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	Roman Senate - History of the Roman Empire
		The Roman Senate (Senatus) from the latin Senex (for elder or council of elders) was a deliberative governing body.
		In the late Republic, and in attempts to stop the spiraling pattern of dictatorships, the Senate attempted to avoid the dictatorate by resorting to a senatus consultum de republica defendenda, or the senatus consultum ultimum.
		The Princeps Senatus, who was chosen generally from among ex-censors for a term of 5 years, held the prestigious position of leader of the house.
	www.unrv.com /empire/the-senate.php (1268 words)

	Qwika - Roman Senate
		The Roman Senate (Latin, Senatus) was a deliberative body which was important in the government of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire.
		The word Senatus is derived from the Latin word senex ("old man" or "elder"); literally, "Senate" is understood to mean something along the lines of Council of Elders.
		In the late Republic, the Senate came to avoid the dictatorate by resorting to a senatus consultum de republica defendenda, the so-called senatus consultum ultimum which declared martial law and empowered the consuls to "take care that the Republic should come to no harm", according to Cicero's first In Catilinam oration.
	wikipedia.qwika.com /wiki/Roman_Senate (1271 words)

	Senatus consultum ultimum at AllExperts
		Senatus consultum ultimum ("Ultimate decree of the Senate"), or more properly, senatus consultum de re publica defendenda ("Decree of the Senate on defending the Republic") is the modern term (based on Caesar's wording at Bel.
		This came to a head in 63, when Marcus Tullius Cicero used the senatus consultum ultimum as a means to carry out extra-judicial executions of men charged with complicity in the Conspiracy of Catiline, including the former consul Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura.
		Gaius Julius Caesar and others argued that the consultum could not override the basic laws of the Roman state, that it meant merely that the Consuls should do their utmost within the framework of the Roman Constitution to resolve the emergency.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/se/senatus_consultum_ultimum.htm (438 words)

	Lucius Opimius
		Alarmed by this action, the Senate passed the motion senatus consultum ultimum, which Opimius understood as an order to suppress their activites by any means necessary -- including force.
		He gathered an armed force of Senators and their supporters, and confronted Gracchus and his followers, an act which quickly became a pitched battle inside the city of Rome.
		Opimius' victory established the senatus consultum ultimum in Roman constitutional practice, providing a limitless tool that the various Roman factions used against each other in the following years as the Republic slipped increasingly into violence and civil war.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/lu/Lucius_Opimius.html (273 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Senatus consultum ultimum
		Senatus consultum ultimum ("Ultimate decree of the Senate"), or more properly, senatus consultum de re publica defendenda ("Decree of the Senate on defending the Republic") is the modern term (based on Caesar's wording at Bel.
		This came to a head in 63, when Marcus Tullius Cicero used the senatus consultum ultimum as a means to carry out extra-judicial executions of men charged with complicity in the Conspiracy of Catiline, including the former consul Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura.
		Gaius Julius Caesar and others argued that the consultum could not override the basic laws of the Roman state, that it meant merely that the Consuls should do their utmost within the framework of the Roman Constitution to resolve the emergency.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum (439 words)

	Rights and Privileges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the late Republic, and in attempts to stop the spiraling pattern of dictatorships, the Senate attempted to avoid the dictatorate by resorting to a senatus consultum de republica defendenda, or the senatus consultum ultimum.
		The Princeps Senatus, who was chosen generally from among ex-censors for a term of 5 years, held the prestigious position of leader of the house.
		The speaking order was similar to that of the seating arrangement, in which the princeps senatus held the first chair, followed by the consuls, censors, praetors, aediles, tribunes and finally, the quaestors.
	www.paulvi.net /faculty_and_staff/mmoore/roman_politics/roman_republic/rights_and_privileges.htm (997 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus) was the main governing council of both the Roman Republic, which started in 509 BC, and the Roman Empire.
		The word Senatus is derived from the Latin word senex, meaning old man or elder; Senate is, by etymology, the Council of Elders.
		It was the Senate that authorized the city's chief magistrates, the consuls, to nominate a dictator in a state of emergency.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Roman_Senate (1581 words)

	Catiline and the Catilinarian Conspiracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Second, the Senate passed a decree known as the senatus consultum ultimum, declaring a state of emergency and instructing the consuls to take whatever steps might be necessary to safeguard the security of the Republic.
		The senatus consultum ultimum (more often referred to simply as the senatus consultum or the decretum ultimum) was a decree passed by the Senate at times in which the security of the state was felt to be endangered.
		Whatever the actual authority attached to the decretum ultimum, amid the crises of 63 it was clearly assumed to grant the consuls dictatorial powers for short periods.
	www.classics.cam.ac.uk /catr/ciceroSite/Political_Context/conspiracy2.htm (2657 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for Roman assemblies
		The former can be seen in the conduct of the Jugurthine War, when the Senate passed a senatus consultum extending Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus's tenure as commander in chief, but the Council of the People passed a plebiscite appointing Gaius Marius in Metellus Numidicus's stead.
		Although Julius Caesar was named proconsul of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum by senatus consultum, he was given Gallia Transalpina by plebiscite.
		The senatus consultum ultimum called all citizens to take whatever necessary measure to the salvation of the State.
	upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=roman_assemblies (959 words)

