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	Semi Automatic Ground Environment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SAGE, the Semi Automatic Ground Environment, was an automated control system used by NORAD for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft from the late 1950s into the 1980s.
		IBM's role in SAGE (the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the never-built Whirlwind II) was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry.
		SAGE sites were connected to multiple radar stations which transmitted tracking data (range and azimuth) in digitized format by modem over ordinary telephone lines.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment (2284 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		IBM's role in SAGE (the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the Whirlwind) was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry.
		The RAF could leave their fighters on the ground until the raid was detected, guiding them over radio towards the bombers, calculating directions "by hand".
		SAGE sites were connected to a number of tracking stations which sent in sighting reports over a teletype system connected over normal telephone lines.
	simple.seowaste.com /SAGE (1595 words)

	Computers
		SAGE was designed in the mid to late 1950s, primary by MIT Lincoln Lab, with follow-up development by IBM and by nonprofit System Development Corp. and Mitre Corp. The latter two were spun off from RAND and MIT, respectively, primarily for this task.
		SAGE was clearly a technological marvel for its time, employing digitized radar data, long distance data communications via land lines and ground-to-air radio links, the largest computer (physically) built before or since, a special-purpose nonstop timesharing system, and a large collection of interactive display terminals.
		SAGE might be regarded as successful in the sense that no manned bomber attack occurred during its life and that it might have served as a deterrent to those considering an attack.
	www.williamson-labs.com /480_cpu.htm (1472 words)

	Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) - United States Nuclear Forces
		With the increasing possibility of a large-scale bomber attack on the United States in the mid-1950s, it became evident that further improvements in the nation’s defense capability were needed.
		The end result of MITs efforts was the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment System, which consisted of a network of computerized control centers throughout the United States.
		The heart of the SAGE system, known affectionately as "Clyde", provided weapons controllers of the 60's and 70's with data which facilitated the intercept of unknown aircraft by Air Force fighters.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/airdef/sage.htm (477 words)

	[No title]
		The SAGE network of computer systems was designed in the 1950's and became operational in the early 1960's to detect and defend from incoming bombers.
		Groundbreaking for the McChord SAGE complex was in 1957 and final shutdown occured in the early 1980's.
		One of The Gallery's SAGE plubbable units and the Kelvin-Hughes light gun are from the McChord installation.
	www.thegalleryofoldiron.com /SAGE.HTM (359 words)

	Semi Automatic Ground Environment - Free net encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Image:SAGE control room.pngSAGE, the Semi Automatic Ground Environment, was an automated control system for collecting, tracking and intercepting enemy bomber aircraft used by NORAD from the late 1950s into the 1980s.
		IBM's role in SAGE (the design and manufacture of the AN/FSQ-7 computer, a vacuum tube computer with ferrite core memory based on the Whirlwind II) was an important factor leading to IBM's domination of the computer industry.
		SAGE sites were connected to a number of tracking stations which sent in sighting reports over a teletype system connected over ordinary telephone lines.
	www.netipedia.com.cob-web.org:8888 /index.php/SAGE_Project (1684 words)

	Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
		The SAGE program significantly advanced the state of the art in human-computer interaction, influenced the thinking of J.C.R. Licklider, caused the establishment of the MIT Lincoln Laboratory where Lawrence Roberts later worked, and established one of the first wide-area networks.
		One of their most influential projects was the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) program, established in 1954 by the US Air Force to develop a continental air defense system to protect against a nuclear bomber attack from the Soviet Union.
		When SAGE was deployed in 1963, it consisted of 24 Direction Centers and 3 Combat Centers, each linked by long-distance telephone lines to more than 100 radar defense sites across the country, thereby establishing one of the first large-scale wide-area computer networks.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/ii_sage.htm (454 words)

