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Topic: Senate of Mauritania

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	Mauritania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the 5th to 7th centuries, the migration of Berber tribes from North Africa displaced the Bafours, the original inhabitants of present-day Mauritania and the ancestors of the Soninke.
		Mauritania is divided into 12 regions (régions) and 1 capital district, and subdivided into 44 departments (départements).
		Mauritania is generally flat, its 1,030,700 square kilometers (397,850 sq mi) forming vast, arid plains broken by occasional ridges and clifflike outcroppings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mauritania (2454 words)

	Mauritania
		The character of present-day Mauritania's population reflected the waves of immigration from north and south that had begun in the third century A.D. The first wave, Berbers from the north, migrated into what is now Mauritania in the third and fourth centuries and later in the seventh and eighth centuries.
		Mauritania, a long-time appendage of Senegal, was not considered worth the expense necessary to pacify and develop it until Coppolani succeeded in changing the attitude of the French government.
		Mauritania's first government was invested in May 1957 and symbolically chose as its new capital Nouakchott, which by design was situated almost exactly between the Senegal River Valley, populated primarily by fl farmers, and the Maure stronghold in Adrar.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/mauritania/all.html (17943 words)

	Mauritania
		Mauritania is divided into 12 regions, each administered by a council, and 1 district, which encompasses the country’s capital and largest city, Nouakchott (population, 1996 estimate, 608,228).
		A new constitution approved by referendum in July 1991 declares Mauritania to be an “Islamic, African, and Arab republic.” The constitution provides for an executive president, elected for a six-year term, and for a bicameral legislature, consisting of a national assembly and a senate.
		The Islamic Republic of Mauritania was proclaimed on November 28, 1958, under the constitution of the Fifth French Republic, and on November 28, 1960, it became fully independent.
	www.arab-world-information.com /mauritania.htm (1665 words)

	CHARLES BRAY's Mauritani Journal
		Mauritania is nearly twice the size of France, yet it has only 2.25 million people.
		Originally a Berber kingdom, Mauritania became a French protectorate early in the 20th century and a colony, forming part of French West Africa, in 1920.
		Mauritania is a highly centralized Islamic republic dominated by a strong presidency.
	www.greatestcities.com /users/cbray5003/Africa/Mauritania (962 words)

	Mauritania - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Its coast faces the Atlantic Ocean on the west, with Senegal on the south-west, Mali on the east and south-east, Algeria on the north-east, with the Moroccan-annexed territory of Western Sahara on the north-west.
		From the 3rd to 7th centuries, the migration of Berber tribes from North Africa displaced the Bafours, the original inhabitants of present-day Mauritania and the ancestors of the Soninke.
		On August 3, 2005, it was reported that the Mauritanian military, including members of the presidential guard, had seized control of key points in the capital of Nouakchott, indicating a possible coup against the government of President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya who was out of the country, attending the funeral of Saudi King Fahd.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/m/a/u/Mauritania.html (1718 words)

	WTO \| Trade policy review - Mauritania 2002
		Mauritania needs international support and a coherent programme of integrated technical assistance for a more effective participation in the multilateral trading system and to reap the benefits of the liberalization efforts undertaken so far, according to a WTO Secretariat Report on the trade policies and practices of Mauritania.
		Mauritania's participation in the multilateral trading system and in regional and bilateral initiatives are a reflection of its efforts to become integrated in the global economy.
		The trade-related areas in which Mauritania has the greatest need of assistance are: knowledge of issues relating to the multilateral system, especially in university circles and the private sector and among officials responsible for implementing trade policy instruments; notifications; implementation of the WTO Agreements and capacity-building for negotiations.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp200_e.htm (4602 words)

