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	Seljuqs
		The Seljuqs were originally a clan belonging to the Oguz Turkmen tribes that invaded Asia in the 11th century.
		Even if the expansion of the Seljuqs came to alarm the Christians in Europe to the extent that it helped trigger the crusader movement from the late 11th century, it was still the Shi'is who were the main enemy of the Seljuqs.
		The decline of the Seljuq dynasty came mainly from the practice of dividing the state between sons of sultans.
	i-cias.com /e.o/seljuqs.htm (491 words)

	SELJUQS OF RUM
		Seljuqs of Rum is a branch of Great Seljuqs of Iran who are the Turks migrated from Central Asia.
		The dynasty of Seljuqs of Rum is established by Sulayman, the son of Qutalmish, in Iznik (Nicaea).
		After Kay-Khusraw II was defeated by the Mongol commander Bayju at Köse Dag (1243), the Sultanate of Anatolian Seljuqs entered in a period of decline.
	mehmeteti.150m.com /seljuqsofrum/index.htm (525 words)

	Seljuq
		Upper Iraq now came under the rule of Seljuq princes and their governors, who were often of servile origin.
		In 1108, however, their king, Sadaqah, was defeated and killed by the Seljuq sultan Muhammad Tapar (1105-18), and the dynasty never regained its former importance.
		The Mazyadids were finally dispossessed by the Seljuqs in the second half of the 12th century, and their capital, Al-Hillah, was occupied by caliphal forces.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/seljuq.html (664 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The battle ended with a Seljuq victory and brought down the Ghaznavid domination in the Khorasan.
		When the Seljuq leader Tughrul and his brother Chaghri began creating a strong army, they began to threaten the Ghaznavid territories.
		After Seljuq raiders started looting Ghaznavid border cities, the Ghaznavid Sultan Mas'ud I (son of Mahmud of Ghazni) resolved to force the Seljuqs to leave his territories.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=The_Battle_of_Dandanaqan (228 words)

	Details of Minarets & Mihrabs
		Started before the Seljuqs, the great dome chamber dates from the reign of Malikshah, 1072-92, and covered into a four-ivan mosque in 1160, to give it the classical form of the Iranian mosque.
		The use of stucco to decorate the dome chamber was brought to a peak under the Seljuqs as demonstrated by the superbly carved Mihrab.
		Situated within the shrine complex of the ninth century saint, Bayazid, the minaret is a fine example of Seljuq brick technique with deep zones of patterns.
	www.iranairiatravel.com /travel/details.htm (2411 words)

	Turkmen Ruling Dynasties in Asia Minor
		In 1232 the Artuqid line in Hisn Kayfa was destroyed by the Seljuqs; but the Mardin branch continued under the Mongols until 1408, when it was finally displaced by the Turkmen federation of the Kara Koyunlu.The artistic traditions of the Artuqid age had a strong Seljuq flavour.
		After Yagibasan's death (1164), the Seljuq sultan Qпlпj Arslan II intervened repeatedly in the affairs of the Sivas and Kayseri branches and finally invaded Danishmend territory; but he was stopped by Dhu an-Nun's father-in-law, Nureddin of Mosul.
		The dynasty traced its origins to a Turkmen tribe that was settled by the Seljuqs of Anatolia on the western frontier.
	turkmeniya.narod.ru /dynasties-in-turkey.html (2134 words)

	Central Asian History, Part 1
		The Seljuq Turks, a ruling tribe of the Oghuz, move to the vicinity of Bukhara.
		The Seljuqs, under Tüghral Beg, capture Baghdad, the Abbasid capital, from the Buwayhids, establish the Seljuq Sultanate, and become the official protectors of the Caliphate.
		The Seljuqs, under Alp-Arslan, defeat the Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert and establish the Turkish sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.
	www.oxuscom.com /cahist1.htm (2005 words)

	Numismatic Articles
		Seljuq seizure and the "Silver Crisis" were affected upon the coinage of the country.
		It was shown, that Seljuq coins of the first half of the twelfth century could not been circulated in the region along with the Byzantine coins, struck in incomparable greater quantity.
		Among the Rum Seljuqs the issues of the sultans Qilij Arslan II (551-588AH/1156-1192AD), his sons Masud bin Qilij Arslan (583-601AH/1187-1204AD) in Ankara, Tughril bin Qilij Arslan (598-622AH/1202-1225AD) in Erzerum, and later Qay Khosrow I (588-592AH/1192-1196AD), Sulaymanshah II (592-600AH/1196-1204AD), Qay Qawus I (607-616AH/1210-1219AD) and, finally, Qay Qobad I (616-634AH/1219-1236AD) in Siwas, Qayseri and Qonya are known.
	coins.ha.com /features/numisarticles.php?id=155 (12452 words)

