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	Seljuks
		The Seljuk Turks (also known as Seldjuk, Seldjuq or Seljuq) are a major branch of the Oghuz Turks and a dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		The Seljuks were a group of nomadic Turkish warriors from central Asia who established themselves in the Middle East during the 11th Century as guardians of the declining abbasid caliphate.
		The Seljuk Turks are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan.
	www.themiddleages.net /people/seljuks.html (640 words)

	Seljuks - LoveToKnow 1911
		The Seljuks inherited the traditions and at the same time the power of the Arabian caliphate, of which, when they made their appearance, only the shadow remained in the person of the Abbasid caliph of Bagdad.
		The first Seljuk rulers were Toghrul Beg, Chakir Beg and Ibrahim Niyal, the son of Mikail, the son of Seljuk, the son of Tukak, or Tuqaq (also styled Timuryalik, "iron bow").
		Kilij Arslan took possession of Mosul in 1107, and declared himself independent of the Seljuks of Irak; but in the same year he was drowned in the Khaboras through the treachery of his own amirs, and the dynasty seemed again destined to decay, as his sons were in the power of his enemies.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Seljuks (4072 words)

	Seljuk Turks
		In 1071 this Seljuk force engaged the armies of the Byzantine emperor at Manzikert (Malazgirt) north of Lake Van, defeated them decisively, and captured Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes.
		The borders of the Seljuk Sultanate were always in flux, with the remnants of the Byzantine Empire to the west, the Arabs to the south and the Mongols encroaching from the east.
		Seljuk culture in Rum was at its height in the mid-1200s, just as the Mongols overran West Asia and ravaged Anatolia.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /details/History/Seljuks.html (471 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Seljuks
		The Seljuks (Seldjuq) were a major branch of the Oghuz (or Ğuz) Turks that lived in Central Asia in the 9th to 13th century.
		The Seljuks migrated into western Asia[?] in the 10th century while fighting with various tribes on their way.
		Seljuk Turks can be regarded as the ancestors of Western Turks (today's Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan).
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/se/Seljuks (262 words)

	Seljuks - MSN Encarta
		Seljuks, Turkish dynasty prominent in the Middle East during the 11th and 12th centuries.
		The main enemy of the Seljuks, however, was the Shia Fatimid dynasty of Egypt.
		A branch of the dynasty, the sultanate of Rūm with a capital at Konya, survived in Anatolia until subjugated by the Mongols in 1243.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761563671/Seljuks.html (278 words)

	The Seljuk Turks - All About Turkey
		But however sedentary and acculturated the Seljuk chieftains had become, the situation on the borderlands between the Seljuks and the Byzantines was anything but peaceful.
		Following the decline of the great Seljuks and the onslaught of the Mongols, lesser Seljuk clans established their own principalities throughout Anatolia and made the small Christian states in the area their vassals.
		On June 26, 1243, despite Byzantine auxiliaries sent by the Seljuk Sultan's "ally" in Constantinople (Istanbul), the once mighty Seljuk army was utterly routed at Köse Dagi outside the quintessentially Seljuk city of Sivas.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /selcuk.htm (667 words)

	Iransaga - Persian Art, The Seljuks
		The importance of Seljuk art is that it established a dominant position in Iran and determined the future development of art in the Iranian world for centuries.
		Seljuk minaret of the mosque at Damghan, Iran.
		Seljuk miniatures, of which few traces remain, because of the widespread destruction by the Mongol invasions, must also have been extremely ornate, like other art forms of the period, and certainly must have displayed features similar to pottery painting.
	www.art-arena.com /seljuks.htm (1176 words)

	Iransaga - Persian Art, The Seljuks
		The importance of Seljuk art is that it established a dominant position in Iran and determined the future development of art in the Iranian world for centuries.
		Seljuk minaret of the mosque at Damghan, Iran.
		Seljuk miniatures, of which few traces remain, because of the widespread destruction by the Mongol invasions, must also have been extremely ornate, like other art forms of the period, and certainly must have displayed features similar to pottery painting.
	www.artarena.force9.co.uk /seljuks.htm (1176 words)

	Seljuks - Encyclopedia.com
		Spin city: the ancient Turkish town of Konya, once the pearl of the Seljuk's Empire of Rum, is the home of the famous whirling dervishes, whose mesmeric dance links devotees to the revolution of the universe.
		Seljuk sultan Kaykhusrau II, and the 1243 Mongol defeat of the Seljuks at Kose Dag.
		The passing of power from the Seljuks into the hands of the Osmanli Turks was...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-X-Seljuks.html (1051 words)

