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	Semipalatinsk Test Site - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons.
		Later tests were moved to the Chagan River complex and nearby Balapan in the east of the STS (including the site of the Chagan test, which formed Lake Chagan).
		Semipalatinsk was the site that Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan chose for the signing of the Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone on September 8, 2006, also commemorating the 15th anniversary of the test site's closing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site (705 words)

	Semipalatinsk - Soviet Nuclear Test Site
		Semipalatinsk was chosen by Lavrentii Beria in 1947 as the Soviet Union’s first nuclear test site.
		The scientific buildings for the test site were located 150 kilometers west of the town of Semipalatinsk, today known as Semey.
		Five tests failed at Semipalatinsk, causing the plutonium inside the bomb to be scattered on the surround terrain causing radiological contamination of the land.
	www.freewebs.com /atomicforum/semi.html (554 words)

	Nuclear Test Sites \| atomicarchive.com
		Site of three underground nuclear tests in the 1960's and early 1970s, the Amchitka facility was closed in 1971.
		The site of the 5 nuclear tests in 1998.
		Bikini Atoll was the site of BRAVO test.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Almanac/Testing.shtml (479 words)

	The Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Semipalatinsk test site is a 19,000 km2 zone in the northeast of the country, 800 km north of the capital Almaty.
		The only on-site inhabitants during the testing programme were in the town of Kurchatov whose purpose was to service the site, and in the small settlements of Akzhar and Moldari along the northern edge of the site.
		The objectives were to collect additional radiological data from in and around the site, collect and review existing data provided by Russian and Kazakh sources relevant to the radiological situation at the test site, and to perform a preliminary assessment of the present and potential future doses to residents in the Semipalatinsk area.
	www-ns.iaea.org.cob-web.org:8888 /appraisals/semipalatinsk.htm (1178 words)

	VNIIEF Highlights
		The test had results that allowed our thermonuclear weapons technology take the lead in an implied competition with US nuclear scientists.
		test exploded a bomb with basic innovation in the fusion charge design further used as underlying for the next weapons generation.
		test detonated the 50-megaton H-bomb at the Novaya Zemlya test site.
	www.sandia.gov /ASC/russia/vniief_highlights.html (423 words)

	NATO Review - Vol. 49 - No 3 - Autumn 2001
		Between 1949 and 1989, a total of 456 nuclear tests were carried out at Semipalatinsk in Kazakhstan, the former Soviet Union's premier test site, before its closure by presidential edict in 1991.
		The Semipalatinsk project, which is a joint venture between scientists from Kazakhstan and the United Kingdom, aims to examine contamination levels across some 600 square kilometres of the 22,000 square kilometre site, an area about the size of Wales.
		The Semipalatinsk project seeks to measure contamination levels throughout the 600 square kilometre area, identifying land that is immediately fit for human settlement, land which could be settled with minimal clean-up work, and land which should permanently be placed off limits to humans.
	www.nato.int /docu/review/2001/0103-06.htm (641 words)

	Semipalatinsk Test Site (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Site is also known variously as Semipalatinsk-21 (after the postal region of the Semipalatinsk Oblast it occupied), the Semipalatinsk Polygon, and latterly the National Nuclear Center of Kazakhstan.
		Later tests were moved to the Balapan subcomplex in the STS's southwest, and to Degelen Mountain (and the surrounding Degelen uplands) in the south.
		After the closure of the Semipalatinsk labor camp, construction duties were performed by the 217th separate engineering and mining battalion (who later build the Baikonur Cosmodrome).
	semipalatinsk-test-site.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (555 words)

	Semipalatinsk Revisited: Old Nuclear Test Site Set New Course
		A statue of Igor Kurchatov, the "father of the Soviet atomic bomb project", stands in front of the former Headquarters of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site, in what was then known as the village of Kurchatov in the Kazakhstan Republic.
		This testing ground was the Semipalatinsk test site, a 19,000 square-kilometre zone in the northeast of the country, 800 km north of the capital Almaty.
		Today, the scientific and technical facilities at Semipalatinsk are being converted to peaceful uses under the jurisdiction of the National Nuclear Centre of the Republic of Kazakhstan, work which the IAEA is assisting.
	www.iaea.org /NewsCenter/News/2006/semipalatinsk.html (524 words)

	ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY STUDIES
		The purpose of this field trial was to test the samplers for the detection of undeclared nuclear activities.
		Kurchatov was chosen as a trial site since it is located at the edge of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site which contains huge amounts of radioactivity in the ground.
		Radiological characterization of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in Kazakhstan
	www.mv.helsinki.fi /home/jklehto/envrs.htm (850 words)

	Key Events in the Effort to End Nuclear Weapons Testing: 1945-1999
		However, the United States government later determines that the event occurred in the Arctic Ocean, 130km from the Russian test site, and there is ample evidence to conclude that the event was in fact an earthquake.
		The tests are met with global condemnation and calls for Pakistan and India to sign and ratify the CTBT without conditions.
		May-June, Dozens of protests to condemn the tests are held in India that involve a spectrum of prominent citizens, and a new organization of professionals is formed, the Movement in India for Nuclear Disarmament (MIND).
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /legal/ctbt/ctbtest.html (3982 words)