	Islamic Republic of Mauritania
		Situated in the Saharan region of West Africa, Mauritania fronts the Atlantic Ocean on the west, is bordered by Western Sahara on the northwest, Algeria on the north, Mali on the east and southeast, and Senegal on the southwest.
		The constitution proclaims that Mauritania is an Arab and African Islamic Republic with the charia as its organic law.
		In accordance with the constitution, the president is the chief executive, elected by universal suffrage for a six-year term, assisted by a prime minister and a bicameral legislature, composed of a National Assembly and a Senate.
	www.ciesin.org /decentralization/English/CaseStudies/mauritan.html (1452 words)

	Mauritania Information Center - map of mauritania
		Its coast faces the Atlantic Ocean on the west, with Senegal pucushun instruments of mauritania on the south-west, Mali on the east and mauritania musical drums south-east, Algeria nouakchott, mauritania on the north-east, with the Moroccan-annexed territory of Western Sahara on the north-west.
		From the 3rd to 7th centuries, mauritania 8 the migration of Berber tribes from North Africa displaced the Bafours, the original inhabitants of present-day Mauritania and the ancestors of the Soninke.
		Many of mauritania culture the Berber tribes proclaimed the origin of Yemen (as they sometimes did an Arab one); there is yet little evidence to suggest this, though some studies do link a connection between the two.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_M_-_O/Mauritania.html (1747 words)

	Mauritania
		Senate elections held in April generally were considered free and fair by international observers; however, some opposition parties boycotted the election, and only the governing party and the parties associated with it presented candidates.
		Mauritania, which has an estimated population of 2.5 million, has a generally market-oriented economy based on fishing, mining, subsistence farming, herding, and a small commercial sector.
		The Committee of Solidarity with the Victims of Repression in Mauritania is concerned with the plight of the 1989 expellees.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000/af/index.cfm?docid=855 (11309 words)

	Mauritania: history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Mauritania set up its own customs system independent from Senegal; the Arab-Mauritanian Bank was granted the monopoly on foreign trade and the country began to issue its own currency.
		Mauritania soon became the target of violent reprisals by the Polisario Front (see Western Sahara) and was virtually occupied by Moroccan troops.
		The Democratic and Social Republican Party (PRSD), won the majority of the disputed seats in the Senate and, in the October legislative elections, took 71 of the 79 seats in the National Assembly.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/country_history.cfm?Id=86 (1806 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Middle East \| Country profiles \| Country profile: Mauritania
		In the Middle Ages Mauritania was the cradle of the Almoravid movement, which spread Islam throughout the region and for a while controlled the Islamic part of Spain.
		One of the world's poorest countries, Mauritania has pinned hopes for future prosperity on the exploitation of its offshore reserves of oil and natural gas.
		Mauritania is a highly-centralised republic dominated by a strong presidency.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/791083.stm (748 words)

	MapZones.com : Mauritania Map
		Mauritania, Islamic Republic of, republic, north-western Africa, bordered on the north by Western Sahara and Algeria, on the east by Mali, on the south by Mali and Senegal, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean.
		Mauritania was first peopled by Negroes and by the Sanhadja Berbers.
		In the Sahel region of Mauritania a traditional subsistence economy is maintained, composed of livestock raising, agriculture, crafts, and petty trading.
	atlas.mapzones.com /mauritania/mauritania.php (1825 words)

	Mauritania
		Mauritania's last presidential election, its third since adopting the democratic process in 1992, took place on November 7, 2003.
		Mauritania is eligible for U.S. trade benefits under the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), but did not export any products to the US under these benefits during the first half of 2003 (last available data).
		The address of the U.S. Embassy in Mauritania is Rue Abdallaye, BP 222, Nouakchott, Islamic Republic of Mauritania.
	www.infoplease.com /country/profiles/mauritania.html (1416 words)

	Mauritania
		Mauritania suffers from rapid urbanization, extensive unemployment, pervasive poverty, and a burdensome foreign debt.
		The 56-member Senate had 3 Black Moors, 4 Halpulaars, 3 Soninkes, and the remaining 46 were of either White Moor or mixed White Moor/Black Moor heritage.
		The High Islamic Council of Mauritania, the Islamic Scholar Association, and the National Forum for Women's Rights continued to emphasize the serious health risks of FGM and emphasize that FGM was not a religious requirement.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41615.htm (8136 words)

