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Topic: Semi authoritarian

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	Challenge of Semi-Authoritarianism - Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
		These regimes have adopted some of the formal traits of democracy, such as constitutions providing for the separation of powers and contested presidential and parliamentary elections, and they allow some degree of political freedom to their citizens; nevertheless, they are able to protect themselves from open competition that might threaten the tenure of the incumbents.
		But such regimes cannot be considered purely authoritarian, either, because of the degree of openness of the political process and because of the fact that they tolerate at least partial challenges and allow a degree of freedom for competing organizations.
		Rather we decided that it was more useful to start with a group of interesting countries that displayed many authoritarian characteristics but simultaneously had also arenas for political competition, to learn from the comparative examination of these countries, and in the end to arrive at a better understanding and a more rigorous definition of semi-authoritarianism.
	www.carnegieendowment.org /publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=142 (10253 words)

	The Challenge of Semi-Authoritarianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		These regimes have adopted some of the formal traits of democracy, such as constitutions providing for the separation of powers and contested presidential and parliamentary elections, and they allow some degree of political freedom to their citizens; nevertheless, they are able to protect themselves from open competition that might threaten the tenure of the incumbents.
		But such regimes cannot be considered purely authoritarian, either, because of the degree of openness of the political process and because of the fact that they tolerate at least partial challenges and allow a degree of freedom for competing organizations.
		Rather we decided that it was more useful to start with a group of interesting countries that displayed many authoritarian characteristics but simultaneously had also arenas for political competition, to learn from the comparative examination of these countries, and in the end to arrive at a better understanding and a more rigorous definition of semi-authoritarianism.
	www.ceip.org /programs/democr/Semi-Authoritarianism%20WP.htm (10260 words)

	Semi-authoritarian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term semi-authoritarian is used to refer to a state or regime that shares both democratic and authoritarian features.
		A young and unstable democracy struggling toward improvement and consolidation is usually not classified as a semi-authoritarian country.
		The late 1980s and early 1990s have seen the demise of many different kinds of authoritarian governments: communist states in Eastern Europe, right-wing military dictatorships in Latin America, and various others in Africa.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semi-authoritarian (224 words)

	Is Democracy Stable?
		Authoritarian governments that are created by a coup often die in the same way.
		That is, if an authoritarian regime followed another authoritarian regime—as frequently happens when a series of military coups occur—we would not re-start the clock measuring the survival of the authoritarian regime.
		That authoritarian regimes have a tendency to instability is, as we saw above, contradicted by the long tradition in political thought of emphasizing the great efficiency of authoritarian regimes.
	www.stier.net /writing/demstab/demstab.htm (7174 words)

	Semi-authoritarian - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Semi-authoritarian is a classification of a mix between a democratic and an authoritarian state.
		The demise of the socialist regimes in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union was hailed in the West as a sign that democracy, no longer confronted by competing ideologies, was bound to triumph throughout the world.
		They combine rhetorical acceptance of liberal democracy, the existence of some formal democratic institutions and respect for a limited sphere of civil and political liberties with essentially illiberal or even authoritarian tendencies.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Semi-authoritarian (225 words)

	RCCS: View Book Info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Some readers may be inclined to believe that authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regimes are dinosaurs that are unable to adapt to new information technology (for example, see page one of the book).
		The third lesson is that an authoritarian or semi-authoritarian regime may successfully bifurcate "economics" from "politics" -- as in the cases of Singapore, China, the UAE, and perhaps also Saudi Arabia.
		If a country has a relatively liberal economic policy, but relatively authoritarian political system (the bifurcation we were considering), then as long as the country is relatively stable I will not care that much about whether the political system is authoritarian, and neither will my employees.
	rccs.usfca.edu /bookinfo.asp?ReviewID=296&BookID=247 (2175 words)

	Semi-Authoritarianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In Asia, formal democratic processes are accompanied by strong authoritarian features in countries such as Pakistan, Singapore or Malaysia, putting them in the realm of semi-authoritarianism.
		Nevertheless, citizens everywhere have shown their disillusionment with authoritarian regimes, and a widespread return to unabashedly top-down forms of government is improbable.
		With conditions unfavorable to both genuine democracy and open authoritarianism, the ranks of semi-authoritarian regimes are likely to swell.
	dev.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2003/12/03/006.html (823 words)

