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Selim I

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	Selim III. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		An ardent reformer, Selim set out to rebuild the Turkish navy on European lines, to reform the army, and to curb the Janissaries.
		Mustafa was executed and another of Selim’s cousins, Mahmud II, was put on the throne.
		Selim’s well-intentioned and efficient reforms came too late to arrest the decay of the Ottoman Empire.
	www.bartleby.com /65/se/Selim3.html (274 words)

	Selim I Summary
		Selim I (October 10 1465 – September 22, 1520); also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave", (Yavuz in Turkish; Arabic: سليم الأول) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.
		Selim I attacked and destroyed the Mamluk Sultanate at the Battles of Marj Dabiq and al-Raydaniyya, which led to the annexation of Syria, Palestine and Egypt.
		The campaign which followed was a triumph for Selim I, whose firmness and courage overcame the pusillanimity and insubordination of the janissaries, the household troops of the Ottoman dynasty.
	www.bookrags.com /Selim_I (1056 words)

	Selim III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Selim III (Ottoman Turkish: سليم ثالث Selīm-i sālis) (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807.
		Selim III profited by the respite to abolish the military tenure of fiefs; he introduced salutary reforms into the administration, especially in the fiscal department, sought by well-considered plans to extend the spread of education, and engaged foreign officers as instructors, by whom a small corps of new troops called nizam-i-jedid were collected and drilled.
		Selim III was, however, thoroughly under the influence of this ambassador, Sebastiani, and the fleet was compelled to retire without effecting its purpose.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Selim_III (977 words)

	Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia \| Learn Ottoman Turkish History \| Pictures \| Sound files \| Voice recordings
		Selim's reforms alienated many powerful people among the Ottoman elite (especially within the Janissary Corps) -- and despite the stature of the sultan's supporters, their commitment to his 'cause' only ran skin-deep.
		On May 29, Selim (faced with a widening revolt) was forced to resign in favor of his cousin Mustafa IV -- thus ending the reign, in abject failure, of the most liberal of Ottoman reformers to date.
		Selim III's military reforms caused a halving of the bloated Janissary Corps that had swelled to 60,000 members.
	www.practicalturkish.com /encyclopedia-s.html (6963 words)

	Selim III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Sultan Selim III Selim III (December 24, 1761 – July 28/29, 1808) was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1789–1807).
		He was a son of Mustafa III and succeeded his uncle Abd-ul-Hamid I. The talents and energy with which he was endowed had endeared him to the people, and great hopes were founded on his accession.
		Selim profited by the respite to abolish the military tenure of fiefs; he introduced salutary reforms into the administration, especially in the fiscal department, sought by well-considered plans to extend the spread of education, and engaged foreign officers as instructors, by whom a small corps of new troops called nizam-i-jedid were collected and drilled.
	selim-iii.kiwiki.homeip.net (430 words)

	Ottoman Empire - Printer-friendly - ninemsn Encarta
		The practice was abandoned in 1603; Mehmed III had left only two sons and there was a danger the house of Osman might die out—in 1640 there was only one male survivor of the Osman house and Ibrahim I was perforce chosen sultan despite doubts about his mental capacity.
		For example, Mehmed II spoke six languages, Selim I and Suleiman I were both notable poets in Persian, Murad IV and Selim III were well-informed about European affairs, and Ahmad III was a man of perhaps too exquisite sensibility, a patron of all the arts, and a devotee of the tulip.
		The administration employed a language (the Ottoman Turkish language) which was Turkish in grammar and largely Arabic or Persian in vocabulary, and written in the Arabic script; (iii) the Muslim religious institution which consisted of Muslim functionaries concerned with education and law grouped under the overlordship of the Shaykh al-Islam.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761553949___4/Ottoman_Empire.html (1627 words)

	selim3
		When Selim III became sultan in 1789, the Ottoman Empire was locked in a devastating war against Russia and Austria.
		Selim III recalled the reforms of the Tulip Age under Ahmed III and he decided to take advantage of this relatively peaceful time in Ottoman history to institute reforms of him own.
		Selim III's reforming policies, like those of Ahmed III, were not popular with everyone and they were widely viewed as anti-Islamic.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/selim3.htm (680 words)

	Franco-Turkish Relationship during First Empire
		Selim also had other grand designs such as the creation of an entirely new military force, the Nizam-i- Cedit (or "new order"), which was to be equipped, clothed, drilled and instructed in a totally European manner with rank to be based on ability.
		As for Selim III, the period of "peace" that he had believed he had entered into in 1802 proved to be a disappointing illusion.
		Selim was heavily criticized by his subjects for his failure to avoid this.
	www.napoleon-series.org /research/government/diplomatic/c_tufrdip1.html (2818 words)

