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Topic: Semigallian language

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Sudovian language

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	The Semigallian cultural area
		The western boundary ran along Ežerupis and Vadakstis, in the southwest the Semigallian territory was reduced by Samogitian lands, whereas in the east the former Semigallian territory is represented by Kuoknesė land.
		The territory of Semigallian tribe, as defined by the author, was limited by Šiauliai and Upytė lands in the south, Lielupė basin and Gulf of Riga in the north, in the northeast the Semigallian territory included the areas till Dauguva; in Lithuania the Semigallian territory stretched till Tauragnai–Svėdasai.
		The territory occupied by Semigallians was distinguished on the basis of cemeteries.
	www.istorija.lt /la/arch20-05engVaskeviciute.htm (3101 words)

	Wikipedia: Latvian language
		The Latvian language is spoken by 1.5 million people primarily by the Latvian population in Latvia, where it is the official language, and secondarily by the non-Latvian population in the same country.
		Latvian is one of two extant Baltic languages, a group of its own within the family of Indo-European languages.
		It formed until 16th century on the basis of Latgalian accumulating Curonian, Semigallian and Selic languages (all are Baltic languages).
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/l/la/latvian_language.html (289 words)

	Semigallian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Semigallian is an extinct language appertaining to the Baltic languages sub-family of Indo-European languages.
		It was spoken in the Northern part of Lithuania and Southern regions of Latvia and it is thought that it was extinct by the 16th century with the assimilation by the Latvians.
		As the language was lost, we can know about it only from occasional references in chronicles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semigallian_language (94 words)

	Lithuanian Language Encyclopedia Article @ EasterCrafts.org (Easter Crafts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		This language was already on its way in the 19th century, but Jablonskis, in the introduction to his Lietuviškos kalbos gramatika, was the first to formulate and expound the essential principles that were so indispensable to its later development.
		The most common are the illative, which still is used, mostly in spoken language, and the allative, which survives in the standard language in some idiomatic usages.
		The Lithuanian language is a highly inflected language where relationship between parts of speech and their roles in a sentence are expressed by numerous flexions.
	www.eastercrafts.org /encyclopedia/Lithuanian_language (1388 words)

	[No title]
		The law acknowledges the Lithuanian language as official language in public life: legal acts, correspondence, financial and technical documents shall be adopted and promulgated in the official language, the residents are guaranteed the right to acquire secondary, vocational, higher post-school and university education in the official language.
		Language regulating institutions 4.2.1.The State Commission of the Lithuanian Language The State Commission of the Lithuanian Language is authorized to deal with issues of language codification, the use of language norms and questions of implementation of the Law on the Official Language.
		The Institute of the Lithuanian Language The Institute of the Lithuanian Language was established in Vilnius 1941.
	www.euro-languages.net /lithuania/upload/files/euro_languages_eng_10.doc (1834 words)

	Old Prussian Language Encyclopedia Article @ 216.92.11.26 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Old Prussian is an extinct Baltic language spoken by the inhabitants of the area that later became East Prussia (now in north-eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia) prior to German colonization of the area beginning in the 13th century.
		This too may be used to delineate the language from the later state.
		These new immigrants caused a slow decline in the use of Old Prussian as Prussians began to adopt the languages of the newcomers.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Old_Prussian_language (895 words)

	Wikipedia: European languages
		The Basque language of the northern Iberian Peninsula is a language isolate, and as such is not closely related to any other language.
		The Finno-Ugric languages are a subfamily of the Uralic language family.
		The Romance languages decended from the Vulgar Latin spoken across most of the lands of the Roman Empire.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/e/eu/european_languages.html (171 words)