	Russia, Russia After Putin, Putin's Future, Revolution - JRL 10-11-05
		Anybody who tries to understand the politics of an authoritarian leader, and all the more predict his or her behavior in domestic and international affairs, should reflect on the leader's perceptions of his or her short and long term future, particularly after leaving office.
		The seemingly indomitable desire of authoritarian leaders to stay in power as long as possible cannot be ascribed only to their willingness to protract their power ad infinitum, with all the pleasures and perks associated with this power.
		First of all, most authoritarian leaders in the contemporary world tend to exploit their office for gaining control over a big chunk of the nation's assets, as well as over big businesses.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/9264-17.cfm (9801 words)

	ISN Security Watch - Reclaiming democracy in Central, Eastern Europe
		However, authoritarianism and democracy are essentially irreconcilable, and the hybrid nature of these regimes eventually led to their downfall through elections, the most democratic of means.
		Other factors leading to change included a competitive authoritarian state that allows space for a democratic opposition, "return to Europe" civic nationalism that assists in civil society mobilization, a preceding political crisis, a pro-democratic capital city, unpopular ruling elites, a charismatic candidate supported by a united opposition, youth politics, regionalism and foreign intervention.
		The hardening and sophistication of remaining authoritarian regimes in Eastern Europe, mounting backlashes against democracy assistance, the rising populist threat to liberalism and the weakening of the European Union's soft power place powerful obstacles in the way of continued democratic change.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /news/sw/details.cfm?ID=17465 (3101 words)

	The Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes
		In the Middle East, authoritarian regimes such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates are controlling the political and social impact of the Internet through ambitious censorship schemes [9].
		We do not claim that all authoritarian regimes will successfully control the Internet - or even that the successful regimes of today will maintain their control in the long run - but we do argue that at present effective control of the Internet is much more prevalent than conventional wisdom would suggest.
		Authoritarian regimes will have to continually adapt their measures of control if they want to counter effectively the challenges of future variations in information and communication technologies.
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue6_8/kalathil/index.html (12168 words)

	DR M'S FAKE "POLITICAL STABILITY"
		Similarly, authoritarian systems of government can be racked by crisis or even collapse completely when some event threatens the legitimacy of their rule.
		When authoritarian ruling parties lose legitimacy they treat this as a threat to the entire fabric of government.
		So the consequences for stability of an authoritarian government losing the confidence of its people are much more serious and traumatic than when a democratic government faces the same situation.
	members.tripod.com /ris20204/_disc2/00000178.htm (1550 words)

	Presentations and Remarks
		This misleading equation has been taken up by authoritarian rulers to deny the legitimacy of democracy assistance and to portray these efforts as an instrument of foreign policy designed to undermine US adversaries.
		Ominously, there is growing evidence of collusion and collaboration on the part of authoritarian regimes seeking to undermine democracy assistance and independent civil society groups.
		What does seem to be different and problematic is, first, the emergence of a twilight zone of uncertainty in which programs are prone to arbitrary interference or cancellation; and, second, the growing prevalence of low-intensity harassment, including arbitrary tax inspections, onerous reporting requirements, and ostentatious surveillance by security services.
	www.ned.org /about/carl/carl060806.html (2875 words)

	Democracy, the Rule of Law, and Human Rights in Asia: The Empirical Record, UCLA International Institute
		The key issue has been whether a democratic or authoritarian regime was more likely to achieve economic growth and ensure stability.
		Third, all else being equal, authoritarian regimes tend to outperform democratic regimes at relatively low levels of economic development.
		However, while proponents of democracy often claim that authoritarian regimes are particularly vulnerable to economic downturns, so are democracies, at least at relatively low levels of growth.
	www.international.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=6546 (2020 words)