	NATO Update: Radioactive contamination in Kazakhstan - 14 January 2002
		A NATO "Science for Peace" study of the radioactive contamination at the former Soviet nuclear test site in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan, was presented to a Technical Meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) held in Vienna on 14-18 January.
		After closure of the test site in 1991, information on the radioactive contamination was classified and controlled by military departments until 1993, when the first international experts were allowed access to the site.
		There are indications that the area selected for the NATO study was used for grazing by domestic animals before the creation of the test site and it is hoped that one of the outcomes of the study will be the reclamation of the contaminated steppe lands for safe grazing once more.
	www.nato.int /docu/update/2002/01-january/e0114b.htm (287 words)

	IREX \| 2002 Caspian Sea Regional Policy Symposium
		The test site is surrounded by several villages and located approximately 150 km west of the city of Semei (formerly Semipalatinsk).
		Before most tests, villagers were usually warned that there would be an "explosion" but they were neither told the reason for the explosion nor warned of the potential health risk.
		Although the majority of radionuclides are significantly decayed within thirty days of a nuclear test, a few radionuclides (such as plutonium) have extremely long half-lives, and thus the average exposure to radiation continues to be slightly higher than background radiation would otherwise be in the areas near the test site.
	www.irex.org /programs/symp/02/werner.asp (2051 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Kazakhstan: Nuclear Facilities
		Semipalatinsk Test Site facilities are under the jurisdiction of the National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is involved in civilian activities and conversion of the site to non-defense uses.
		Testing equipment and technical components that were exposed to radiation during nuclear tests were mothballed in concrete bunkers to diminish the risk of spreading radiation into the soil.
		Residents of the village Sarzhal near the Semipalatinsk test site believe that an unexploded nuclear bomb was abandoned in Lake Chagan at the test site in 12/64.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Kazakhstan/Nuclear/4278_4313.html (6401 words)

	Legacy of nuclear weapons tests in Nevada and Kazakhstan: lessons the world must never forget (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Until the atmospheric test ban treaty went into effect in 1963, radiation from atmospheric tests in Nevada was blown across many states causing higher cancer rates in Nevada, Utah, Idaho and other U.S. states.
		Mary Palevsky, Director of the Nevada Test Site Oral History Project at the University of Nevada in Las Vegas told of the work her program does to collect interviews with a wide range of people who were involved in nuclear weapons testing across the United States.
		The victims of nuclear testing in Nevada and Semipalatinsk are eternal reminders to the nations of the world to reject developing nuclear weapons, the modern Sword of Damocles that has imperiled humanity for too long, and to join together to rid the world of the threat of nuclear holocaust.
	www.homestead.com /prosites-kazakhembus/echo26.html (1682 words)

	Small seismic events at the Semipalatinsk Test Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		We shall use the distinction between a nuclear test and a nuclear explosion that was adopted in the revised protocol of 1990 for the Threshold Test Ban Treaty.
		The small underground nuclear tests at STS provide some practical experience with certain aspects of open monitoring, albeit for years in the past, especially in the early years of underground nuclear testing, when capabilities were not as good as they are today.
		Bocharov, V.S., Zelentsov, S.A., and Mikhailov, V.I. (1989), Characteristics of 96 underground nuclear explosions at the Semipalatinsk test site, Atomnaya Energiya, 67, 210 – 214.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /~richards/PAGEOPH.html (8599 words)

	MSU student wins Fulbright to make film about Soviet nuclear test site
		The site is an 11,000 sq.-mile-area on the isolated steppe of Kazakhstan where the former U.S.S.R. developed and tested its nuclear weapons.
		Devereux said she was immediately drawn to story of the Semipalatinsk Test Site because it was integral to the Cold War and is still considered to be a proliferation threat.
		She was allowed to join Stone on a visit to the test site last January for 10 days to meet people involved in the project and gain a feel for the area.
	www.montana.edu /cpa/news/nwview.php?article=2560 (779 words)

	Semey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The fort suffered frequently from flooding caused by the snowmelt swelling the Irtysh, and in 1778 the fort relocated 18 km upstream to less flood-prone ground.
		In 1949 a site on the steppe 150km (100 miles) west of the city was chosen by the Soviet atomic bomb programme to be the location for its weapons testing.
		The USSR operated the Semipalatinsk Test Site from the first Soviet explosion in 1949 until 1989.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Semipalatinsk (508 words)

	Planet Ark - FEATURE - Kazakh "nuclear soldier" paints warning for future
		Alexander Shevchenko, a frail 75-year-old, is one of the few surviving "nuclear soldiers" who lived through the horrors of the first Soviet nuclear blasts tested on live humans at the Semipalatinsk test site.
		Subsequent nuclear tests were routinely kept secret or, later on, tersely reported on by compliant media as a "forced measure to strengthen the nuclear shield of the Motherland".
		Atmospheric and surface tests were conducted until 1962 before being replaced with much safer underground explosions.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=18173 (1111 words)

