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Topic: Sense and reference

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	Sense and reference - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to Frege, sense and reference are two different aspects of the meaning of at least some kinds of linguistic expressions.
		The reference is the object that the expression refers to.
		The sense is the "cognitive significance" or "mode of presentation" of the referent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sense_and_reference (2669 words)

	Mediated reference theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the paradigm cases of a mediated reference theory was formulated by mathematician and philosopher Gottlob Frege.
		The sense of a sentence is a proposition, or state of affairs; the reference is a truth value -- "true" or "false".
		The sense of a proper name is a concept that describes some person; the referent of a proper name is the actual individual in the world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mediated_reference_theory (392 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - What is the Distinction Between Sense and Reference?
		When talking about a particular sense of a word, therefore, there need not be an associated reference, since it is possible to describe something well enough that a listener might have a pretty good idea of what something is, and yet there still not be an existent public neutral object to which the sense refers.
		The reference of these two names is, in fact, the same, since they both refer to the planet Venus, and yet there is nothing intrinsic in them that requires them to be the same, since the terms have different senses.
		It should always be possible to change a sense without altering the truth-value of a statement; in the cases where this does not seem to be so it is likely because in that particular instance the reference is in fact the term or the sense.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/hub/A282016 (1543 words)

	Jerrold Katz - Sense, Reference, and Philosophy - Reviewed by Ben Caplan, University of Manitoba - Philosophical ...
		And, second, senses are mereologically complex so that, for example, the sense of 'unmarried' is a part of the sense of 'bachelor'.
		And, second, the mereological complexity of sense allows Katz to develop a view of analyticity on which it is grounded in mereological rather than logical relations among senses.
		The sense of each sentence of the language includes and is included in the sense of every sentence (in the sense in which the meaning of 'spouse' includes both the meaning of 'husband' and the meaning of 'wife').
	ndpr.nd.edu /review.cfm?id=1521 (1599 words)

	Fregean Sense
		Sense, as envisaged here, attaches to tokens of expressions, and sameness of sense arises when there is an immediate guarantee of sameness of reference.
		One reason for this assumption is that it is obvious that a constant sense cannot by itself determine the reference of expression types whose tokens vary in their reference from occasion to occasion; and the determination of reference by sense is absolutely essential to any view deserving to be called Fregean.
		It suggests that a sense is contingently a sense: it is a kind of psychological state which, in general, could exist whether or not it happened to be linked with some expression in such a way as to constitute its sense.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/philo/courses/concepts/sainsburyfrege.html (5400 words)

	Meaning, Sense, and Reference
		Similarly, the concepts of sense and intension (discussed last time) cannot be identified with a stereotype.
		When a person coins a new word such as "water", he or she uses the term to refer to a certain thing (such as a substance in a lake), and intends the term to apply to everything that is of the same kind as the substance in the lake.
		The meaning of "water" consists of its extension, which is determined by whatever we single out in the world using the stereotypical properties we use to identify that kind of thing, and the stereotypical properties (as well as other things, such as various syntactic and semantic "markers").
	www.anselm.edu /homepage/dbanach/putnam.htm (1146 words)

	Gottlob Frege's On Sense and Reference
		Gottlob Frege’s On Sense and Reference (Über Sinn und Bedeutung, 1892) is concerned with the question of how the sense (or mode of presentation) of a sign is related to the meaning which is expressed by the sign.
		He explains that changes in the sense (or mode of presentation) of a sign may change the meaning of the sign, and he describes how changes in the sense of a sign may also change the sense of the expression in which the sign is contained.
		The sense of a sign is the part of its meaning which depends on its mode of presentation.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/frege.html (1066 words)

	Pavel Materna: "Sense, Denotation, Reference : A terminological/philosophical Chaos"
		that whereas the sense and the denotation of an expression are given (relatively) a priori, reference cannot be unambiguously determined by the sense and is co-determined by the state of the world.
		Accepting the useful principle of compositionality we claim that the sense of that equality is unambiguously determined by the senses of the particular parts of it.
		The sense of the whole expression has to be such a construction which would construct the individual role that an individual has to play to be the highest mountain, so the type of the constructed object (and thus of the denotation of our expression) will be
	www.phil.muni.cz /~materna/sense.html (3247 words)

