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Topic: Self-replication

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DNA replication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia DNA replication or DNA synthesis is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA strand in a cell, prior to cell division. This origin of replication is unwound, and the partially unwound strands form a "replication bubble", with one replication fork on either end. Before the DNA replication is finally complete, enzymes are used to proofread the sequences to make sure the nucleotides are paired up correctly in a process called DNA repair. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNA_replication   (1248 words)

Semiconservative replication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Semiconservative replication describes the method by which DNA is replicated in all known cells. Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one entirely new strand. Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/semiconservative_replication   (251 words)

DNA replication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This origin of replication is unwound, and the partially unwound strands form a "replication bubble", with one replication fork on either end. DNA replication or DNA synthesis is the process of copying a double-stranded DNA strand, prior to cell division (in eukaryotes, during the S phase of mitosis and meiosis). Each group of enzymes at the replication fork moves away from the origin, unwinding and replicating the original DNA strands as they proceed. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNA_replication   (954 words)

DNA Replication Therefore, at each replication fork, the synthesis of one new DNA strand (the lower one in the figure) is continuous, while synthesis of the other strand must be accomplished in small increments, short stretch after short stretch; this type of synthesis is termed discontinuous. DNA polymerase I is the main polymerase involved in DNA repair, and plays a specialized role in DNA replication, using its 5' to 3' exonuclease activity. DNA polymerase I uses its 5' to 3' exonuclease activity to digest away the primer RNA, and replaces the primer with DNA by extending the strand from the adjacent Okazaki fragment. www.emunix.emich.edu /~rwinning/genetics/replic3.htm   (724 words)

DNA Replication As with prokaryotes, DNA replication in eukaryotic cells is bidirectional. In general, DNA is replicated by uncoiling of the helix, strand separation by breaking of the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands, and synthesis of two new strands by complementary base pairing (def). The 5' end of the DNA is the one with the terminal phosphate group on the 5' carbon of the deoxyribose; the 3' end is the one with a terminal hydroxyl (OH) group on the deoxyribose of the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose (see Fig. www.cat.cc.md.us /biotutorials/dna/dnarep.html   (1143 words)

Origin of replication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The origin of replication binds a member of the pre-replication complex—a protein complex that binds, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA. The origin of replication (also called the replication origin) is a unique DNA sequence at which DNA replication is initiated. Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/OriC   (266 words)

Virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Some viruses encode part or all of their own genome replication machinery and are not entirely reliant on host polymerases for replication of their genetic material. The viral capsid may be either spherical or helical and is composed of proteins encoded by the viral genome. Patients often ask for antibiotics, which are useless against viruses, and their misuse against viral infections is one of the causes of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virus   (2738 words)

Self-replication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar chicken and egg problem occurs as in natural self replication. This process differs from natural self replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself. A compiler (phenotype) can be applied on the compiler's own source code (genotype) producing the compiler itself. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Self-replication   (1775 words)

DNA Structure, Replication and Eukaryotic Chromatin Structure> DNA replication is semi-conservative, one strand serves as the template for the second strand. To prepare DNA for replication, a series of proteins aid in the unwinding and separation of the double-stranded DNA molecule. DNA Ligase- Nicks occur in the developing molecule because the RNA primer is removed and synthesis proceeds in a discontinuous manner on the lagging strand. www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc431/eukarychrom/eukaryo2.htm   (727 words)

DNA Virus Replication This process of DNA replication is very similar to that which occurs in the host cell- which is not surprising as the virus is using mainly host machinery except for the involvement of the T antigen. DNA replication is bidirectional (There are two replication forks per circular DNA genome and replication involves leading/lagging strands, Okazaki fragments, DNA ligase, etc.). Herpesviruses code for several proteins, in addition to the DNA polymerase, that are needed for this DNA replication. pathmicro.med.sc.edu /mhunt/dna1.htm   (3044 words)

DNA Replication Fragments of DNA result from this discontinuous method of DNA replication (i.e., synthesis occurs towards the existing daughter DNA and upon the inevitable collision with this strand the DNA polymerase is neither able to continue polymerizing nor stitch together the two adjacent DNA molecules). The replication of DNA is built upon the existence of sequence complementarity. However, one of the newly formed DNAs must be synthesized in a 3' to 5' direction (since there are only two possible directions of synthesis and the two daughter strands are synthesized in opposite directions due to the antiparallel arrangement of the double helix). www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1060.htm   (1409 words)