	OTTOMAN WEB SITE - 700th Anniversary of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE
		Sultan Selim III was born in Istanbul, on 24
		His father Sultan Mustafa III was very influenced by the oracles and as they told his son Selim will a world-conqueror he organised a feast lasted seven days with great joy.
		Sultan Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents.
	www.osmanli700.gen.tr /english/sultans/28biography.html (285 words)

	Travel Guide To Turkey, Guide de la Turquie, GUIDE MARTINE, Guide to Turkey, Guide de Turquie, Travel, Turkey, Voyage, ...
		In order to obviate rebellion or rival claims to the throne, in 1512, Selim I established the practice of killing the brothers of the sultan and their sons (careful to leave at least one alive as a possible successor) by having them strangled with a silk lace.
		First attempts towards modernization were made, from the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century, by enlightened sultans such as Selim III (1789-1807) who opened new military schools and reorganized the military with the help of French instructors, but failed to replace the Janissaries who overthrew him.
		The deposition by Selim III of the pro-Russian governors of Moldovia and Walachia led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812.
	www.guide-martine.com /history7.asp (5185 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Topkapi Collection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Sultan Ahmet III built a library in the outer court of the palace for the palace school, and 4787 manuscripts plus 182 early printed books moved from the treasury to his new library.
		Sultan Süleyman I, the longest reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1520-1566), was known as Kanuni (The Legislator) in the East and as Süleyman the Magnificent in the West.
		In later years new donations from Abdulhamid I and Selim III made the Enderun library richer in contents, and a new catalog had to be arranged and written in 1815.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198702/the.topkapi.collection.htm (3873 words)

	III. Selim Osmanlı Medeniyeti Bilgi Bankası Osmanlı Tarihi Hakkında Bilgiler
		Sultan Selim Han, devletin dışta sulh devrine girmesiyle; veliahtlığından beri düşündüğü ıslahatların icraatına geçti.
		Asiler, Sultan Selim Hanın amcasının oğlu Veliaht Mustafa’yı, Osmanlı tahtına geçirdiler.
		Alemdar Mustafa Paşa, Sultan Selim Hanı tekrar tahta geçirmek için, Rumeli’deki maiyetiyle İstanbul’a geldi.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /index.php/III.+Selim (1797 words)

	Sultan Composers
		In the years preceding his accession to the throne, Selim III had taken an active interest in literature, music and history, but although, as Sultan, he was obviously greatly influenced by Western architecture, the same can not be said for music.
		Selim III was not only a distinguished statesman but also a distinguished musician and composer, heading the list of sultans such as Murat IV, Mehmet IV, Mustafa II, Mahmut I and Mahmut II who gave particular importance to music.
		The Enderun was abolished by Mahmud II, who continued the reforms initiated by Selim III with the abolition of the Janissary Corps and the establishment of a Western type army known as the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye.
	www.ottomansouvenir.com /Music/Albums/sultan_composers.htm (4425 words)

	Selim The Third bio
		Selim, who came to the throne during a war (1787-92) with Austria and Russia, was compelled to conclude the treaties of Sistova (Svishtov; 1791) with Austria and of Jassy (1792) with Russia.
		Selim's reorganizations and the increasing influence of France evoked a strong reaction from the conservative coalition of the Janissaries, the ulama (men of religious learning), and others adversely affected by the reforms.
		Selim halted the reorganization and dismissed his reformist advisers.
	www.naqshbandi.org /ottomans/khalifa/s28_detail.htm (487 words)

	Türk-İslam Sanatları - Makaleler - Defeats and New Order (Nizamı Cedit)
		Selim III (1789-1807) who was the son of Mustafa III and he nephew of Abdulhamit I ascended the throne.
		Selim III could not achieve any success against these two enemies of him despite all his efforts; however, he did not lose much more lands within the turmoil of French Revolution.
		He was the inheritor of all the opinions of Selim III that he called as �uncle� (actually, his uncle�s son despite the high difference of age).
	trboard.org /modules/makale/makale.php?id=66 (1753 words)

	The Balkans
		For much of his youth, Selim had been literally locked up in the Golden Cage at the Imperial Palace; but he was permitted contact with a few peers who convinced him of the need for reform and innovation.
		When Selim emerged from his seclusion, he had no practical experience of the world, but he was already a zealous proponent of change.
		Selim sent a powerful army to besiege Vidin, but just as he appeared to be restoring his grip on domestic affairs and preparing to consolidate his reform programme, Napoleon Bonaparte betrayed him.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/g/glenny-balkans.html (7553 words)

