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	SEMINOLE INDIANS
		The Indians were given all kinds of names, usually depending upon the mood of the white settler.
		Seminole did not indicate a blood lineage as did Mikasuki, Yuchi, Oconee, Yamassee, etc. There were also two different dialects of a common language stock, Muskogee and Hitchiti.
		The Indians retaliated attacking a boatload of 40 soldiers and the war was on.
	www.keyshistory.org /seminolespage1.html (1572 words)

	Seminole In Mexico
		In 1849-1850 several hundred discontented Seminole from the Indian Territory, under the command of the Indian chief Coacoochee (Wild Cat) and the Negro chief John Horse (Gopher John), crossed Texas to Coahuila, Mexico, and were settled near the border as military colonists; as such they did good service against wild Indians and Texas filibusters.
		In the Indian Territory he became the principal figure among the Negro element in the Seminole tribe and was closely associated with the Seminole faction hostile to Creek domination, of which Wild Cat was the recognized leader.
		Sampson July was subsequently a principal figure among the Seminole Negroes in Texas and Mexico and rose to the rank of sergeant in the Seminole scouts.
	www.seminolenation-indianterritory.org /seminole_in_mexico.htm (4474 words)

	The Black Seminole Indians were scouts, warriors and cowboys
		As a result, the quality of life for ex-slaves improved, and out of respect to the Indian chief, they paid a yearly tax of either corn or some other foodstuff to be used for the common good, and in return for their allegiance, they were given the protection of the larger Seminole Indian community.
		These Seminole Negroes, with the reputation of being fearless fighters, were experts in frontier and hand to hand combat, so in 1870 the United States Army entered into negotiations with John Kibbetts, the leader of the group at Nacimiento, to employ Black Seminoles as Indian scouts and fighters in West Texas.
		As the Indian wars declined, the scouts were transferred to custodial and constabulary positions, before the detachment was finally disbanded in 1914, at which point the maroons at Fort Clark and their dependents who numbered between 200 and 300, were told to leave the post they had been living in for more than a generation.
	members.tripod.com /jrmoore1958/seminole.html (5234 words)

	FLORIDA OF THE SEMINOLES
		While these Seminoles were not direct participants in the Creek Wars of 1813, their ability to adapt to such European ways as wheat farming and cattle raising aroused the anger of Georgia farmers who accused them of stealing their cattle.
		Halfway to their destination they were ambushed by a large band of Seminoles and their slave allies, at a site where many of the Indians hide in the unlikely spot of a lake bank.
		The major weakness of the Seminoles was their women and children so the U. Government adopted a policy of hunting down, uprooting, and capturing the Indian villages.
	www.floridahistory.org /floridians/seminol.htm (1897 words)

	MrDonn.org - Seminole Indians Daily Life in Olden Times, Customs, Tall Tales, Everglades, Native Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When walls were not needed, the Seminole rolled up their canvas curtains and hung them from the rafters to keep them safe and dry.
		The Seminole might not return to a specific village for some time, but wherever they went, they either built a new camp, or stayed at an old one that they had built in the past.
		Seminole Tall Tale: Around 1896, Chief Wildcat told some white traders that the Seminoles were the descendants of giants that were 6 feet tall.
	members.aol.com /donnclass/seminole.html (1776 words)

	Seminole (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Seminole Indians are a North American Indian Tribe that speak the Muskogee language.
		The clothing of the Seminoles was decorated with bright colored pieces of cloth as an imitation of the clothing worn by the Spanish.
		Seminole environmental projects are now designed to protect and preserve the land and water systems.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/seminole.html (324 words)

	SEMINOLE
		Seminole Indians always claimed Blacks as slaves, or family members, consequently slave catchers would capture any Black and claim he was a runaway.
		All of the Seminole leaders in Florida were present, some having traveled for days and hundreds of miles with their families and escorts for this all important meeting.
		The treaty required that the Seminoles sell all properties to the U.S. and remove to the west as all of the south and southeastern tribes had previously done, and that Blacks be returned to their "rightful" owners.
	www.emayzine.com /lectures/seminoles.htm (2008 words)

	A Nation Divided
		And three years ago they were stripped of their Seminole status altogether through the imposition of an ancestral blood standard for membership that few could prove.
		The rolls were used to allot land to fl and blood Indians and still are employed by the federal government and most tribes as the baseline for ancestral heritage and entitlement.
		And while the Freedmen are only a sliver of the Seminole population -- about 2,500 out of approximately 14,000 -- their plight has brought turmoil to the tribe, as if pulling at this one thread started an unraveling of Seminole identity.
	afgen.com /seminole.html (1553 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Seminole resistance to white encroachment led to a series of conflicts with the United States Army including the First Seminole War (1816-18), the Second Seminole War (1835-42), and the final skirmishes of 1857-58.
		The Seminoles remained unsatisfied with their new home, however, and in 1858 they learned that an independent Seminole Nation had been created in a treaty in 1856 between the Creeks and the United States.
		The Seminole delegates to Mexico discovered, upon their arrival, that their old Mexican grant was inhabited by descendants of the Seminole maroons left behind in 1861.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/SS/bms19.html (1604 words)