	Jere's Ars Magica Saga: Turks
		After the Seljuks defeated the army of Manuel I in 1176 near Myriokephalon, the Byzantines were obliged to regard the Turkish occupation of Asia Minor as permanent.
		Soon after this, we first hear of the four sons of Qutlumush ibn Isra'il/Arslan, one of whom, Sulayman, was to found the Seljuk sultanate of Rum (from the Bilad al-Rum of the Islamic geographers, that is, the "land of the Greeks, Rhomaioi").
		After the sultan's demise, the Great Seljuk sultante was for several years racked by internecine strife; this fact allowed the Seljuks of Rum to consolidate their position in Anatolia with minimal interference from the east.
	www.geocities.com /~spiritsbreath/bginfo/turks/turk.html (1577 words)

	GATA TOURS
		The Anatolian Seljuks were of course influenced by the cultural heritage they encountered in their new homeland, adapting them to the techniques that they had brought with them from the Iranian plateau.
		The most frequently-encountered type of architectural decoration during the Anatolian Seljuk period involved the use of glazed brick in which glazed (and also unglazed) bricks were arranged to produce a variety of patterns, mostly on the facades of buildings.
		Seljuk palace luster tiles are decorated with plant motifs as well as with human and animal figures.
	www.gata.com.tr /ing/aboutturkey/art/tiles_seramics.asp (3270 words)

	History of the Seljuks of Anatolia
		This ascendancy was suddenly eclipsed in 1243 by the invasion of the Mongols.
		With his death, the Great Seljuks of Persia effectively ceased to be an important force in the area and started to recede from the scene to leave the stage to the branch of the Seljuks of Anatolia.
		To add further weakening to the Seljuk position, squabbles among the 3 young sons of Keyhusrev II led to a division of the kingdom into a triumverate.
	www.turkishhan.org /history.htm (5725 words)

	SELJUKS,
		The main enemy of the Seljuks, however, was the Shia Fatimid dynasty of Egypt.
		Ruling from their capital at Isfahan in Iran, the Seljuk sultans used the Persian language in their administration and were patrons of Persian literature.
		A branch of the dynasty, the sultanate of Rum, with a capital of Konya, survived in Anatolia until subjugated by the Mongols in 1243.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..se078300.a#FWNE.fw..se078300.a (312 words)

	The Seljuk Empire (1040 - 1157 AD) - S.Shaw
		With northern Iran entirely under Seljuk control and Iraq professing submission, the Seljuks were confronted with the problem of consolidating their rule and restoring order and prosperity in the Middle East while providing their nomadic vassals with the booty and grazing lands they demanded.
		It was the latter role that came to dominate, leading to conflicts between the Seljuk rulers and their nomadic commanders and followers, who were dissatisfied with the restrictions imposed on them to save the settled populations of the area.
		The Seljuks were also undermined by the activities of a new Shia movement that arose within their own boundaries, that of the Ismaili Assasins founded by Hasan al-Sabbah from his fortified center at Alamut, south of the Caspian Sea.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /id8.html (2498 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Seljuks were a group of nomadic Turkish warrior leaders from Central Asia who established themselves in the Middle East during the 11th century as guardians of the declining ABBASID caliphate, and after 1055 founded the Great Seljuk sultanate, an empire centered in Baghdad and including Iran, Iraq, and Syria.
		Seljuk power was at its zenith during the reigns of sultans ALP-ARSLAN (1063-72) and MALIK SHAH (1072-92), who with their vizier NIZAM AL-MULK, revived Sunnite Islamic administrative and religious institutions.
		A branch of the Seljuks established their own state in Anatolia (the sultanate of Konya or Rum, survived until it was conquered by the Mongols in 1243.
	www.angelfire.com /in/turkey/ancient03.html (324 words)

	Old World Contacts/Armies/Seljuks
		In 1050, the Seljuk leader, Tughril Beg, was awarded the title of Sultan from the Abbasid caliph, and he became the first Muslim ruler to use that title.
		The Seljuks were also involved in several Crusades, sometimes in allegiance with Western European countries against the Greek Byzantines, and they also faced the wrath of the invading Mongols in the 13th century.
		The Mongol invasion in the 13th century marked the downfall of the Seljuk dynasty, as the Seljuks of Asia Minor came under the domination of the Mongols in Persia and Iraq.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/oldwrld/armies/seljuk.html (645 words)

	SELJUKS
		The main enemy of the Seljuks, however, was the Shia Fatimid dynasty of Egypt.
		Ruling from their capital at Esfahan (Isfahan) in Iran, the Seljuk sultans used the Persian language in their administration and were patrons of Persian literature.
		A branch of the dynasty, the sultanate of Rum with a capital at Konya, survived in Anatolia until subjugated by the Mongols in 124
	members.tripod.com /Bezgo003/seljuk.html (253 words)

	InfoHub - The Seljuks and Iran
		The Seljuks were a branch of the Oghuz Turks of Central Asia.
		Seljuk gained the position of leader of his tribe.
		Seljuk died in Djand, supposedly at the age of 107.
	www.infohub.com /forums/printthread.php?t=2493 (480 words)