Replication of DNA DNA replication begins with a partial unwinding of the double helix at an area known as the replication fork. To replicate such huge molecules as human DNA at this speed requires not one, but many replication forks, forming replication bubbles and producing many segments of DNA strands that eventually meet up together and are joined to form the newly synthesized double helix. DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of the hydrogen bonds between each arriving nucleotide and the nucleotides on the template strand. www.ncc.gmu.edu /dna/replicat.htm   (909 words)

DNA Replication Replication begins at some replication origins earlier in S phase than at others, but the process is completed for all by the end of S phase. This redundancy probably reflects the crucial importance of precise replication to the integrity of the genome. This mode of replication is described as semi-conservative: one-half of each new molecule of DNA is old; one-half new. users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/D/DNAReplication.html   (692 words)

Telomere-bound TRF1 and TRF2 stall the replication fork at telomeric repeats -- Ohki and Ishikawa 32 (5): 1627 -- Nucleic Acids Research of TRF1 overexpression is the replication fork stall at telomeres, Replication fork stall at telomeres by TRF-overexpression in vivo (A) The replication fork is stalled in the replication reaction from pT2AG3-beads with TRF1. nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/32/5/1627   (6748 words)

Replication of DNA To replicate such huge molecules as human DNA at this speed requires not one, but many replication forks, forming replication bubbles and producing many segments of DNA strands that eventually meet up together and are joined to form the newly synthesized double helix. DNA replication begins with a partial unwinding of the double helix at an area known as the replication fork. This unwound section appears under electron microscopes as a "bubble" and is thus known as a replication bubble. www.ncc.gmu.edu /dna/replicat.htm   (909 words)

DNA Replication Although the polymerase reaction that is involved in DNA replication is the same, mechanistically, as the one that we saw in the transcription of structural genes on DNA onto complementary mRNA strands, the overall process of DNA replication is much more complicated. DNA Gyrase: Introduces negative supercoils to compensate for the strain that results from positive supercoiling at the replication fork in prokaryotes. The DNA methylation patterns in mammalian gametes are mostly erased at the blastocyst stage of embryonic development. www.rpi.edu /dept/bcbp/molbiochem/BiochSci/sbello/dna_replicn'.htm   (996 words)

DNA replication Usually, melting of double-stranded DNA is closely coupled to synthesis of the new strands, such that replication proceeds at replication forks. In plastid DNA replication, RNA removal is inefficient, resulting in the plastid genome being an RNA-DNA chimera. DNA polymerization occurs in the 5' to the 3' direction on the synthesizing strand by the joining of the 3' oxygen of the nascent strand to the opbs.okstate.edu /~melcher/MG/MGW1/MG1312.html   (372 words)

Replication DNA replication is initiated at a region on a chromosome called an origin of replication. As the DNA is unwound specific single stranded DNA binding proteins (Replication factor A) prevent the strands from reannealing. Then DNA polymerase binds and begins to synthesize DNA complementary to the parental strand. bioweb.uwlax.edu /GenWeb/Molecular/Theory/Replication/replication.htm   (137 words)

DNA Replication The replication of DNA is guided by the base pairing principle so that no other heterocyclic amine nucleotide can hydrogen bond and fit correctly with cytosine. The replication is termed semiconservative since each new cell contains one strand of original DNA and one newly synthesized strand of DNA. Several enzymes and proteins are involved with the replication of DNA. www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/vchembook/582dnarep.html   (851 words)

DNA and Molecular Genetics Dispersive replication involved the breaking of the parental strands during replication, and somehow, a reassembly of molecules that were a mix of old and new fragments on each strand of DNA. The roles of DNA polymerases in DNA replication. Watson and Crick had predicted that DNA replication was semi-conservative. www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDNAMOLGEN.html   (1844 words)

DNA REPLICATION Replication is the name of the process that involves making a replica (or a copy) of the DNA of the cell whenever the cell divides. One of the two strands in a new DNA molecule was a strand in the parent DNA molecule (ie: half of the parent strand is conserved in each of the new strands). The enzyme DNA polymerase moves in and fills in the complimentary sequence of nucleotides on each of the parent strands. educ.queensu.ca /~science/main/concept/biol/b05/B05CDC11.htm   (354 words)