	INDO-EUROPEAN EXPANSIONS AND GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH
		Avestan, the language of the religious poetry or Gathas of Zoroaster, and Old Persian, the language of the official inscriptions of the Achaemenid rulers, are the two ancient languages known from texts or inscriptions dating from the sixth century BCE.
		In the northeast and northwest, the language spoken was Parthian.
		Russian, Belarusan, and Ukrainian became the languages of the eastern Slavs: Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian became the languages of the southern Slavs; Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Wendish, and the extinct Polabian became the languages of the western Slavs.
	www.mnstate.edu /gunarat/languages.htm (11251 words)

	The Origin of the Lithuanian Language
		One of the oldest attested forms of the Italic language branch is Latin, the oldest attested form of Greek is Mycenean Creek, the oldest attested form of Indo-lranian is Vedic Sanskrit, the oldest attested form of Slavic is Old Church Slavic.
		The Prussian language is the closest relative to Lithuanian and Latvian;
		The language of the Bible was the basis and model used by all authors in the 17th and 18th centuries; it influenced the choice of lexical items and syntactic constructions, and the use of Biblical idiomatic utterances; this translation also served to stabilize the" orthography.
	www.lituanus.org /1982_1/82_1_01.htm (5833 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		languages spoken in the area bordering the Baltic Sea, forming a subfamily of the
		LITHUANIAN LANGUAGE, (q.v.); and Old Prussian (extinct since the 17th cent.).
		A few other extinct Baltic languages are associated with historical regions of northern Europe, notably Curonian and Semigallian.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..ba017900.a (99 words)

	U.S.ENGLISH Foundation Official Language Research - Lithuania: Background
		The Lithuanian language was not the state language until the first period of independence (from 1918 to 1940, precisely speaking, when Lithuania recovered its independence) and was proclaimed as such in the 1922 Constitution.
		Despite the fact that the use of the Lithuanian language was prohibited, the struggle for its survival strengthened.
		In 1697, when the Seimas [Parliament] enacted the bill of rights, Polish became the language of prestige and the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (mainly in the Vilnius region) while Lithuanian was the language of the peasantry.
	www.us-english.org /foundation/research/olp/viewResearch.asp?CID=46&TID=2 (3214 words)

	Marija Gimbutas — The Balts — Chapter 1
		In this book, however, I shall not be speaking of the modern Baltic states but of people who belong to one linguistic group of the Indo-European family, that is, of the Lithuanians, Latvians, and Old Prussians, along with their kin tribes, many of which disappeared during the course of prehistory and history.
		Other eastern Baltic languages or dialects became extinct in the protohistoric or early historic period and are not preserved in written sources.
		This is reflected in loan-words from the Baltic in the Finno-Ugrian languages.
	www.vaidilute.com /books/gimbutas/gimbutas-01.html (3744 words)

	Baltic
		The language had 2,760,000 speakers in Lithuania in the early 1980s and several thousand speakers in Belorussia and Poland, and until 1945 there were several thousand Lithuanians in East Prussia as well.
		The language of all the Old Prussian catechisms is rather poor: the translations are excessively literal, and there are many errors in language and orthography.
		Standard Latvian was finally established at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, and the levelling influence of this standard language on the Latvian dialects began at this time.
	www.rkp-montreal.org /en/05baltic (3519 words)

	Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Old Prussian language disappeared around 1700 due to German colonization and Curonian, Semigallian and Selian became assimilated into the Lithuanian and Latvian language groups between 1400 and 1600.
		Thus, Lithuanian and Latvian (and their respective dialects) remain as the last living languages of the Baltic family.
		A deliberate effort to convert the native population to Christianity was begun only after Grand Prince Jogaila accepted baptism in 1396, together with the royal crown of Poland.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/2810/romuvawhatis.html (347 words)

	Pietro U. Dini. Le Lingue Baltiche.
		Unfortunately for those interested in Baltic studies, the East and West Galindian, Selonian, Curonian and Semigallian languages are known only through onomastic data, Jatvingian and Old Prussian only slightly better and indeed the only Baltic languages which are well attested are Lithuanian and Latvian.
		With the establishment of the Baltic nations in 1918 a standard form of the language had to be chosen.
		Dini is to be congratulated on producing a first-rate introduction to the study of the Baltic languages.
	www.lituanus.org /1998/98_4_06.htm (1825 words)