	Cicero
		His only significant historical accomplishment during his year in office was the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy, a plot to overthrow the Roman Republic led by Lucius Sergius Catilina, a disaffected patrician.
		Cicero procured a senatus consultum de re publica defendenda (a declaration of martial law, also called the senatus consultum ultimum) and ordered the summary execution of a handful of the conspirators in Rome.
		He received the honorific "Pater Patriae" for his actions in suppressing the conspiracy, but thereafter lived in fear of trial or exile for having put Roman citizens to death without trial.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/c/ci/cicero.html (890 words)

	Biography of Cicero -
		His only significant historical accomplishment during his year in office was the suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy, a plot to overthrow the Roman Republic led by Lucius Sergius Catilina, a disaffected patrician.
		Cicero procured a senatus consultum de re publica defendenda (a declaration of martial law, also called the senatus consultum ultimum) and drove Catiline out of the city by a speech known for the harsh, almost brutal, language in which he describes the debauchery of Rome and especially Catiline.
		Although Cicero maintained that the sweeping senatus consultum ultimum granted him in 63 BC had indemnified him against legal penalty, he nevertheless left Italy for a year and spent his quasi-exile setting his speeches to paper.
	www.short-biographies.com /biographies/Cicero.html (1303 words)

	Regula Fundamentalis
		Should a decretum passed by the Comitia or consultum of the Senatus or edictum of a magistratus contradict another passed by the same authority without explicitly superceding the previous one, the most recent shall nonetheless prevail.
		The Senatus shall be composed of all Rectores Collegiorum, Praefecti, Aediles Curules, Praetores, Consules and Censores.
		Should the Senatus decline to grant such recognition, the collegium in question may apply to the Comitia Generalia, whose decision is final for the period of one year from the date of refusal, after which time a new application may be made.
	home.tiscali.be /mauk.haemers/regula_fundamentalis.htm (7043 words)

	S-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Senatus Consultum Silanianum: An old Roman law that established that all members of a household (domus) should be executed on the murder of the master.
		The idea behind the law was the slaves should put the safety of their master before all else, including their own safety.
		Senatus Consultum Ultimum: "the ultimate senatorial decree"; an act of the Senate which created the equivalent of martial law in Rome.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~bkharvey/roman/terms/termss-z.htm (1539 words)

	Agamben
		This is the the later Roman Republic institution of the senatus consultum ultimum where the senate advised and permitted a consul to use whatever means necessary to defend the republic from a grave danger.
		However, both Agamben’s historical description of the senatus consultum and its suitability as a metaphor for “exception-as-void” are defective.
		As with his discussion of the iusitutium and senatus consultum, Agamben tends to confuse or conflate emergency institutions that are only relatively informal with total gaps or suspensions.
	kanwar.info /other.html (3445 words)

	Forum Romanum
		Re: CMM de Senatus Ultimo Consulto was New in the aerarium Saturnii
		Consultum Ultimum will never need to be used either.
		Re:CAE de DIP de CMM de Senatus Ultimo Consulto was New in the aerarium Saturnii
	www.novaroma.org /forum/mainlist/1999/1999-07-29.html (807 words)

	New Page 1
		He had Memmius, another candidate, killed and when riot broke out, a senatus consultum was decreed and Marius used its authority against a tribune in office for the first time.
		Both were killed under the authority of the so-called Senatus consultum ultimum.
		The use of this same term for the Senatus Consultum and in Cicero's promise at the end of the speech (in vobis [fore] auctoritatem) seems to point to a crisis of auctoritas.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /latin/catiline/incat-xii-notes.htm (1612 words)

	New Page 2
		Decrevit: The subject – verb core of the sentence is senatus – decrevit = “the senate decreed”.
		simili senatus consulto: This refers to the sentence above that begins Decrevit quondam and it is in a parallel position in the thought: decrevit … interfectus … occissus; simili consulto…mors….
		Senatus Consultum Ultimum crushed their revolt and killed them.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /latin/catiline/incat-ii-notes.htm (3139 words)

	Constitution
		The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, impose taxes, fees, or other financial requirements on the citizens in order to maintain the financial welfare of the state.
		Even under the authority of the Senatus consultum ultimum, the consuls may only temporarily suspend this Constitution; they may not enact any permanent changes hereto.
		The Senate may, by Senatus consultum, enact rules governing its own internal procedures (such Senatus consulta may not be overruled by laws passed in the comitia).
	www.novaroma.org /tabularium/constitution_new.html (4225 words)

	Second Century - Domestic Difficulties
		Opimius then got the Senate to pass a decree ordering the consul to see to it "that the Republic suffer no harm." This type of decree came to be known as a senatus consultum ultimum (the final decree of the Senate).
		Cicero later used a senatus consultum ultimum [SCU] to justify his execution of the Catilinarians without trial.
		Using the authority of the SCU, Opimius ordered a general who just happened to be waiting on the Campus Martius for his triumph, to attack the Gracchans on the Aventine.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/2nd.cen2.htm (2514 words)