	Saunders. History of Medieval Islam
		About 956 the Seljuks, destined to so glorious a future, embraced Islam, and in 960 the conversion of a Turkish tribe of 200,000 tents is recorded: their precise identity is unspecified.
		Seljuk is a semi-legendary figure who is said to have lived to the patriarchal age of 107, but he seems to have been an able leader, who welded his people into a first-class fighting force and by adroit diplomacy played off one neighbouring prince against another.
		Under Seljuk protection the champions of Sunnite Islam launched a strong propaganda drive against heretics and deviators from the true faith: madrasas or 'college-mosques' were founded in the principal cities for the instruction of students in fikh (Islamic jurisprudence), according to the teaching of the four orthodox schools.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/saunders.html (3955 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Seljuks)
		Mid-1030s: The Seljuk armies reformed in the south of modern Turkmenistan, under the experienced leadership of Seljuk's grandsons.
		At first, the Seljuk leaders petitioned Sultan Mas'ud for permission to settle in return for military service, complaining that it was now impossible to live peacefully in their former homes in Khorezm and Mawara'n-nahr.
		The Seljuk came from the ecological borderlands along the Syr-Darya, and were already familiar with the urban and agrarian worlds to their south.
	members.aol.com /mokosh/Seljuks.html (567 words)

	[No title]
		The Seljuks are named for the founder of the dynasty, Seljuk, who was the first of the family members to accept the faith of Muhammad in the mid- eleventh century.
		The Seljuk Sultans were frequently occupied with religious matters, which were generally the responsibility of the Abbasid caliph.
		The Shi`ite religious policy of the Seljuks is well attested in the construction and maintenance of structures all over the empire: magnificent Mosques, hospitals, hostels, religious schools (madrasa) and Khanaqahs.
	www.archpark.org.il /article.asp?period_id=2&id=241 (260 words)

	Untitled Document
		The Seljuks were a Turkish ethnic group that immigrated from the region of Bukhara in Central Asia down to Persia, where they settled.
		The period of Seljuk rule in Iran was one in which there was a revival of ancient Persian literature and culture, and a celebration of the concepts associated with the royalty of the Sassanians.
		By using images of Sassanian royalty, the Seljuks were identifying themselves with the concepts of strength and leadership associated with these ancient rulers, thus legitimizing their own sovereignty.
	www.chrysler.org /wom/wom0800.asp (560 words)

	cause for the CRUSADES
		Togrul was given the title sultan by the caliph and made war (3) on the Shia Muslims, who rejected the caliph's authority.
		Alp Arslan's victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert (1071) alarmed the Christian world, and Seljuk aggressiveness (4) was a major reason for launching the First Crusade (1095).
		After a journey of many months, the Crusaders arrived in Constantinople, to be greeted with a cautious welcome from the perplexed emperor Alexius.
	www.truthandgrace.com /Crusade.htm (516 words)

	Battle of Manzikert - Definition, explanation
		The Battle of Manzikert (Turkish Malazgirt Savaşı) occurred on August 26, 1071 between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuk Turkish forces led by Alp Arslan, resulting in the defeat of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of Emperor Romanus IV Diogenes.
		Although it is unknown precisely what happened to Tarchaneiotes and his half of the army after this, they apparently caught sight of the Seljuks and fled, as they later appeared at Melitene and did not take part in the battle.
		On the other hand, the defeat showed the Seljuks that the Byzantines were not invincible - they were not the unconquerable, millennium-old Roman Empire (as both the Byzantines and Seljuks still called it).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/ba/battle_of_manzikert.php (1319 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
		The astonishing speed in which the Seljuks adapted the general character of Islamic architecture in all their edifices was partly due to the employment of Arab and Iranian architects and masons.
		The Seljuk mosques took a form of minaret which was substantially different from that of North Africa.
		Seljuk's made developments in the form, function and character of the mosque and expanded the use of Madrassa which, according to Van Berchem, first appeared in Kurassan early 10th century as an adaptation of the teacher's house to receive students.
	muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=347 (1001 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		ToÄrÃ¼l Bey was the grandson of Seljuk and ÃaÄrÄ± (Chagri) was his brother, under whom the Seljuks wrested an empire from the Ghaznavids.
		The Seljuk power was at its zenith under MalikshÄh I, and both the Qarakhanids and Ghaznavids had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuks.
		The fractured states of the Seljuks were on the whole more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours, than with cooperating against the crusaders when the First Crusade arrived in 1095 and successfully captured the Holy land to set up the Crusader States.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Seljuks (1783 words)

	Comparing the Ottoman and Seljuk empires
		During the decline of the Seljuk empire in the 11th century into individual principalities, another Oghuz tribe, the Ottomans, migrated into the area and became mercenaries to the Seljuks
		Of all the important aspects of the Seljuk and Ottoman empires, the greatest was its geographical placement on the crossroads of the Medieval world.
		Togrul Beg, leader of the Seljuks in the 11th century, was made Sultan by the caliph of Baghdad, of whom Togrul had named himself protector.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/essays/comp/cw17seljukottoman.htm (1727 words)

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