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	Sensory Transduction - Sinauer Associates, Inc.
		During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the anatomy of sensory tissues was described in considerable detail, and important discoveries were made about the proteins and electrical responses of sensory receptors.
		This process, called sensory transduction, began to be understood only recently, as a result of the development of the techniques of patch-clamp recording and gene cloning.
		Beginning with fundamental properties of ion channels and G-protein coupled signal cascades, Sensory Transduction provides a comprehensive survey of this new knowledge that, taken as a whole, represents one of the greatest achievements of modern biology and neuroscience: the unraveling of the mechanism of sensation.
	www.sinauer.com /detail.php?id=1716 (685 words)

	Transduction (physiology) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physiology, transduction is the conversion of a stimulus from one form to another.
		Transduction in the nervous system typically refers to synaptic events wherein an electrical signal, known as an action potential, is converted into a chemical one via the release of neurotransmitters.
		Conversely, in sensory transduction a chemical or physical stimulus is transduced by sensory receptors into an electrical signal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transduction_(physiology) (188 words)

	Sensory receptor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a sensory system, a sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism.
		The stimulus modality to which a sensory receptor responds is determined by the sensory receptor's adequate stimulus.
		The sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is the stimulus modality to which a sensory receptor responds by initiating sensory transduction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sensory_receptor (314 words)

	Adequate stimulus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The adequate stimulus is a property of a sensory receptor that determines the type of energy which a sensory receptor responds to with initiation of sensory transduction.
		A sensory receptor's adequate stimulus is determined the signal transduction mechanisms and ion channels in the sensory receptor's plasma membrane.
		Light - When the adequate stimulus of sensory receptor is light the sensory receptors pigment molecules whos shape is transformed by Changes in these molecules activate ion channels initiate sensory transduction.
	www.freeglossary.com /Adequate_stimulus (123 words)

	Sensory Processing Lab
		This laboratory is intended to illustrate some basic principles of sensory processing by the brain, and to give you the background and some incentive to further explore them on your own.
		The general question under investigation is the nature of the central information processing steps which intervene between the initial stages of sensory transduction and the appreciation of a sensory percept.
		Sensory processing is usually presumed to begin when matter or energy in one form or another impinges on a set of specialized sensory neurons, which transduce that input into permeability changes and ultimately action potentials, the common currency of communication within the nervous system.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bbl/Sensorylab.html (2511 words)

	INTRODUCTION TO SENSORY TRANSDUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sensory transduction, the ability to detect and translate a stimulus, is an indispensable part of our lives.
		Regardless of what is detected sensory systems follow the same sensory transduction pathway: Detect--->Amplify--->Signal.
		There are may classification systems for sensory receptors, one is particularly useful.
	www.alsa-or.org /research/sensintro.htm (292 words)

	Sensory Transduction - Sinauer Associates, Inc.
		During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the anatomy of sensory tissues was described in considerable detail, and important discoveries were made about the proteins and electrical responses of sensory receptors.
		This process, called sensory transduction, began to be understood only recently, as a result of the development of the techniques of patch-clamp recording and gene cloning.
		Beginning with fundamental properties of ion channels and G-protein coupled signal cascades, Sensory Transduction provides a comprehensive survey of this new knowledge that, taken as a whole, represents one of the greatest achievements of modern biology and neuroscience: the unraveling of the mechanism of sensation.
	205.246.6.53 /detail.php?id=1716 (685 words)

	Stimulus transduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Signal Transduction in the Nervous System Signal Transduction Laboratory at East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine.
		Signal Transduction - Receptors, Mediators and Genes Journal for critical discussions in the multifaceted field of signal transduction mechanisms.
		Handbook of Receptor Classification and Signal Transduction Antibodies, enzymes, lipids, cytokines, growth factors, G proteins and protein phosphorylation, in areas of apoptosis gene regulation, ion channels, neurotransmission and cytoskeleton.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Stimulus_transduction.html (257 words)

	A. James Hudspeth
		In addition to the receptor organs of the inner ear, the acousticolateralis sensory system includes the lateral line of fishes and aquatic amphibians, a mechanosensitive organ that detects movement of the surrounding water.
		The posterior lateral-line primordium is a cluster of cells that separates from the otic placode and migrates to the tail, depositing seven clumps of cells at roughly equal intervals as it goes.
		Neurons in a sensory ganglion that also develops from the otic placode extend their axons along the pathway blazed by the primordium, innervating each hair cell that they encounter.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/hudspeth.html (1187 words)