	Frege’s theory of sense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A theory of reference is supposed to explain the links between language and the world by assigning to expressions what those expressions contribute to the truth or falsity of sentences in which they occur.
		“The reference of a proper name is the object itself which we designate by its means; the idea, which we have in that case, is wholly subjective; in between lies the sense, which is indeed no longer subjective like the idea, but is yet not the object itself.
		I compare the Moon itself to the reference; it is the object of the observation, mediated by the real image projected by the object glass in the interior of the telescope, and by the retinal image of the observer.
	www.arts.mcgill.ca /philo/speaks/415/frege-sense.html (2301 words)

	NLP: Introduction to Semantics
		Since the reference of a sentence is its truth value, compositionality of reference for sentences is essentially truth-functionality: the truth value of a complex sentence is wholly determined by - i.e.
		Sense: the sense of a complex is wholly determined by its structure and the senses of its p arts.
		If we follow Frege in saying that the sense of a sentence is given by its truth conditions, then the meaning of a part is given by its effect on (or contribution to) the truth conditions of any complex in which it could occur.
	www.mdx.ac.uk /www/ai/samples/nlp/semantics.html (1780 words)

	Gottlob Frege [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		His theory of meaning, especially his distinction between the sense and reference of linguistic expressions, was groundbreaking in semantics and the philosophy of language.
		The reference of an expression is the actual thing corresponding to it, in the case of "the morning star", the reference is the planet Venus itself.
		Because the sense of a whole proposition is determined by the senses of the parts, and the reference of a whole proposition is determined by the parts, Frege claims that propositions in which such expressions appear are able to express thoughts, but are neither true nor false, because no references are determined for them.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/f/frege.htm (9562 words)

	Which Problems are Solved by Sense? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The referent of `Chelsea's father' is also Clinton as is the referent of `the President of the United States.' The difference between `Chelsea's father' and `Clinton' is accounted for by the sense.
		He variously refers to the sense of a term as its mode of presentation, its connotation, and sometimes (although circularly, I think) as its cognitive significance.
		This sense, or mode of presentation, also determines the reference of the sign, which (in this case) is the sign itself.
	www-csli.stanford.edu /~weisberg/Frege2/node3.html (1123 words)

	SELF-REFERENCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Self-referential statements may be redundant, e.g., "this is an English sentence", in the sense that the statement informs (see information) what a speaker of the English language already presumes in order to interpret it (see redundancy).
		In the more general sense, self-reference is involved in a description which refers to something that affects, controls or has the power to modify the form or the validity of that description.
		In this general sense, self-reference establishes a circularity that may involve not only referential but also causal, interpersonal or instrumental relations and thereby constitute (see constitution) a unity of its own.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /ASC/SELF-REFERE.html (196 words)

	PH38D Handling the puzzles of reference
		The reference is the object in the world, the planet Venus in the case of 'Hesperus', 'the morning star', etc.; the philosopher Aristotle in the normal case of 'Aristotle' or 'the teacher of Alexander the Great'.
		The sense of a proper name is grasped by everybody who is sufficiently familiar with the language or totality of designations to which it belongs; [Footnote to this: In the case of an actual proper name such as 'Aristotle' opinions as to the sense may differ.
		So long as the reference remains the same, such variations of sense may be tolerated, although they are to be avoided in the theoretical structure of a demonstrative science and ought not to occur in a perfect language.] but this serves to illuminate only a single aspect of the reference, supposing it to have one.
	www.cavehill.uwi.edu /bnccde/PH38D/PH38DL4.html (5083 words)

	ipedia.com: Sense and reference Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892, reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning, b...
		The distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892, reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term (a proper name or a definite description) may have meaning, but supposed in principle to be applicable to any kind of linguistic expression.
		In general, sense and reference correspond to the connotation and denotation, or the intension and extension of an expression.
	www.ipedia.com /sense_and_reference.html (1527 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - sense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For Frege the sense of an expression is the manner in which we determine its reference, and he tells us a great deal about the kind of reference possessed by expressions of different types, thereby specifying the form that the senses of such expressions must take.
		The sense of an expression is also called the 'mode of presentation' of the referent.
		Evans (1985) claims "a theory of meaning for a language must give the senses of expressions, we are not to think of the theory of meaning as a separate tier, additional to and independent of the theory of reference.
	artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/sense.html (182 words)