	Pagan
		Those tribes were Semigallians, Kurshi, Letgallians and Seeli (though, Libyans, called Livi, also lived on the shores of the Riga Gulf, they are a people related to the Finno-Ugric peoples, and have commingled in time with our Baltic tribes.
		Writings recognized the Latvian language and the Latvian people as such only in the sixteenth century, and that came as a consequence of the Semigallian, Letgallian, Seeli, Kurshi and Livi languages and peoples merging.
		The Latvian and Lithuanian languages are recognized as one of the oldest Indo-european languages, which retain much still from prehistoric times.
	www.theoldpath.com /website/iceheart (553 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Latvia's strict language law and draft citizenship law have caused many non-citizen resident Russians concern over their ability to assimilate, despite Latvian legal guarantees of universal human and civil rights regardless of citizenship.
		Written with the Latin alphabet, Latvian is the language of the Latvian people and the official language of the country.
		It is an inflective language with several analytical forms, three dialects, and German syntactical influence.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/eur/latvia9408.html (3715 words)

	Semigallian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As the language was lost we know about it only from occasional references chronicles.
		Quickly approaching its hundred-year anniversary, "The Elements of Style" - a pocket reference guide created by Cornell professor William Strunk as an aide for his students is today as relevant and helpful as ever.
		I am a fan of Fowler's and especially his "Refactoring" book, which I also rate as a must read for the serious programmer.Fowler's new book is an attempt to do for Enterprise Application Architecture what "Design Patterns" (i.e., GOF)...
	www.freeglossary.com /Semigallian_language (496 words)

	ETHNO-LINGUISTIC CONTACTS BETWEEN LETTIGALLIANS AND SELONIANS AND BALTIC FINNS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Ariste feels that the specifics of the Votic language cannot be used to explain the movement from k and ķ to č and from g and ģ to dž in the Lettigallian and Selonian dialects.
		The Finnish linguist feels that the revoicing of k into tš could not occur independently in the dialects of the Votic language and that the influence of the Russian language is at the root of the revoicing (Posti 1958: 12-14).
		This examples show that in the Baltic Finnish languages, there was a tendency to revoice the diphthong ai to the diphthong ōi when it appeared after the occlusive k, and it is not impossible that this tendency found full voice in some idiom of the Baltic Finns which has now been lost.
	vip.latnet.lv /hss/breidaks.htm (3800 words)

	Latvian Language Facts
		Latvian language formed until 16th century on the basis of Latgalian accumulating Curonian, Semigallian and Selonian languages (all are Baltic languages).
		The oldest known examples of written Latvian are from a 1585 catechism.
		Both Latvian and particularly Lithuanian languages are considered to be the most archaic of still-spoken Indo-European languages.
	www.languagehelpers.com /languagefacts/latvian.html (323 words)

	Lithuanian Language Bacground (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Most Baltic languages are extinct, including the tongues of prūsai (Prussian), jotvingiai (Jotvingian), kuršiai (Curonian), žiemgaliai (Semigallian), and sėliai (Selonian).
		The only Baltic languages preserved and used to date are Lithuanian and Latvian, which supposedly drifted apart somewhere around the 7th century.
		Researchers of Indo-European languages say Lithuanian is the most archaic of all the living Indo-European tongues.
	www.vlkk.lt /lithuanian-language/background.htm (148 words)

	History of Latvia
		Since 9,000 BC ancient peoples of unknown origin had inhabited Latvia, but by 3,000 BC the ancestors of the Finns had settled the region.
		These patrons--with such Lettish names as Alunans, Barons, Krastins, Kronvalds, Tomsons, and Valdemars--soon formed the Young Latvian Movement, whose aim was to promote the indigenous language and to publicize and counteract the socioeconomic oppression of Latvians.
		It recognized Latvian as the official language, granted cultural autonomy to the country's sizeable minorities, and introduced an electoral system into the Latvian constitution, which was adopted in 1922.
	infotut.com /geography/Latvia (2566 words)