	Transduction channels
		Sensory cells have the task of converting external stimuli (light, smell, sound, taste, touch, etc) into electrical signals that the brain can use to achieve a perception of the environment.
		This process is termed transduction, and the first electrical event in any sensory cell is the movement of ions across the cells' membrane via the opening or closing of specialized transduction channels.
		Proteins involved in transduction are exquisitely tuned to their respective sensory modality and hence allow the perception of extremely weak stimuli such as a few photons, a few odour molecules, or mechanical translocations on the scale of a few atoms.
	www.transduction-channels.net (255 words)

	Yale- Cranial Nerve 2, pg. 3
		This hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell can produce either an excitatory (depolarization) or inhibitory (hyperpolarization) response by the bipolar cell dependent on the nature of the synapse between the two cells.
		The bipolar cells are the primary sensory neurons of the visual pathway.
		The axons of the ganglion cells converge at the optic disc near the center of the retina to exit the eye as the optic nerve.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn2/cn2_3.html (116 words)

	The ChemoReception Web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Sensory transduction in the VNO appears unrelated to that in the vertebrate olfactory and visual systems: the putative pheromone receptors of the VNO are evolutionarily independent from the odorant receptors and, in contrast to vertebrate visual and olfactory transduction, vomeronasal transduction is unlikely to be mediated by cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels.
		We hypothesized that sensory transduction in the VNO might instead involve an ion channel of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, members of which mediate cyclic-nucleotide-independent sensory responses in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans and play unknown functions in mammals.
		The absence of Ca super(2+) stores in sensory microvilli suggests that in contrast to a proposed mechanism of activation of mammalian TRP channels, but in accord with analysis of TRP function in Drosophila phototransduction, the gating of TRP2 is independent from the depletion of internal Ca super(2+) stores.
	md1.csa.com /crw/1999/vno02.html (280 words)

	Hearing&Balance Restoration - Research Areas
		The high energy requirements for transduction are provided the band of cells on the lateral wall of the cochlea known as the stria vascularis.
		Whereas with sensory cells are absent their ability to respond sharply to specific stimuli is permanently lost.
		This system is the sensory system considered to have the most important influence on the other sensory systems and on the ability to function in everyday life.
	drf.org /hearingbalanceresearch.htm (1611 words)

	Sensory receptor - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In a sensory system, a sensory receptor is a structure that recognizes a stimuli in the internal or external environment of an organism.
		The stimus modality to which a sensory receptor responds is determined by the sensory receptor's adequate stimulus.
		cutaneous receptors are sensory receprors found in the dermis or epidermis.
	en.freepedia.org /Sensory_receptor.html (259 words)

	Jeffery F. Miller, Ph.D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		We are investigating the role of sensory transduction in the bacterial-host interaction.
		Comparative analysis of bacterial pathogens indicates that genes and operons that encode virulence factors are often subject to coordinate regulation in response to environmental signals.
		Biochemical and genetic approaches are being used to determine the mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction mediated by BvgAS.
	www.cnsi.ucla.edu /faculty/miller_j.htm (867 words)

	POWMRI - Sensory transduction
		The first step in the genesis of pain sensation following tissue injury, is the activation of a particular set of peripheral sensory fibres originating in small-diameter neurones of sensory ganglia, called nociceptors.
		Almost nothing is known about the mechanisms by which damaging stimuli lead to discharge of propagated action potentials in nociceptive nerve terminals.
		Differences between nerve terminal impulses of polymodal nociceptors and cold sensory receptors of the guinea-pig cornea.
	www.powmri.edu.au /research/sensory/pain/transduction.htm (265 words)

	SENSORY SYSTEMS
		Sensory fibers enter spinal cord through the dorsal root and ascend toward the brain in the dorsal portion of the white matter.
		sensory info from the legs is sent to the medial portion while info from the arms, head and face is sent to the most lateral regions of the cortex.
		Secondary sensory neurons cross over the midline at the level of the spinal cord and ascend to the brain in the anterolateral pathway which is along the anterior and lateral portion of the spinal cord.
	www.bioweb.uncc.edu /humanphys/sensory.htm (2933 words)

	Photoresponses of Halobacterium salinarum to Repetitive Pulse Stimuli -- Cercignani et al. 75 (3): 1466 -- Biophysical ...
		The primary structure of sensory rhodopsin II: a member of an additional retinal protein subgroup is coexpressed with its transducer, the halobacterial transducer of rhodopsin II.
		The photochemical reactions of sensory rhodopsin I are altered by its transducer.
		Evidence that the repellent receptor form of sensory rhodopsin I is an attractant signaling state.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/75/3/1466 (3553 words)

	Neuroscience Graduate Program @ Univeristy of Southern California
		Sensory neurons typically respond to appropriate stimuli with a change in membrane potential, which is generally in proportion to the magnitude of the stimulus.
		Projects in the lab focus on understanding the role of various TRP channels in sensory transduction and the second messenger signaling pathways that regulate these channels.
		To understand sensory signaling, we combine molecular methods, including cloning of novel genes, generation of antibodies, creation of transgenic mice and RNA interference, with patch clamp electrophysiology and Ca+2 imaging.
	www.usc.edu /dept/nbio/ngp/Faculty/liman-er.shtml (532 words)