	Human Rights Watch: Africa : Mauritania
		On the other hand, its autonomy and powers are so greatly limited by excessive executive control and a mandate that overly stresses human rights education that its ability to redress human rights complaints is heavily circumscribed.
		On the occasion, Mauritania's Ambassador to Canada, Adberrahim Ould Hadrami said, "Mauritania is located in the most mine-affected region in the world.
		Mauritania's Campaign of Terror documents the range of human rights abuses that the fl Africans have suffered in Mauritania.
	www.hrw.org /africa/mauritania.php (603 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The 1989 rupture between Mauritania and Senegal that resulted in the deportation of tens of thousands of Mauritanian citizens negatively affected U.S.-Mauritanian relations.
		Economic/Consular/Commercial Officer--Marie C. Damour The address of the U.S. embassy in Mauritania is BP 222, Nouakchott, Islamic Republic of Mauritania.
		The opposition participated in municipal elections in January-February 1994 and subsequent Senate elections, gaining representation at the local level as well as one seat in the Senate.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/af/mauritania9507.html (1673 words)

	NPR: Slavery in Mauritania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Both fls and whites continue to own slaves, they say, and some of Mauritania's most powerful families are fl.
		In fact, the president of the national senate -- the country's second-ranking leader -- is a fl Moor.
		Many fl Mauritanians are convinced that the government is trying to consolidate power in the hands of the white Moor elite.
	www.npr.org /programs/specials/racism/010828.mauritania.html (450 words)

	Mauritania on the Internet
		Information about Mauritania and ethnic tensions, land ownership, etc. Has his publications on Goree (Senegal), indigenous learning, an interview with the leader of the Ghana Dance Ensemble, Nii Yartey, military rule in Mauritania and a comparison with Sudan.
		Has section on Mauritania's economy, a directory of the press, radio, education, a directory of associations, NGOs, and international bodies in Mauritania.
		Says it is "The site represents a new style media in Mauritania since it is considered to be the first electronic journal produced and overseen by a professional team of journalists in Mauritania." Web site based in Lima, Ohio.
	www-sul.stanford.edu /depts/ssrg/africa/mauritan.html (1944 words)

	Mauritania
		Mauritania has in the past suffered from drought and economic mismanagement which has left the country having to apply for debt relief under the Heavy Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative.
		In December 2001 Mauritania received strong support from donor and lending countries at the Consultative Group review.
		Legislative: bicameral legislature which consists of a Senate or Majlis al-Shuyuhk (consists of 56 seats, various seats are up for elections every two years, members are elected by municipal leaders to serve six year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (81 seats and members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
	www.saesenegal.info /mauritania.htm (673 words)

	ICL - Mauritania - Constitution
		Mauritanians residing abroad are represented in the Senate.
		Three of the members shall be appointed by the President of the Republic, two by the President of the National Assembly, and one by the President of the Senate.
		In the case of a dispute, the Constitutional Council judges the legality of the election of the deputies and the senators.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/mr00000_.html (6244 words)

	History of Mauritania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War (1644-74) was the unsuccessful final Berber effort to repel the Maqil Arab invaders led by the Beni Hassan tribe.
		With independence, larger numbers of ethnic Sub-Saharan Africans (Haalpulaar, Soninke, and Wolof) entered Mauritania, moving into the area north of the Senegal River.
		A schism developed between those who consider Mauritania to be an Arab country (mainly Moors) and those who seek a dominant role for the Sub-Saharan peoples.
	www.historyofnations.net /africa/mauritania.html (669 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Mauritania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		EU to resume Mauritania aid frozen after coup Reuters AlertNet, UK - 16 hours agoBRUSSELS, May 19 (Reuters) - The European Union expects from next month to resume aid payments to Mauritania that were frozen after a military junta seized...
		EU to resume Mauritania aid frozen after coup Reuters AlertNet, UK - 22 hours agoBRUSSELS, May 19 (Reuters) - The European Union expects from next month to resume aid payments to Mauritania that were frozen after a military junta seized...
		In response to the coup and in keeping with their own rules, the African Union suspended Mauritania from all organizational activities.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/mauritania (2184 words)