	Sense, Reference, and Philosophy, by Jerrold J. Katz
		In Sense, Reference, and Philosophy we do not get a lot more about just what that metaphysics is going to be, but the case is further consolidated against L/AP and the directions for development clarified.
		One possible answer is that, as the term "Socrates" refers to a particular individual, "cat" refers to a class or a set of individuals.
		Frege himself, however, held that the reference of general terms is a "concept." The metaphysics of this was unexplored.
	www.friesian.com /katz2.htm (3559 words)

	Luboš Motl's reference frame: Common sense and science
		Any "sense" that is supposed to be called "common sense" should be "common" which means that many (or most) people should have it.
		The neverending inflow of silly books such as The Final Theory is a testament of the striking incompatibility between common sense on one side and relativity or quantum mechanics on the other side (or, in the case of the author of that book, it's even the incompatibility of Newton's theory of gravity with common sense).
		If common sense is what is generally and appropriately called intelligence, it is the most important virtue of a scientist and no rational person can defy that in their study of nature.
	motls.blogspot.com /2005/08/common-sense-and-science.html (1588 words)

	Making Sense of Reference
		Treating the semantic phenomenon of reference in terms of “attributions of reference” seeks to locate the act of referring in a pragmatic context, where “to refer” entails a cluster of linguistic and action-guiding commitments.
		A purely semantic analysis of reference is guided by the insistence that “truth-values” are the proper measure of propositional integrity — or that a binary valuation of propositions, as “true” of “false,” as a primitive function on propositional content — depends upon the real-world existence of the referentia (nominata) of constituent terms.
		The semantic reference of a term, or even a sentence, would then be a variant of speaker’s reference, where a further claim is embedded, to the effect that this object is the appropriate one to take as referenced (named).
	www.shlobin-foss.net /papers/sense.html (5038 words)

	The Relation between Sense and Reference
		This complaint is partly unfair: for Frege the sense of an expression is the manner in which we determine its reference, and he tells us a great deal about the kind of reference possessed by expressions of different types, thereby specifying the form that the senses of such expressions must take.
		The sense of an expression is a mode of presentation of the referent: in saying what the referent is, we have a particular way of saying this, a particular means of determining something as the referent.
		If sense is a way of thinking of reference, we should not expect to be given the sense of an expression save in the course of being given the reference of that exression.
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /understanding/node7.html (1069 words)

	322 Sense and Reference
		Sense refers to how we see an object or the amount of information given about an object.
		The planet itself is the referent, the morning star is one sense, the evening star the other sense.
		In these cases the addressee does not know which of the possible referents is the intended referent except when clear from the context.
	www.sfu.ca /person/dearmond/322/322.sense_and_reference.htm (630 words)

	Frege, Round 1
		Frege introduces the distinction between sense and reference, as two aspects or components of linguistic meaning, in order to explain how a true identity attribution can be informative.
		Before introducing the distinction between sense and reference, Frege describes two ways of interpreting “statements of the form a=b” that he finds inadequate (p.
		How is the sense of a sentence on Frege’s account similar to, and different from, a proposition according to Russell's logical atomism (his view of propositions that we have talked about)?
	hyper.vcsun.org /HyperNews/cstern/get/PHIL431/F04/Frege1.html (259 words)

	Denotation by Sense and Reference (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Within this framework, semantic and pragmatic considerations are combined, giving two kinds of proof of denotation, by sense and by reference, for references to individuals which are and aren't already in the common ground.
		Different referring expressions such as names and pronouns are distinguished by their...
		22 On sense and reference (context) - Frege - 1975
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /6389.html (346 words)

	The Internet Mine: Common Sense Reference Desk
		Common sense is in spite of, not as a result of education.
		It is common sense to take a method and try it; if it fails, admit it frankly and try another.
		Refer to them every time you are presented with an interesting offer, and you will be forever armed against those who want to fleece you.
	www.theinternetmine.com /t58.htm (2708 words)

	Sense and Reference
		Reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc, and the non-linguistic world of experience.
		that is, they do not have the same sense.
		It is only THROUGH a sense that a sign can refer to an object.
	www.geocities.com /pradeepkrdas/snf.htm (443 words)

	definition of for
		In the most general sense, indicating that in consideration of, in view of, or with reference to, which anything is done or takes place.
		Indicating the antecedent cause or occasion of an action; the motive or inducement accompanying and prompting to an act or state; the reason of anything; that on account of which a thing is or is done.
		Indicating the remoter and indirect object of an act; the end or final cause with reference to which anything is, acts, serves, or is done.
	www.brainydictionary.com /words/fo/for166078.html (437 words)

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