	MITRE - About Us - MITRE History - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
		The SAGE system was fully deployed in 1963; the 24 SAGE Direction Centers and three SAGE Combat Centers were spread throughout the U.S. Each was linked by long-distance telephone lines to more than 100 interoperating air defense elements, requiring system integration on a scale previously unimagined.
		SAGE: The People Behind It "I was struck at the time and have been struck since by how much a group of really smart, dedicated people with adequate resources can do toward solving problems.
		SAGE had a fundamental impact on the development of computers and the computer industry.
	www.mitre.org /about/sage.html (1102 words)

	Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Back Up Interceptor Control System (BUIC) - Internet History
		Automatic transmission of pre-launch and fire command based on operator input.
		Once the operator initiates a tracking action by means of a light pen on the display, the computing system automatically maintains the track by prediction and examination of incoming data for correlation.
		The system is returned automatically to the operational function with information on what modules are available for use, and the operational program reconfigures, utilizing the safe data previously stored.
	www.livinginternet.com /i/ii_sage_buic.htm (908 words)

	MITRE - About Us - MITRE History - Photo Archives - Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
		George Valley ("Father of SAGE"), Director of SAGE, 1952–1958, speaking to members of the press at announcement of SAGE system for continental air defense.
		This intercept monitor room in the SAGE Direction Center at MIT's Barta Building in Cambridge, MA., was a prototype for the future national air defense system.
		Computer frames of the AN/FSQ-7 IBM SAGE computer (at the time, one of the world’s largest and most reliable), the heart of the SAGE system.
	www.mitre.org /about/photo_archives/sage_photo.html (912 words)

	SAGE Air Defense
		The Air Force in 1954 began the SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) project at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) where Vannevar Bush had created a large research organization in WWII for his OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development).
		By the time the system was fully deployed in 1963, according to MITRE, "the 24 SAGE Direction Centers and three SAGE Combat Centers were spread throughout the U.S. Each was linked by long-distance telephone lines to more than 100 interoperating air defense elements, requiring system integration on a scale previously unimagined.
		Kenneth H. Olsen from MIT and SAGE founded the Digital Equipment Corportation (DEC) in 1957 and developed the PDP-1 computer in 1960 and the PDP-8 in 1968, called the first mini-computer because it was small like the mini-skirt.
	history.sandiego.edu /gen/20th/sage.html (1145 words)

	SAGE Computer (circa 1957) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		I was trained on the SAGE computer (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) and initially assigned to the Custer Air Force Base at Battle Creek, Michigan.
		This picture shows the control room which was at the center of the SAGE complex.
		SAGE was a large scale, fully duplexed binary computer system, with tape drives, magnetic drums, telecommunication input/output and up to 64 graphic display terminals with 'light guns' (light pens).
	www.yelavich.com /mphotos/sage.htm (279 words)

	IBM Archives: SAGE console
		Built by IBM in the 1950s, the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) computers were used in an early U.S. air defense system.
		SAGE was the first large computer network to provide man-machine interaction in real time.
		The SAGE radar display console seen here presents a picture of the air defense situation within its assigned geographic area.
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV2216.html (187 words)

	SAGE (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Radar had initially pushed the advantage in favour of the defender, detecting a raid at long range and thus giving defenders plenty of time to launch their interceptor aircraft.
		The SAGE system was kept up to date with information on the availability and status of various weapons and aircraft, including all airfields, BOMARC and Nike Hercules anti-aircraft missile sites.
		When the operator chose one of these to intercept the target, commands would automatically be sent via teletype to local controllers who would take over from there.
	sage.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (1668 words)

	The SAGE Blockhouse -- Future Home of the Cold War / Peace Museum
		The SAGE building served as a major component of our country¹s air defense during the Cold War period (1945-1990).
		And, on each floor there is a massive air conditioning system, designed to remove the heat generated by the very earliest vacuum-tube computers of the 1950s.
		Beginning in 1958, the SAGE Direction Center played a crucial role in America¹s defense against a possible Soviet air attack.
	www.coldwarpeacemuseum.org /blockhouse.html (221 words)