DNA Structure & DNA Replication DNA is arranged into a double helix structure where spirals of DNA are intertwined with one another continuously bending in on itself but never getting closer or further away (see diagram to the below right). It is said that the replicated DNA is semi-conservative, because it possesses 50% of the original genetic material from its parent. Cells do not live forever, and in light of this, they must pass their genetic information on to new cells, and be able to replicate the DNA to be passed on to offspring. www.biology-online.org /1/5_DNA.htm   (630 words)

Biofundamentals - DNA Replication Later in the DNA replication process, the RNA primers are digested away, replaced with DNA, and joined together to produce a single, uninterrupted replicated strand. Once DNA replication begins it is important that the polymerase complex remains attached to the DNA. DNA replication and molecular machines: The process of nucleic acid replication involves a number of molecule machines, we will consider only one as an example - the clamp loader. www.virtuallaboratory.net /Biofundamentals/lectureNotes/Topic3-7_replication.htm   (934 words)

DpiA Binding to the Replication Origin of Escherichia coli Plasmids and Chromosomes Destabilizes Plasmid Inheritance and Induces the Bacterial SOS Response -- Miller et al. 185 (20): 6025 -- The Journal of Bacteriology CspD, a novel DNA replication inhibitor induced during the stationary phase in Escherichia coli. Negative control of bacterial DNA replication by a cell cycle regulatory protein that binds at the chromosome origin. All lanes have 0.6 ng of the pSC101 origin fragment. jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/185/20/6025   (4643 words)

Lwoff's Pathways - Viral Replication The lytic and the lysogenic pathways of viral replication are illustrated. We now know the difference between the active and latent manifestations of viral infection is a result of a switch in viral replication patterns. The lysogenic path is one of several temperate pathways in which the host cell is not killed outright, but is occupied by the virus and used as a factory for replicating the viral genes. web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/cb/virus/phagereplication.html   (827 words)

Introduction to the Viruses It was once thought by some that outbreaks of viral disease might have been responsible for mass extinctions, such as the extinction of the dinosaurs and other life forms. Viral micrographs : To the left is an electron micrograph of a cluster of influenza viruses, each about 100 nanometers (billionths of a meter) long; both membrane and protein coat are visible. In humans, smallpox, the common cold, chickenpox, influenza, shingles, herpes, polio, rabies, Ebola, hanta fever, and AIDS are examples of viral diseases. www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /alllife/virus.html   (638 words)

Interference with Viral Replication Viral DNA is inserted into human cells where it codes for proteins that are expressed on the surface of the human cell, thus stimulating the immune system. Viral vaccination refers to the administration of virus (inactivated or live), viral protein or antibody to a virus to a patient. The induction of interferon is mediated by double-stranded RNA. www.kcom.edu /faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/INTERFER.HTM   (2214 words)

Virus Replication Replication occurs in the nucleus, involving the formation of a (-)sense strand, which serves as a template for (+)strand synthesis. One consequence is that the study of replication is made more difficult. The pH-independent method is used by HIV and Sendai virus (paramyxovirus) and involves direct fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane and subsequent release of the capsid into the cytoplasm. www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /3035/3035replication.html   (4434 words)

Possible Models for DNA Replication Semiconservative replication would produce molecules with both old and new DNA, but each molecule would be composed of one old strand and one new one. Three ways for DNA molecules to replicate may be considered, each obeying the rules of complementary base pairing. Each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new DNA molecule by the sequential addition of complementary base pairs, thereby generating a new DNA strand that is the complementary sequence to the parental DNA. www.accessexcellence.org /AB/GG/possible.html   (180 words)

Designer Genes: Replication semiconservative replication was the process DNA used to copy itself. Replication forks are sections of DNA where the two strands forms "bubbles" or "forks" where the DNA is being replicated. These origins of replication open up to form replication forks along the DNA strand (in eukaryotes) and spread out until these "bubbles" have moved all the way down the DNA strand and two DNA double helixes have been created. library.thinkquest.org /18258/replication.htm   (944 words)

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