	T.C. Kultur Bakanligi / Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey
		The Sultan Selim Mosque is adorned with exquisite enamelled wall tiles and the wooden ceiling of the royal pew has various motifs executed in various colours and in gold leaf.
		Near the entrance to the mosque from the main street is the tomb of its founder, Mustafa III and that of his son, Selim III (1789-1807) who was murdered in 1807.
		Mustafa III had the Fatih Mosque, which had been damaged beyond repair in the earthquake of 1766, almost completely demolished and rebuilt according to an entirely different plan, and this is the building that stands there today.
	www.discoverturkey.com /english/yeni/istanbul/complexes.html (5889 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| Ottoman Period
		When Sultan Mehmed III died in 1603, he was buried in a monument-tomb built by Dalgiç Ahmet Aga at the St. Sophia Church in 1608 and his son Ahmed I (1603-1617) became the sultan.
		Mahmud I, who was throned after Ahmed III in 1730 had Architect Mehmet Aga built a fountain in Tophane in 1732 and the foundation of Nuruosmaniye Mosque was laid in 1748, but upon his death it was completed by Osman III.
		Following Osman III, Mustafa III took over and later Abdülhamid I. Following his death, Sultan Selim III, who known for his love of art, was throned in 1789.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=31 (2191 words)

	Informat.io on Osman Iii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Osman III (Ottoman Turkish: عثمان ثالث ‘Osmān-i sālis) (January 2, 1699 – October 30, 1757) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.
		The younger brother of Mahmud I (1730–54) and son of Mustafa II (1695–1703), Osman III was a generally insignificant prince.
		His brief reign is notable for a rising intolerance of non-Muslims (Christians and Jews being required to wear distinctive clothes or badges) and for a fire in Istanbul.
	www.informat.io /?title=osman-iii (284 words)

	tarih1
		Shortly thereafter, the victorious Selim was proclaimed caliph by the Sherif of Mecca.
		Selim II had been a poor ruler, but with Sokollu Mehmed's help, he was relatively successful.
		As was the case with Ahmed III, Selim was deposed by reactionary forces in 1807 and replaced by Mustafa IV.
	www.stfrancis.edu /hi/tarih1.htm (3051 words)

	Centralization under Mahmud II
		Sultan Selim III, Mahmud II’s predecessor, during his 16-year rule devoted his power to the healthy development of a new army to replace the Janissaries.
		As soon as he became the sultan in 1791, Selim III created a new army, which would be an alternative to the Janissaries and replace it in the future.
		In May 1807, Selim III ordered the Yamaks (auxiliary levies) to put on European-style uniforms, and the following mutiny led by Kabakçýoðlu Mustafa brought an end to the lives of seventeen highest officers, to the Nizam-ý Cedit army and eventually to the reign of Selim III.
	www.geocities.com /gokcek/docs/centralizationundermahmud.htm (6507 words)

	The Ottoman Empire - All Empires
		Selim became the leader of the Islamic religion through his rule of Mecca and the Holy Places in Arabia and elsewhere.
		Selim I's surviving son, Süleyman, came to the throne in an enviable situation.
		Selim III(ruled 1789-1807) attempted to reform and improve the Army but was overthrown and killed by the Janizaries, who by now made and unmade Emperors.
	www.allempires.com /article/index.php?q=ottoman_empire (1575 words)

	Selim I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Selim I (Ottoman: سليم الأول, Turkish:II.Selim) (also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave", Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim)(October 10, 1465 – September 22, 1520); in was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.
		Selim I - Suleiman I - Selim II - Murad III - Mehmed III - Ahmed I - Mustafa I - Osman II - Murad IV - Ibrahim I - Mehmed IV
		Suleiman II - Ahmed II - Mustafa II - Ahmed III - Mahmud I - Osman III - Mustafa III - Abdul Hamid I - Selim III - Mustafa IV - Mahmud II
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Selim_I (805 words)

	Mahmud II Summary
		Mahmud was born on July 20, 1785, son of Abdul Hamid I and cousin of the reforming ruler Selim III.
		But the highly intelligent and energetic Mahmud escaped the debilitating weakness trapping other Osmanli through the instruction accorded him by Selim III between the latter's dethronement in May 1807 and his execution in July 1808 as his reform-minded supporters battered down the palace gates.
		Selim III was killed, but Mahmud safely hid and was placed on the throne after the rebels deposed Mustafa IV.
	www.bookrags.com /Mahmud_II (1784 words)

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