	Preservation Online: Story of the Week Archives: Are Cold War Sites Worth Preserving?
		When it opened in 1958, its official name was the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Direction Center, called SAGE by the Air Force personnel who worked there when Stewart was an active military base.
		SAGE employees called the computer room "the blue room" because of the low light that reduced the glare from hundreds of computer screens.
		"The SAGE computer was a marvel not seen in civilian circles," said Chris McWilliams, a retired Air Force major who worked as a radar operator at the building from 1957 to 1960.
	www.nationaltrust.org /magazine/archives/arch_story/101701.htm (1097 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Dr. Strangelove Meets IBM: The SAGE System \| August 12, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Born of cold war hysteria and a military-industrial-academic complex, SAGE was the brainchild of Jay Forrester and George Valley, two MIT professors at that school's Lincoln Lab.
		SAGE project development was a strange affair, the outgrowth of a flight simulator project that used first analog, then digital, computing techniques.
		SAGE ran the largest single piece of code then ever written: a real-time executive that was a then-unimaginable 500,000 lines.
	www.ddj.com /184403974 (1281 words)

	North American F-86L Sabre
		The SAGE system was developed during the early 1950s by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Lincoln Laboratory.
		This information was transmitted in real-time to a special data receiver aboard the interceptor, and an on-board system converted this data into heading, speed, altitude, target bearing, and range information that would be used to guide the pilot in his interception.
		In the mid 1950s, it was decided to adapt the F-86D to the new SAGE system, and in 1956, 2192 conversion kits were ordered for the F-86Ds of the Air Defense Command (ADC).
	home.att.net /~jbaugher1/p86_18.html (833 words)

	Stealth and Precision (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The aerial battlespace at the turn of the century is as much of an electronic environment as it is an aeronautical environment.
		Initially ground based, then in airborne units, radar provided a means of detecting hostile targets at long distances, at night, and in inclement weather conditions.
		The SAGE ground stations across the North American continent were supplemented by EC-121 radar surveillance aircraft flying over open ocean.
	www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil /Genesis/chap9.htm (3651 words)

	Charles Babbage Institute: RESEARCH PROGRAM> Current research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		AN/FSQ-7 is the name given by the U.S. Air Force to the executive program or operating system of the Whirlwind II computer for the comprehensive SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) system.
		As its designers explained, one of the most important functions of the system was to coordinate and schedule inputs received from operators at remote SAGE air defense installations, and return outputs as directed from the central direction center.
		SAGE in large measure laid the foundation for the country’s air traffic control system and the airline reservation system SABRE.
	www.cbi.umn.edu /shp/entries/anfsq7.html (483 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Jay Forrester
		He was a research assistant at MIT's High Voltage Laboratory, transferring the next year to the new Servomechanisms Lab, which developed electric and hydraulic servomechanisms for gun mounts and radar.
		(A servomechanism is key to the automatic control of a mechanical device; it regulates the mechanism in response to feedback.) By 1944, Forrester was thinking of leaving the lab and going into business for himself.
		SAGE began operation in 1958 and was used as an air defense system until the 1980s.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/btforr.html (541 words)

	CHIPS - The Department of the Navy Information Technology Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		SAGE was a system developed by the North American Aerospace Defense Command beginning in the 1950s to track aircraft over North American airspace through real-time monitoring.
		SAGE computers collected text-based information and displayed it on a video monitor as moving icons.
		If this sounds familiar, it may be because SAGE technology was also used to develop air traffic control systems.
	www.chips.navy.mil /archives/06_jan/web_pages/GUI.htm (2575 words)

	Sage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		SAGE (Computer Algebra System) (Software for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation), an open source algebra system.
		SAGE (ruSsian American Gallium Experiment) a radiochemical solar neutrino flux measurement experiment.
		SAGE KE, the Science of Aging Knowledge Environment, the online biogerontolgy/molecular biology of aging resource associated with the online version of the journal SCIENCE.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/SAGE (384 words)

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