kao.html

Botany online: Interactions between Cells - Self-Incompatibility - SI DARWIN performed extensive series of experiments and concluded that self-incompatibility safeguards cross-fertilization and is a precondition of the evolution of monoecious plants (species where a single plant carries both sexes). Self-incompatibility means that the pollen of a plant is unable to develop a pollen tube at the stigma of the same plant, while pollen of another plant of the same species does fertilize the plant. Incompatibility occurs whenever the two plants to be crossed carry the same alleles. www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e27/27b.htm

research We are using a combination of detailed crosses among inbred plants in the greenhouse with different methods in protein gel electrophoresis to look for the pistillate protein(s) controlling the self-incompatibility response in C. My main research interests concern the evolution and break down of self-incompatibility systems in flowering plants. We have accumulated considerable evidence that variation in self-fertility may be selected in natural populations of plants (see my recent publications on this). ace.acadiau.ca /~savila/webpage/research.htm

The President's Medal The recipient of the 3rd ANZSCDB President’s Medal (2004) was Professor Adrienne Clarke who was recognised for her work on self-incompatibility in plants, which is the mechanism by which the flower of a plant recognises pollen from the same plant and prevents self-fertilisation. The strategies used by plants to reject self-pollen are varied, and obviously differ from mechanisms of self/non-self discrimination in humans. Nonetheless, plants do recognise and respond to each other and this is of profound interest, not only for understanding plant reproduction, but also for gaining insights into the pathogenic or symbiotic recognition/response pathways between plants and micro-organisms, and the mechanisms that promote genetic variability and evolutionary success. www.anzscdbi.adelaide.edu.au /medal

Development of self-incompatible double low winter oilseed rape lines by means of doubled haploid system As SI were considered plants with Rs ranging from 0,0 to 20,0 or SF from 0,0 to 3,0, as partially SI with Rs from 20,1 to 80.0 or SF from 3,1 to 5,0 and the completely self-compatible (SC) with Rs above 80 or SF above 5. SI degree and stability of individual plants in DH regenerants were tested by repeated self-pollination in flowers and buds during all the period of flowering. SI degree and stability of individual DH plants were tested by repeated self-pollination in flowers and buds during the whole period of flowering. www.regional.org.au /au/gcirc/4/250.htm

Self-incompatibility in T. cacao Self -incompatibility (SI) in flowering plants is a biochemical recognition and rejection process that prevents self -fertilization. Pollen tube growth rates after incompatible and compatible pollinations were identical, and the majority of the pollen tubes reached the ovules between 12- 20 hours after pollination. After incompatible pollination, elevated levels of ABA are accompanied by high levels of ethylene and a small increase in IAA. www.ucs.louisiana.edu /~khh6430/tcsi.html

Andrew McCubbin These include pollen development, pollen tube growth and pollen pistil interactions, including the array of self-incompatibility mechanisms found in flowering plants. The first is heteromorphic SI in Primula vulgaris, where floral morphology and a biochemical incompatibility system combine to prevent self-fertilization. and McCubbin, A. How flowering plants discriminate between self and www.wsu.edu /~crb/3FacultyPages/McCubbin.html

How wild petunias keep their gene pool interesting At the same time, hybrid crops have become a mainstay of modern agriculture because hybrids have proven more productive and more uniform in quality than plants that are self-pollinated or pollinated by plants of the same species. In these plants, the female organ, called the pistil, identifies and rejects its own pollen, accepting only pollen that is produced by other plants of the same species and transferred via wind or insects. Taboo might be enough to control intermarriage among people, but flowering plants equipped with both male and female reproductive organs have been forced to evolve some ingenious methods to avoid inbreeding. www.post-gazette.com /pg/04145/320984.stm

Self-Incompatibility The S loci are (as in SSI plants) extremely polymorphic; that is, there is an abundance of multiple alleles in the population. Incompatibility is controlled by the single S allele in the haploid pollen grain. Rejection of self pollen is controlled by the diploid genotype of the sporophyte generation. users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/SelfIncompatibilty.html

UMass Amherst: Department of Plant, Soil, and Insect Sciences - Robert Bernatzky Many plant families express a system of self-incompatibility (SI) in which plants are unable to self-fertilize. Self-incompatibility is codominant in intraspecific hybrids of self-compatible and self-incompatible Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum based on protein and DNA marker analysis. Molecular aspects of self-incompatibility In: Molecular Basis of Plant Development, UCLA Symposia, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA. www.umass.edu /plsoils/resume/bernatzky.html

PLANT SEX The life cycles of angiosperms and other plants are characterized by an alternation of generations, in which haploid ( n) and diploid ( 2n) generations take turns producing each other. Vegetative propagation of plants is common in agriculture Fruits carried by wind or by animals disperse seeds away from the source plant where the seed germinates. www.vigyanprasar.com /comcom/kichammi/plantsex.htm

PCBRC Research Programs - Self Incompatibility Program Because SI prevents fertilisation following self and geitonogamous pollinations, self-incompatible plants are obligate outcrossers. Remarkably, the flowers of a self-incompatible plant can distinguish the source of each pollen grain it receives and only let those pollen grains that are from another plant fertilise its precious cargo of ovules. We study SI in the Solanaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes such familiar plants as tobacco, tomato and petunia. www.plantcell.unimelb.edu.au /research_si.htm

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