	Biography of Titus Labienus, Caesar’s Lieutenant in Gaul
		It was an attack on the senatus consultum ultimum,[54] not upon its validity or the senate’s right to pass the measure, but rather upon its use to cloak political murders in the senate’s interests after the crisis which had provoked the decree had passed.
		The senatus consultum ultimum was de iure a resolution that in the senate’s opinion a crisis existed within the state that required the immediate attention of the executive.
		It was the senate’s prerogative to advise the magistrates, and as with any consultum (decree) the magistrates were not bound by it.[55] The senatus consultum ultimum did not increase their powers or release them from any legal restraint.
	www.msu.edu /~tyrrell/labienus.htm (18152 words)

	Dictator - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In the fifth and fourth century, the dictatorship was also used to solve internal problems, e.g., to conduct difficult elections or solve a constitutional crisis.
		After 202, the dictatorship was abolished; in emergency situations, the Senate gave extraordinary powers to the consuls (the senatus consultum ultimum, the proclamation of the state of emergency).
		When Sulla and Julius Caesar became dictator (in the first century), their magistracy was nothing but a tool to exercise personal power.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Dictator (345 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Senate was a group of unelected men called senators, restricted to patricians in the early republic but later extended to plebeians.
		The senatus consultum ultimum (final decree of the Senate) was a final resort for crushing political threats, last employed in 40
		In the later empire the number of senators increased, and Constantine also introduced a Senate in Constantinople, which in 359, was made equal to that of Rome.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAR0194 (823 words)

	朝圣山之思 - 紧急状态国家 - Powered By phpArticle Version 2.0
		The specific quality of the state of emergency appears clearly if we examine one measure in Roman Law that may be considered as its true archetype, the iustitium.
		When the Roman Senate was alerted to a situation that seemed to threaten or compromise the Republic, they pronounced a senatus consultum ultimum, whereby consuls (or their substitutes, and each citizen) were compelled to take all possible measures to assure the security of the State.
		The senatus consultum implied a decree by which one declared the tumultus, i.e., a state of emergency caused by internal disorder or an insurrection whose consequence was the proclamation of a iustutium.
	www.moiracn.com /index/article.php/67 (3057 words)

	Catiline Orations
		The day after the election was supposed to be held, Cicero addressed the senate on the matter and Catiline's reaction was immediate and violent.
		In response to Catiline's behavior, the senate issued a senatus consultum ultimum, a kind of declaration of martial law invoked whenever the senate and the Roman Republic were in imminent danger from treason or sedition.
		As political orations go, this was short and to the point.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ca/Catiline_Orations.html (686 words)

	Important Persons in the History of Armenia - Armenica
		Cicero procured a senatus consultum de re publica defendenda (a declaration of martial law, also called the senatus consultum ultimum) and drove Catiline out of the city by a speech known for the harsh, almost brutal, language in which he describes the debauchery of Rome and especially Catiline.
		Catiline fled but left behind his 'deputies' who would start the revolution from within whilst Catiline assaulted it from without with an army recruited among Sulla's veterans in Etruria.
		Although Cicero maintained that the sweeping senatus consultum ultimum granted him in 63 B.C. had indemnified him against legal penalty, he nevertheless left Italy for a year and spent his quasi-exile setting his speeches to paper.
	www.armenica.org /cgi-bin/history/en/getHistory.cgi?4=1=info=4=Cicero=1=3=C (1156 words)

	Catiline Conspiracy
		Cicero managed to convince the Senate of the danger and a senatus consultum ultimum was passed granting him extreme authority to deal with the threat.
		Gaius Julius Caesar, the praetor elect at the time, argued against death which was the prominent choice of the Senators.
		He suggested that the plot of Sura was different than the reason Cicero was granted a Senatus Consultum Ultimatum, and that the death penalty shouldn't apply.
	www.unrv.com /roman-republic/catiline-conspiracy.php (650 words)

	Chronology of Catiline's Conspiracy
		Cicero was charged with protecting the city of Rome through the senatus consultum ultimum (ultimate decree of the Senate), which made Cicero responsible for striking down the terrible conspiracy that threatened the city, and gave him ultimate responsibility and latitude with which to deal with the impending problem.
		The Senate passes the senatus consultum ultimum and Nepos leaves Rome to join Pompey in the East.
		Catiline tried to move his troops through the Apennines but was met there by Metellus Celer, with Antonius and his army coming from the rear.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /sallust/chronology.html (1473 words)

	Giorgio Agamben: The State of Emergency \| makeworlds
		The specific quality of the state of emergency appears clearly if we examine one measure in Roman Law that may be considered as its true archetype, the iustitium.
		When the Roman Senate was alerted to a situation that seemed to threaten or compromise the Republic, they pronounced a senatus consultum ultimum, whereby consuls (or their substitutes, and each citizen) were compelled to take all possible measures to assure the security of the State.
		The senatus consultum implied a decree by which one declared the tumultus, i.e., a state of emergency caused by internal disorder or an insurrection whose consequence was the proclamation of a iustutium.
	makeworlds.org /node/162 (3037 words)

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