	Islamic Gold Coins :: Iran
		As newly converted Muslims, the Seljuq Turks migrated into the eastern Islamic world in the late tenth century to serve as mercenary soldiers for established powers there.
		Orthodox Sunni in their beliefs, the Seljuqs vigorously expanded, forcing the Isma'ili Shiites to retrench, driving Christian forces out of Anatolia and the Caucasus, and humbling the powerful IlKhanids.
		At the peak of their power in 1092 when Malik Shah died, the Seljuqs experienced disastrous fratricidal conflicts in the ensuing years.
	www.islamicart.com /main/coins/g_iran.html (331 words)

	Seljuqs
		The Seljuqs made Esfahan their capital, and they started to use Persian language in the administration of the new state.
		The Seljuq sultans also sponsored Persian language, and they were effectively propagators of the Persian language to the entire Persian continent.
		10th century: A group of Turkish people under the leadership of a chief called Seljuq settles in the area of the Jaxartes river (modern Kasakhstan), and converts to Islam.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/seljuqs.htm (491 words)

	The Institute of Ismaili Studies - The Mediaeval Ismailis of the Iranian Lands
		The Fatimid da‘wa continued to be propagated successfully in the eastern lands, even after the ardently Sunni Seljuqs had replaced the Shi'i Buyids in 447/1055 as the effective rulers of the ‘Abbasid state.
		At any rate, the Turkish Seljuqs were aliens in Persia and their rule was intensely detested by the Persians of different social classes.
		Despite their superior military power and a prolonged war of attrition, the Seljuqs did not succeed in seizing Alamut, where Hasan-i Sabbah had continued to stay; and, the Persian Ismailis by and large retained their regional positions in Rudbar, Qumis, and Quhistan.
	www.iis.ac.uk /view_article.asp?ContentID=104463 (12563 words)

	The origin of the Seljuqs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Seljuq had originated as chieftains of nomadic bands in Central Asian steppes, and appeared first in Transoxiana and Khorasan in the 5th/11th century.
		In the last decade of the 10th century, the Seljuq family embraced Islam, and then turned to raiding against the pagan Turks.
		Tughril Beg was succeeded by Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg in 455/1063.
	www.ismaili.net /histoire/history06/history603.html (329 words)

	Medieval Islamic Art and Architecture
		The Seljuqs (1040-1194): Turkish nomadic horsemen in the Muslim Middle East.
		Seljuq architecture: Mosques, minarets and caravanserais I. Seljuq architecture: Mosques, minarets and caravanserais II.
		Beauty and innovation: Ceramics of the Seljuq period I. Beauty and innovation: Ceramics of the Seljuq period II.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /programs/ahcs/html/courses/arth365a.htm (369 words)

	The Art of the Seljuqs of Iran (ca. 1040–1157) \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan ...
		By the close of the eleventh century, as the Seljuq realm became troubled due to internal conflicts and the division of the realm among heirs, the empire dissolved into separate territories governed by different branches of the dynasty.
		Under the Seljuq sultanate, Iran enjoyed a period of material and cultural prosperity, and the ingenuity in architecture and the arts during this period had a notable impact on later artistic developments.
		In fact, as there are few surviving dated examples of Iranian art from the Seljuq period proper, works of art dating to the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries are frequently labeled "Seljuq" even though they might have been produced under the patronage of one of several local dynasties.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/iselj/hd_iselj.htm (738 words)

	Shi'a: Early and Medieval Shi'a
		The Seljuq Turks adopted Sunni Islam as their faith and subscribed to its harshest and least tolerant form, Hanfism.
		From the 11th to the 12th centuries (5th to 6th centuries AH), the Seljuqs ruled over Iran and Bagdhad.
		This meant that the Shi'ites were considerably less persecuted under the non-Muslim Mongols than they had been under the rule of the Seljuq Turks.
	www.wsu.edu /%7Edee/SHIA/EARLY.HTM (753 words)

	The Seljuqs of Rum
		Their founder, Seljuq, was the son of a Turkish commander in the Khazar army.
		After Alp Arslan’s death the Seljuq of Rum (their name for Asia Minor, a corruption of “Rome”) became effectively independent of the “Great Seljuq” of Persia.
		In 1242 a Mongol invasion caused the collapse of the Seljuq empire.
	geocities.com /egfroth1/Seljuqs.htm (1728 words)

	Seljuq-Ayyubid coins.
		In the years from 1038 to 1077, the Seljuq Turks expanded from their remote homelands north of the Caspian and Aral Seas into the heart of the Islamic world, creating a vast empire rivalling that of the Umayyads or the Abbasids (but without northern Africa or Spain).
		A splinter of this group, known as the Seljuqs of Arzarum, had a separate line of rulers in a small region of eastern Turkey for a couple of decades in the early 1200's.
		The other atabegs or vassals of the Seljuqs include the Salduqids of Arzarum; the Begteginids of Irbil; the Begtimurids of Armenia; the Ildegizids of Azerbaijan; the Ahar Kings, vassals of the rulers of Azerbaijan; the Inalids of Diyarbakr in eastern Turkey; and the Nisanids, vassals of the Inalids.
	users.javanet.com /j/-/j-roberts/seljuq.htm (616 words)