	Mauritania - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Sid'Ahmed Taya recognized Israel some years before his fall, and started cooperating with the United States in antiterrorism activities, which have been criticized by human rights NGOs, who talked of an exaggeration and instrumentation of alleged terrorist activities for geopolitical aims.
		Signed by Woodside two weeks after the February 1, 2005 Mauritanian Act authorizing the four amendments, they organized a lower state-quote in the profit-oil and took the royalties down of 15 points in certain zones.
		Mauritania is generally flat, its 1,030,700 square kilometers (397,850 sq mi) forming vast, arid plains broken by occasional ridges and clifflike outcroppings.
	www.enpsychlopedia.com /psypsych/Mauritania (2840 words)

	Activist Recounts Slave Trade in Africa -- 06/16/1999
		Officially, slavery was abolished in Mauritania in 1905 by French colonial powers, and that abolishment was later affirmed by the military government in 1981.
		According to Messaoud, slave status in Mauritania is passed form mother to child, and the breakup of families is common.
		The speech at the National Press Club was sponsored by the Independent Women's Forum (IWF), which is interested in the issue because of allegations of widespread "breeding" of slave women to provide cheap labor for the future.
	www.cnsnews.com /ViewForeignBureaus.asp?Page=\ForeignBureaus\archive\1998-2000\GLO19990616a.html (589 words)

	Mauritania
		The Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a country in northwest Africa.
		Following them came a migration of not only Central Saharans into West Africa, but Berbers (North Africans of predominantly Middle Eastern ancestry) and Arabs as well.
		Due to economic weakness, Mauritania has been a neglibile player in the territorial dispute, with its official position being that it wishes for an expedient solution that is mutually agreeable by all parties.
	creekin.net /n119-mauritania.html (1169 words)

	Second Forum of Senates and Second Chambers of Africa and the Arab world
		Christian Poncelet, President of the Senate of France, as the initiator of the first Forum of the Senates of the World, presented by Mr.
		10:30 - Intervention by the representative of the Senate of Lesotho
		11:15 - Intervention by the representative of the Senate of Nigeria
	www.senat.fr /senatsdumonde/programme-rabat-anglais.html (463 words)

	Speech of U.S. Senator Russ Feingold on American National Security and Finishing the Mission in Iraq
		And I was in the Green Zone with these five senators and we really wanted to see the rest of Baghdad, but we couldn’t go out in the rest of Baghdad at all.
		It’s almost like a “taboo” for members of Congress, or at least in the Senate, and it has crippled our ability to speak publicly on ways in which we can succeed in Iraq or have some measure of success in Iraq.
		At least the Senate version had some positive steps such as working with businesses to have 10 percent renewable energy portfolios, but that was removed and we ended up with a hollow shell of a bill that doesn’t help us become less dependent on countries and regions where some of the threats come from.
	feingold.senate.gov /~feingold/statements/05/08/2005823.html (4007 words)

	Mauritania - Letters
		The September 22 article about Mauritania was interesting to read but let me point out that you and the President Moawiya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya were not the only people upset about the coup d'etat.
		When he was forced out while attending the funeral of king Fahd of Saudi Arabia, he left behind him a constitution, a parliament, a senate, and all major towns in Mauritania had electricity, access to good drinking water, and hospitals.
		He made Mauritania the third country from the arabic league, after Egypt and Jordan to have full diplomatic ties with Israel.
	www.americandaily.com /article/9406 (533 words)

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