	The Barefoot College, 2000 Nuclear-Free Future Award recipients
		In the region surrounding the test site, the rates of cancers, of circulatory diseases, and of cases of depression increased dramatically.
		In 1989, when Soviet authorities threatened to quell public demonstrations against a new round of nuclear warhead testing at Semipalatinsk, it was Kuidin’s photos that made plain the tragic plight of his people to the rest of the world.
		In November of 1998, representatives at the 53rd United Nations General Assembly voted to lend aid to the Semipalatinsk victims -- a decision that, according to the foreign minister of Kazakhstan, was considerably spurred by Kuidin’s photos.
	www.nuclear-free.com /english/kuidin.htm (640 words)

	Kazakhstan Study
		Most tests had military objectives, but some were intended to test possible civil applications of nuclear tests.
		There are a lot of claims, both scientific and public, for rehabilitation of the contaminated areas in order to allow the local population to live in a safer environment, and also for compensation to those who suffered the consequences of radiation.
		Comparative study of the long-term impact of the underground nuclear explosions at the Nevada and Semipalatinsk Test Sites.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/RAD/STS/kaz_study.html (680 words)

	Chapter 9 -Epilogue
		These test moratoriums did not stop a Soviet verification team from continuing its activities to monitor the first American nuclear explosion under the provisions of the treaty.
		Following the test the Soviet verification party returned to the site, collected the monitoring data, and signed, along with the senior American escort, the treaty inspection reports.
		Both directors served as on-site inspectors on the START exhibition teams, traveling to military bases in the United States and Russia to inspect, measure, and record the technical characteristics of the missile and bomber systems.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/inf/infbook/ch9c.html (1551 words)

	Cynthia Werner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Due to radioactive fallout, the atmospheric tests (1949-1962) have had a greater impact on local populations than the 340 underground tests (1961-1989).
		Individual radiation doses vary further depending on the proximity to the test sites and the paths of radioactive fallout.
		The historical context of nuclear testing, the access to information concerning the tests, and the compensation provided to the "victims" of nuclear testing are all highly politicized issues.
	anthropology.tamu.edu /sitetest/new_anthro/faculty/werner/research.htm (1899 words)

	Soviet Nuclear Test Summary
		As with the U.S., the term "test" may indicate the near simultaneous detonation of more than one nuclear exposive device, so the actual number of devices exploded is 969 (for comparison, the U.S. has conducted 1056 tests/explosions using at least 1151 devices).
		Not included are "hydronuclear tests", what are tests involving fissile material with yields (by design) of less than 1 ton.
		This test series was the largest in world history, as measured by explosive yield.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Russia/Sovtestsum.html (486 words)

	The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program
		This test was a near copy of the US Sedan test, a 104 Kt subsurface cratering experiment.
		The site for the Chagan shot was the dry bed of the Chagan River on the edge of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) in Kazakhstan.
		The nuclear explosive used for the Chagan test was reported to be a low-fission design, which had a pure thermonuclear secondary driven by a fission primary with a yield of about 5-7 kt.
	nuclearweaponarchive.org /Russia/Sovwpnprog.html (2117 words)

	Semipalatinsk: Nuclear Nightmare of Kazakhstan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		They were used as human guinea pigs during almost 500 nuclear explosions the Soviets carried out at Semipalatinsk nuclear test site in their push to compete with the United States for global domination.
		On Aug. 29 Kazakhstan marked the 10th anniversary of the closing of the Semipalatinsk nuclear weapon test site.
		It was the Soviets' main test site on our soil, where almost 500 nuclear explosions were carried out since 1949.
	www.homestead.com /prosites-kazakhembus/Nuc_h.html (1079 words)

	Citizen Kurchatov - Delivering the Bomb
		In November of 1955, at the Semipalatinsk test site, the Soviets tested this design with success.
		The result was a smaller 1.6 megaton blast, but an inversion layer in the atmosphere reflected a large part of the energy back toward the ground increasing the force of the blast.
		This test was the first Soviet thermonuclear bomb to be dropped from an airplane.
	www.pbs.org /opb/citizenk/coldwar/delivery.html (146 words)

	Semipalatinsk Test Site (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab-1.cs.princeton.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		expanse of the Semipalatinsk Test Site (indicated in red), an area the size of [[Wales.]] The Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) was the primary testing venue for the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons.
		The various facilities grouped inside the Semipalatinsk Test Site Later tests were moved to the Balapan subcomplex in the STS's southwest, and to Degelen Mountain (and the surrounding Degelen uplands) in the south.
		The Hydrogen ("Super") Test Semipalatinsk also hosts three of Kazakhstan's four nuclear reactors.
	semipalatinsk-test-site.kiwiki.homeip.net.cob-web.org:8888 (743 words)

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