	Black Seminole Indians
		Seminoles barred the majority of fls from becoming full members in their clans, but in certain cases they did extend membership or special status to such individual fl leaders as John Kibbetts and Juan Caballo.qqv Intermarriage between the two ethnic groups occurred, but on a limited basis.
		The Seminoles began to rely on the maroons, with their knowledge of English, as interpreters and intermediaries in negotiations with whites.
		During the Seminole Wars of the early nineteenth century, maroons and Seminoles, in separate units, fought the United States Army in an attempt to resist relocation to the West.
	afgen.com /black_seminoles2.html (1578 words)

	[No title]
		The Indian Removal Act gave the government the authority to remove all the Five Civilized Tribes east of the Mississippi to the Indian Territory in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
		The Choctaws left for Indian Territory in 1831, the Creeks in 1835 and the Chickasaws in 1837.
		The land allotted to the Seminoles was dominated by the Creek Nation, whose members resented the Seminoles' previous abandonment.
	www.abfla.com /1tocf/seminole/semhistory.html (1877 words)

	Facts - Office of Cultural & Historical Programs
		The Seminoles of Florida call themselves the "Unconquered People," descendants of just 300 Indians who managed to elude capture by the U.S. army in the 19th century.
		Seminole history begins with bands of Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama who migrated to Florida in the 1700s.
		In the late 1950s, a push among Indian tribes to organize themselves and draft their own charter began -- this came as a result of federal legislation which allowed Indian reservations to act as entities separate from the state governments in which they were located.
	dhr.dos.state.fl.us /facts/history/seminole (690 words)

	Seminole - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Seminole nation came into existence in the 18th century and was composed of Indians from Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, most significantly the Creek Nation, as well as African Americans who escaped from slavery in South Carolina and Georgia (see Black Seminoles).
		While roughly 3,000 Seminoles were forced west of the Mississippi River, including the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma, who picked up new members along their way, approximately 300-500 Seminoles stayed and fought in and around the Everglades of Florida.
		The Seminole were a heterogenous tribe made up of mostly Lower Creeks from Georgia, Mikasuki-speaking Muskogees, and escaped African American slaves, and to a lesser extent white Americans and Indians from other tribes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Seminole (1546 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Seminoles barred the majority of fls from becoming full members in their clans, but in certain cases they did extend membership or special status to such individual fl leaders as John Kibbetts and Juan Caballo.
		Due to Seminole protest, the army was unable to fulfill its promises to the Black Seminoles, and when both groups reached Indian Territory problems arose as to the status of the maroons.
		Some of the maroons believed that their move to Indian Territory was in sight, but the army disappointed them as government bureaucrats continued to debate the questions of ethnicity and responsibility.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/BB/bmb18.html (1821 words)

	Seminole Indians
		Seminole Indians whose forefathers inhabited the Everglades- Miami, Florida.
		The Indians encountered in Florida by the early Spanish and French had the appearance of the Aztecs of Yucatan and had a high degree of culture.
		These are the descendants of the Indians who withdrew to the Everglades out of reach of the white man when the rest of the tribe was deported to Oklahoma.
	fcit.coedu.usf.edu /FLORIDA/3D/indians/indians01.htm (351 words)

	Selling a piece of your mother - Seminole Indians of Florida Whole Earth - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These two, the Seminole Tribe of Florida and the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida, have reservation land and can offer their members federal benefits and profits from such enterprises as bingo, sales of tax-free cigarettes and the leasing of reservation land for oil and gas exploration.
		The Independent Traditional Seminole Nation offers none of these things, but it does have the distinction of being the only Indian group in the country that has never been defeated by the United States in warfare and never submitted to its authority in peacetime.
		The Traditional Seminoles have a simple need: a place where they can be free to live according to their customs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0GER/is_n94/ai_21260287 (955 words)

	Amazon.com: Seminole Indians: In Old Picture Postcards: Books: Donald D. Spencer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Compiled and presented by Donald D. Spencer, Seminole Indians In Old Picture Postcards a unique and thoroughly amazing showcase of both color and fl-and-white illustrations, drawn from the author's valuable collection of picture postcards that feature the Native Americans of Florida's Seminole tribe.
		A concise yet enlightening introduction by the author offers a simple capsulization of Seminole history in America, while the majority of the book is given over to the rich, moving images of a unique people and culture.
		Seminole Indians In Old Picture Postcards is a unique and enthusiastically recommended addition for Native American Studies reference collections.
	www.amazon.com /Seminole-Indians-Old-Picture-Postcards/dp/0892183446 (535 words)