	Publications
		Dictatorships include both totalitarian and authoritarian systems, and semiauthoritarianism includes countries that are moving toward or away from full democracy, or are not moving perceptibly in either direction.
		This is one of many terms (including pseudo-democracy, hybrid regimes, and competitive authoritarianism) used to describe regimes that fall somewhere between dictatorship and the genuine political openness and competition of electoral democracy.
		The fall of authoritarian regimes in Latin America, the Soviet bloc, and large parts of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa triggered major efforts to foster democratic transitions in scores of countries, involving the promotion of free elections, economic reform, civil society, good governance, and the rule of law.
	www.ned.org /publications/documents/strategy2002.html (5443 words)

	Brookings Institution Press, Deferring Democracy, Promoting Openness in Authoritarian Regimes
		The most successful have been those in which the regime was able to manage the pace of change while meeting the expectations of a widening spectrum of social and political interests and in which the regime itself became con- vinced that democratization was an appropriate step.
		On the other hand, they do not necessarily mean that electoral exercises in authoritarian states are not democratic on an individual basis or that they do not make a substantial contribution to political reform.
		Rather, in authoritarian states, even liberalizing ones, elections are often less than the sum of their parts because of their strict limits and their instrumental use to the regime.
	brookings.nap.edu /books/0815717016/html/33.html (2609 words)

	Rimless Semi Spectacles
		During the 1990s, international democracy promotion efforts led to the establishment of numerous regimes that cannot be easily classified as either authoritarian or democratic.
		They display characteristics of each, in short they are semi-authoritarian regimes.These regimes pose a considerable challenge to U.S. policymakers because the superficial stability of many semi-authoritarian regimes usually masks severe problems that need to be solved lest they lead to a future crisis.
		SEMI GLOSS 8.5X11 50SHEETS rimless semi spectacles (C) rimless semi spectacles Inc. 2005.
	sp82.maptohealthandwealth.com /rimlesssemispectacles.html (567 words)

	eKantipur.com - Nepal's No.1 News Portal
		The unparalleled economic growth of China has materialized despite heavy centralization of authority in Beijing by a single political party though it is true that the Chinese leadership has gradually allowed the market to function openly, unleashing the inherent Chinese entrepreneurship.
		Examples abound where dictatorship or authoritarian governments have destroyed national economies, and siphoned off the domestic wealth to Swiss banks and French villas.
		China has demonstrated that in an authoritarian system, where public debates are muffled and state exercises undisputed power, the state may be able to accelerate economic development.
	www.kantipuronline.com /kolnews.php?&nid=60957 (869 words)

	Bringing Democracy to Africa's Authoritarian Governments
		She is a senior associate in the Democracy and Rule of Law Project at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace here in Washington, DC, which is a research endeavor that analyzes the state of democracy around the world and the efforts by the United States and other countries to promote democracy.
		In her new book, Democracy Challenged, a comparative study of authoritarian regimes in Africa, the Caucasus, Latin America, and the Middle East--it was published in January 2003.
		You may have noticed on your way in here the book is on sale in our lobby, and after today's program across the hall in the diplomatic reception lobby, we will continue the sale of her book.
	www.state.gov /s/p/of/proc/21720.htm (695 words)

	Brightway Hypnotherapy
		The result of this persistent stereotyping is that many members of the general public assume that a hypnotherapist is able ‘to exert irresistible control over the subject’ which gives rise, in turn, to misconceptions and fears which have to be initially overcome before effective therapy can begin.
		On-stage the ‘authoritarian’ style works well, as the conditions in which the stage hypnotist works are ripe for that approach.
		This last factor is further enhanced, by the influence of the group: several hundred individuals all demanding entertainment tends to increase conformity.
	www.brightwayhypnotherapy.co.uk /authoritarian.html (468 words)

	Derailing democracy
		Instead, there is growing opinion to the contrary, that authoritarian and semi-authoritarian Arab regimes are using Washington’s faltering project to resist political reform.
		In Saudi Arabia, 8 per cent of the population is Shia, with almost all based in the oil-rich Eastern province and victims of official discrimination.
		Also helping the authoritarian and semi-authoritarian Arab regimes is the intense anti-Washington sentiment prevalent throughout the Muslim world due to the Bush administration’s invasion of Iraq.
	www.informationclearinghouse.info /article13122.htm (1234 words)