	Baltic languages - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Latvian language (1.5 million speakers) (see Latvians, Latvia)
		Lithuanian language (4 million speakers) (see Lithuanians, Lithuania)
		Joseph Pashka, Proto Baltic and Baltic languages (1994)
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=4213 (954 words)

	Latvians, Jats, Hebrews, Teutones, Teutonic and Lavonian Knights, and Prussia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Latvian belongs to the Eastern Baltic sub-group of the Baltic language group in the Indo-European language family, and it is neither Germanic nor Slavic.
		The Eastern Baltic languages split from the Western Baltic ones (or, perhaps, from the hypothetic proto-Baltic language) between 400 and 600.
		The closest ties the Baltic languages have are with the Slavic and Germanic languages.
	www.new-tradition.org /forum/showthread.aspx?m=84440 (4975 words)

	The Lithuanian Language and Writing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Hydronyms of Baltic origin have been found by linguists far to the east of present-day Lithuania and Latvia, namely, in the upper and central parts of the Dnieper basin, in the upper reaches of the Volga, and in the Oka basin.
		The lands of the ancient Prussian tribes had been seized by the Tectonic Knights as far back as the 13th century; part of the original Prussians were exterminated and the remaining part, which was enslaved and formed into a nation, became assimilated in the course of fierce germination.
		With the introduction of Christianity in the 14th and 15th centuries the Lithuanian language and culture were faced with the ever increasing danger of pollination.
	daugenis.mch.mii.lt /postilla/Kalba/kalbarast.en.htm (1679 words)

	Indo-European Family: Baltic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is a member of the "satem" group of Indo-European languages.
		Old Prussian belongs to the West Baltic branch whereas Lithuanian, Lettish (Latvian) and the dialects Curonian, Semigallian and Selonian form the East Baltic branch.
		Galindian, an even more primitive Baltic language, was spoken in White Russian before the East Slavonic expansion in CE 500-600.
	bwalker.free.fr /lang/indo_3.htm (79 words)

	Linguistix - Language Families - Indo-European
		The Indo-European Family includes most of the languages of Europe and western Asia.
		The Ursprache is called Proto-Indo-European (PIE) was suggested by Sir William Jones, and has been reconstructed to demonstrate similarities in today's languages.
		People travelling from this area took the PIE language with them, and settled in all corners of the globe.
	www.shoalhaven.net.au /~ksdesign/linguistix/lang/lang-fam-indoeuro.htm (117 words)

	SourceWord translations: If you are looking for a translator from Latvian or into Latvian, we are please to offer the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Latvian language, sometimes also referred to as Lettish, is the official state language of the Republic of Latvia.
		The Latvian language belongs to the Eastern Baltic sub-group of the Baltic language group in the Indo-European language family, and it is neither Germanic, nor Slavic.
		The oldest known examples of written Latvian are from a 1530 translation of a number of hymns made by Nicholas Ramm, a German pastor in Riga.
	www.sourceword.com /english/languages/latvian.php (299 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Latvians and Lithuanians are the only directly surviving members of the Baltic peoples and languages of the Indo- European family.
		In an attempt to preserve the Latvian language and avoid ethnic Latvians becoming a minority in their own country, Latvia's strict language law and draft citizenship law have caused many non-citizen resident Russians concern over their ability to assimilate, despite Latvian legal guarantees of universal human and civil rights regardless of citizenship.
		Russia expresses concern for how Latvia's laws on language and naturalization may affect Latvia's ethnic Slavs, who comprise 46% of the population.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/bgnotes/eur/latvia9706.html (4387 words)

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