	INDIAN AFFAIRS: LAWS AND TREATIES. Vol. 2, Treaties
		The Seminole Nation covenant that henceforth in said nation slavery shall not exist, nor involuntary servitude, except for and in punishment of crime, whereof the offending party shall first have been duly convicted in accordance with law, applicable to all the members of said nation.
		The Seminole Nation agrees to such legislation as Congress and the President may deem necessary for the better administration of the rights of person and property within the Indian Territory: Provided, however, [That] said legislation shall not in any manner interfere with or annul their present tribal organization, rights, laws, privileges, and customs.
		And the Seminoles hereby ratify and confirm all such diversions of annuities heretofore made from the funds of the Seminole Nation by the United States.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /kappler/Vol2/treaties/sem0910.htm (1094 words)

	The Seminole Indians
		The word Seminole was derived from a Spanish word, "cimmaron", which means "wild ones", referring to the fact that they lived in wild, unoccupied areas.
		These Seminole Negroes played a significant part throughout the ensuing Seminole Wars and the removal to Indian Territory.
		United States government decides removal of all Indians in Florida to the Indian Territory in the West (present day Oklahoma) was the best solution to continued conflict between the Seminoles and white settlers.
	www.tampabayhistorycenter.org /seminoles.htm (235 words)

	Seminole Treaty
		There shall be perpetual peace between the United States and the Seminole Nation, and the Seminoles agree to be and remain firm allies of the United States, and always faithfully aid the Government thereof to suppress insurrection and put down its enemies.
		Therefore the Seminoles agree to a military occupation of their country at the option and expense of the United States.
		The United States having obtained by grant of the Creek Nation the westerly half of their lands, hereby grant to the Seminole Nation the portion thereof hereafter described, which shall constitute the national domain of the Seminole Indians.
	www.african-nativeamerican.com /seminole_treaty.htm (435 words)

	Stephanie Dispatch for KIDS!
		White men from the government of this country decided they wanted the land the Indians lived on, and told them to pack up their things and head west to "Indian Territory" in Oklahoma.
		The Seminoles said no and fought against the white men who had taken their land.
		While the Indians were used to the swamp, about 1,500 soldiers died in the Second Seminole War.
	www.ustrek.org /odyssey/semester1/110400kids/110400stephsemkids.html (519 words)

	First Seminole War
		Floridian territory was nominally under Spanish sway; the Spanish permitted the Seminole to settle there in order to create a buffer zone between their sphere of influence and that of the British.
		While the United States was fighting the War of 1812 with Britain, a series of violent incidents aggravated hostility between the U.S. and the Seminole.
		The First Seminole War erupted over forays staged by U.S. authorities to recapture runaway fl slaves living among Seminole bands, who stiffly resisted.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1129.html (399 words)

	www.seminolesentinel.com
		The Sentinel is a twice-a-week publication dedicated to serving the residents of Seminole, Gaines County, and points beyond.
		The Seminole Varsity Maidens continue to strive to reach their goals with a win over the Levelland Lobos to bring their district record to 4-0.
		Texas Gov. Rick Perry announced that federal homeland security dollars will be awarded to local communities based on two priorities designed to prevent terrorism and criminal activity in the state.
	www.seminolesentinel.com (484 words)

	Seminole Genealogy
		27060 Seminole Indians of Florida 1850-1874, All of the information in this book has been transcribed from the records of the Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs Records, which are a part of the holdings of the National Archives in Washington DC.
		27058 Seminole Indians of Florida 1875-1879, All of the information in this book has been transcribed from the records of the Department of Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs Records, which are a part of the holdings of the National Archives in Washington DC.
		These annuity and per capita rolls were taken to determine the eligilitynof persons of Indian descent to receive payment of monies as the result of US Congressional Legislation and Treaties signed between the Indians tribes and the US goverment.
	members.aol.com /TMCorner/indn_sem.htm (780 words)

	SEMINOLE-NEGRO INDIAN SCOUTS: Revised with photos
		The Seminole Nation fought slavers, Indians and the U.S. government to keep their ancestral lands and farms, which delayed the annexation of Florida.
		The Seminole Nation was marched to Indian Territory on what is now known as the "Trail of Tears", where hundreds of men, women and children were marched to their deaths.
		The Seminole Negroe's understanding of this Treaty was that the government would grant them land, pay their transportation costs to the U.S., pay them for their services and provide provisions for their families.
	www.buffalosoldier.net /SeminoleNegroIndianScouts.htm (1728 words)

	Second Seminole War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		1832- The Treaty of Payne's Landing was concluded with some Seminole chiefs in Florida who accepted resettlement in lands allotted to their related nation, the Creek, west of the Mississippi Rier.
		To that end a treaty had been signed in 1832 with the Seminole Indians of Florida.
		Resistance was led by the Indian chief Osceola, whose father was not an Indian.
	www.usahistory.com /wars/seminol2.htm (258 words)

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