	ScienceWeek
		NompC could not, however, be the only fly transduction channel; fruit flies that lack this protein still retain a small residual electrical response when their bristles are deflected(4).
		A general model --borrowed from worm touch receptors(1,2) and hair cells(3) --applies to many mechanosensory transduction systems: its key feature is a transduction channel that detects deflection of an external structure relative to an internal structure, such as the cytoskeleton.
		From hair cells and skin mechanoreceptors in vertebrates, to bristle receptors in flies and touch receptors in worms, mechanically sensitive cells are essential in the life of an organism.
	www.scienceweek.com /2003/scc031107-1.htm (974 words)

	The Program in Biomedical Sciences (PIBS) - Signal Transduction
		Christin Carter-Su, Ph.D. Signal transduction used by cytokine receptors via JAK tyrosine kinases; regulation of gene transcription by tyrosine kinases; cellular and molecular actions of growth hormone and cytokines.
		Jerome L. Gorski, MD Molecular genetics of skeletogenesis and Rho signal transduction; developmental genetics of craniofacial malformations; molecular genetics of neural crest differentiation; X-chromosomal structure.
		Richard Neubig, MD, Ph.D. Molecular mechanisms of signal transduction; spectroscopic and rapid kinetic studies of receptors, G proteins and their regulators; NMR structure of receptor and G-protein peptides; mechanism of alpha-adrenergic receptors.
	www.med.umich.edu /pibs/faculty/signal.htm (2380 words)

	APStracts 7:0175A, 2000. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Carotid bodies are sensory organs that detect changes in arterial blood oxygen, and the ensuing reflexes are critical for maintaining homeostasis during hypoxemia.
		The purpose of this minireview is to highlight some recent concepts on sensory transduction and transmission at the carotid body.
		A bulk of evidence suggests that glomus (type I) cells are the initial site of transduction and that they release transmitters in response to hypoxia, which causes depolarization of nearby afferent nerve endings, leading to an increase in sensory discharge.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/2000/jap/May/175a.html (306 words)

	David Zusman
		The first concerns cell-cell communication and signal transduction; the second concerns the regulation of gene expression during cellular morphogenesis and development.
		We have found that sensory transduction is mediated by the "frizzy" (frz) genes.
		We are currently using the yeast two hybrid system and mutant studies to identify additional genes involved in sensory transduction in this organism.
	mcb.berkeley.edu /faculty/BMB/zusmand.html (704 words)

	Faculty Profile Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Our goal is to be able to describe the key molecular components of sensory transduction and to understand how they allow the cell to detect pheromones and other chemical stimuli with high sensitivity and specificity.
		In recent work we identified an ion channel of the TRP (transient receptor potential) family that is expressed specifically in the VNO, and is likely to play an important role in sensory transduction.
		We found an isoform of the TRP channel, TRP2, which is highly localized in the VNO to sensory microvilli, finger-like projections that are the site of sensory transduction.
	www.usc.edu /dept/LAS/biosci/faculty/liman.html (481 words)

	David P. Corey
		We asked where in the transduction apparatus Ca acts, by measuring the movement that occurs when Ca is allowed into stereocilia.
		To find a candidate for this transduction channel, we guessed that it might be a member of the TRP (transient receptor potential) ion channel family, many members of which are involved in sensory transduction, including mechanosensation.
		Although the hair cell sensory epithelium is a complex structure with half a dozen cell types, we can identify the hair cell genes by chemically dissecting away the nerve layer to assay just hair cells and supporting cells, and then killing hair cells with aminoglycoside antibiotics.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/coreydp.html (1269 words)

	Regulation by voltage and adenine nucleotides of a Ca2+-activated cation channel from hamster vomeronasal sensory ...
		Transduction of the pheromone appears to occur through the activation of a phosphatidylinositol signalling pathway, but the ion channels that respond to this signalling pathway have not been identified.
		Sensory transduction in the VNO is poorly understood, but is likely to be distinct from sensory transduction in the olfactory epithelium (Liman, 1996).
		This channel may be involved as the primary target of the transduction cascade, or it may be activated as a secondary response.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/548/3/777 (6294 words)

	Psyc. 358 Lecture - Sensory receptors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		sensory information about the external world is conveyed to the brain in electrical form:
		in order for sensory receptors to do their job, they must be selectively sensitive to certain forms of energy
		in a given cell in a sensory pathway, firing frequency typically increases (or decreases) as a function of stimulus strength
	artsci-ccwin.concordia.ca /psychology/psyc358/Lectures/vision.htm (2211 words)

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