	The time of troubles (1056-1081) - by Al. Vasilief
		The Seljuqs, or Seljucids, were the descendants of the Turkish prince Seljuq, who was in the service of a Turkestan khan about the year 1000.
		In a short period of time the strength of the Seljuqs had increased to such an extent that the two grandsons of Seljuq were able to lead the savage Turkish hordes into attacks on Khorasan (Khurasan).
		From the middle of the eleventh century the Seljuqs became a very prominent factor in the history of the Byzantine Empire, for they began to menace its border provinces in Asia Minor and in the Caucasus.
	www.ellopos.net /elpenor/vasilief/troubles.asp (3934 words)

	Seljuqs
		Turkish Muslim dynasty controlling large areas in the Middle East in the 11th and 12th centuries.
		This made local rule strong, but would make the Seljuq area weak for attacks from foreign powers, like the Crusaders around 1100, the Egyptians in the 12th century and the Mongols in the 13th century.
		1040: Togrul 1, chief of the Seljuqs and grandson of Seljuq, starts to conquer large parts of the lands that comprises modern Iran and Iraq.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/seljuqs.htm (491 words)

	The origin of the Seljuqs (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Seljuqs were the ruling military family of the Oghuz Turkoman tribes, which ruled over wide territories in Central and Nearer Asia from 11th to 13th century.
		The Seljuq family belonged to the Qiniq." Another report indicates that the progenitor of the Seljuq family was a certain Duqaq, which in Turkish language means "iron bow", a man of resources, discernment and competence, who alongwith his son Seljuq, served Yabghu.
		Eventually, Yabghu became jealous of Seljuq's power, and the latter was forced to flee with his flocks to Jand.
	ismaili.net /histoire/history06/history603.html (329 words)

	Religious Architecture and Islamic Cultures
		The Sunni Revival: The term used to designate the movement that culminated with the Seljuqs who actively sought the elimination of Shi`ite principalities in the eastern Islamic world and the Shiite grip on the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad, and who sponsored and fostered the renaissance in Sunni theology and jurisprudence.
		Nizam al-Mulk (1020-92): The able vizier of the Seljuq sultans who organized the structure of their state, promoted Sunni learning, and sponsored madrasas in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq, all called Nizamiyya.
		The specialized institution of learning that was adopted by the Seljuqs to promote Sunni teaching.
	web.mit.edu /4.614/www/handout09.html (261 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Seljuk (Turkish: SelÃ§uk, Arabic Ø§ÙØ³ÙØ§Ø¬ÙØ© SaljÅ«q; also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq) was the bey (chieftain) of a branch of Oghuz Turks known as the KÃ½nÃ½k Seljuqs.
		The Seljuqs expanded from Aegean Sea to Central Asia and the Caucassus.
		In the year 1071 Sultan Alp Arslan defeated the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes and the Seljuqs began to conquer Anatolia.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Seljuk (137 words)

	Seljuq dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seljuqs (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuk, sometimes also Seljuq Turks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian: سلجوقيان Ṣaljūqīyān; in Arabic سلجوق Saljūq, or السلاجقة al-Salājiqa) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries.
		The apical ancestor of the Seljuqs was their bey Seljuq who was reputed to have served in the Khazar army, under whom, circa 950 CE they migrated to Khwarezm, near the city of Jend also called Khujand, where they converted to Islam.
		The Kharāghān twin towers, built in 1053 CE in Iran, is the burial of Seljuq princes.
	www.browser9.com /index.php?q=aHR0cDovL2VuLndpa2lwZWRpYS5vcmcvd2lraS9TZWxqdWtz (2215 words)

	THE CRUSADES: THEIR EFFECT ON ARAB HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Islam saw its decline and downfall in hoof prints on the sands of the Arabian desert, and heard its defeat in the war cry of the horseman racing full gallop toward his target.
		In 1035, Tughril Beg, the Seljuqid, at the head of these tribesmen, occupied Baghdad, and the prowess of these Seljuq Turks frightened both the Muslim Caliphs and the Byzantine kings, whose empire was also threatened with collapse.
		As the Seljuqs invaded the Arab World, they embraced Islam, and a new component was added to the heterogenous mix of the Middle East; the Turk and Mongol invaders who came to conquer, were themselves conquered by the existing culture, and, in most instances, they became part of it.
	www.clevelandmemory.org /arabs/pg073.html (1190 words)

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