	Slashdot \| Open Networks, Closed Regimes
		Every country in the world is authoritarian to some extent, so at that point countries become authoritarian relative to one another.
		Unsurprisingly, Cuba is a small country that has embarrassed the leaders of the United States a great deal, from the New Years revolution of 1959 to the Bay of Pigs, the Cuban missile crisis, the Mariel boatlift to it's offer in 2000 to mediate the US elections.
		And there's no doubt that it has a high degree of authoritarianism - but relative to the rest of Latin America I would ask if it is so much more so than virtually every other Latin American country.
	yro.slashdot.org /yro/03/01/11/2021257.shtml?tid%3D153 (5222 words)

	Democracy Takes a Thumping: Islamist and Democratic Opposition in Malaysia’s Electoral Authoritarian Regime
		The implication appears to be that Malaysian voters are irrevocably trapped between BN authoritarianism and PAS Islamism.
		The combination of targeted repression of Keadilan’s leadership, more generic authoritarian restrictions on speech and assembly, and authoritarian media controls Vladimir Putin would covet, made Keadilan’s recent electoral struggle an uphill battle extraordinaire.
		Rather, they should see it for what it is: a ploy to ensure that the major force in the opposition is Islamist rather than democratic, and thus incapable of overturning BN rule.
	kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp /issue/issue4/article_355_p.html (2359 words)

	EServer TC Library: Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule
		Traces Internet use in eight authoritarian and semi-authoritarian countries: China, Cuba, Singapore, Vietnam, Burma, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.
		They discover that authoritarian governments, far from fearing the information age, have chosen to direct Internet development in ways that bolster the state.
		At the same time, many regimes are struggling to cope with the potent challenges posed by new technologies.
	tc.eserver.org /19548.html (158 words)

	Democracy rising in ex-Soviet states :: Charter'97 :: News :: 10/02/2005
		The prospect has sent shudders through the Kremlin, still smarting from the "loss" of pro-Moscow regimes in Georgia and Ukraine, and reeling in the face of its own grass-roots revolt by pensioners protesting cuts in social services.
		For Russia, where authoritarian methods have been taking root under President Vladimir Putin, the prospect of pro-democracy rebellions sweeping the former Soviet Union seems to threaten the underpinnings of domestic stability.
		"In absolutely authoritarian regimes like [Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan] the threat of `Orange Revolution` is just used by the leaders to crack down harder," says Masha Lipman, an expert with the Carnegie Center in Moscow.
	charter97.org /eng/news/2005/02/10/rost (1055 words)

	danieldrezner.com :: Daniel W. Drezner :: The fourth wave of democratization?
		The first (small) wave was in the early 1800's, the second took place immediately after the Second World War, and the third wave started in Southern Europe in 1974 and ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
		All waves of democratization are followed by counter-waves, which happened in the mid-to-late nineties, with authoritarian and semi-authoritarian regimes emerging in a lot of the post-Soviet states.
		Nor should we be surprised by the formidable capacity of these authoritarian regimes to quash meaningful reform.
	www.danieldrezner.com /archives/001960.html (4823 words)

	Progressive Dawoodi Bohras: Is Islam Undemocratic?
		This new vision of a society was far from being authoritarian.
		The entire Arab world lacks any mass leader of any calibre as the authoritarian rulers use highly repressive policies and do not allow any such leader to emerge.
		What is more disturbing is that the `Ulama in these countries are supporting the ruling establishment and using Islam to legitimise the authoritarian rule.
	www.dawoodi-bohras.com /perspective/absence.htm (3132 words)

	Welcome to Washington Spectator Online
		Now the sectarian tensions exacerbated by three years of violence in Iraq is proving to be a boon to authoritarian leaders in neighboring countries.
		The first is that, given a free choice, voters in the region have opted to bring in Islamist parties or individuals to govern them.
		In January, Washington and other Western capitals were shocked at the landslide victory of Hamas in elections to determine the makeup of the Palestinian parliament.
	www.washingtonspectator.com /articles/20060601democracy_1.cfm (713 words)

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