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	Separate but Equal: Segregation in the Public Schools
		Houston chose to concentrate his efforts on segregation in public education, where he thought the adverse effects of the enforced racial separation could be most easily demonstrated.
		In subsequent victories in the Court, the NAACP gave teeth to the "equal" part of separate but equal: states would have to ensure that separate educational programs were truly equal in terms of resources, reputation, and other measures.
		In 1964, an impatient Supreme Court found Prince Edward's closing of the public schools to violate equal protection, and indicated that federal courts were empowered to order the opening of schools and to order the raising of taxes to pay for them, if necessary.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/sepbutequal.htm (786 words)

	Separate but equal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"Separate but equal" was a phrase used by attorneys for the NAACP during the litigation of Brown v.
		Ferguson was "equal but separate." The phrase summarized a custom enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states during the period of segregation, in which African-Americans and European-Americans would receive the same services (schools, hospitals, water fountains, bathrooms, etc.), but that there would be distinct facilities for each race.
		Ferguson, 163 U.S. The repeal of "separate but equal" laws was a key focus of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Separate_but_equal (238 words)

	Civil Rights: Brown v. Board of Education I (1954)
		This segregation was alleged to deprive the plaintiffs of the equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment.
		The plaintiffs contend that segregated public schools are not "equal" and cannot be made "equal," and that hence they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws.
		To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone.
	www.nationalcenter.org /brown.html (1917 words)

	'SEPARATE BUT EQUAL' DOCTRINE STRUCK DOWN IN UNANIMOUS DECISION -- OrlandoSentinel.com
		The "separate but equal" doctrine was established in 1896 in the case known as Plessy versus Ferguson.
		In the previous cases involving university students, the strict application of the "separate but equal" doctrine had the effect of breaking down some of the physical difficulty in offering equal graduate-school facilities, for example, to Negroes.
		But Marshall and N.A.A.C.P. followed a different line of argument in the public-school cases, contending that the "separate but equal" doctrine was not enough because the actual education for Negro children could not be equal to that of white children if it was separate.
	www.orlandosentinel.com /news/nationworld/bal-brownvsboard051854,0,1908885.story?page=3 (674 words)

	Good Intentions Aside, Separate Still Isn't Equal (washingtonpost.com)
		The decisions to embrace separate but equal policies in a high school and a prison system are telling and tragic.
		Equally disturbing is the growing level of "self-segregation" in institutions where there is no claim of racial violence or intolerance.
		The resurrection of separate but equal is not some reflection of its inherent truth or merit.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A18477-2005Feb12.html (1484 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Laws permitting, and even requiring, their separation, in places where they are liable to be brought into contact, do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power.
		The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored children, which have been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of states where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced.
		[163 U.S. The arbitrary separation of citizens, on the basis of race, while they are on a public highway, is a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and the equality before the law established by the constitution.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=us&vol=163&invol=537 (5852 words)

	U.S. Supreme Court - Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)
		Laws permitting, and even requiring, that separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other, and have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police power.
		The most common instance of this is connected with the establishment of separate schools for white and colored children, which has been held to be a valid exercise of the legislative power even by courts of States where the political rights of the colored race have been longest and most earnestly enforced.
		The distinction between laws interfering with the political equality of the negro and those requiring the separation of the two races in schools, theaters, and railway carriages has been frequently drawn by this Court.
	www.kids-right.org /plessey.htm (692 words)

	Plessy vs. Ferguson
		It passed a bill in 1890 which said that “separate but equal” areas for fl and white passengers on trains was lawful and that violators could be fined or jailed.
		These “separate but equal” facilities were finally ruled out of existence by the May 17th, 1954 Supreme Court ruling in the case Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka.
		Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.........” (from the United States Supreme Court case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka).
	www.ferris.edu /htmls/news/jimcrow/links/misclink/plessy (1597 words)

	82.03.06: From Plessy v. Ferguson to Brown v. Board of Education: The Supreme Court Rules on School Desegregation
		Painter, the Court ruled that a separate Black law school, established for Sweatt after he sued for admission to the University of Texas Law School, was unequal not only in physical facilities and curriculum but in reputation and opportunity for stimulating professional contact.
		Laws requiring the separation of the races simply reflected the culture of the people and as long as facilities were equal they were not prejudicial”.
		He asserted that justice should be color blind and that the enforcement of “separate but equal” interferes with the personal freedoms of individuals by legally forcing separation.
	www.yale.edu /ynhti/curriculum/units/1982/3/82.03.06.x.html (5128 words)

	History News Service
		By the time of the Brown decision, it was obvious that separate accommodations for fls were hardly equal to those of whites.
		The Supreme Court in Brown went beyond simply acknowledging that existing separate accommodations were unequal and ruled that separate treatment under the law is inherently unconstitutional.
		In basing their ruling on the right to privacy rather than equal protection, the Supreme Court created a precedent that is more akin to the Plessy decision than to its ruling in Brown v.
	www.h-net.org /~hns/articles/2003/070803b.html (673 words)

	separate but equal. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. 2002
		The doctrine that racial segregation is constitutional as long as the facilities provided for fls and whites are roughly equal.
		For decades, the Supreme Court refused to rule the separate but equal doctrine unconstitutional, on the grounds that such civil rights issues were the responsibility of the states.
		In the decision of Brown versus Board of Education, in 1954, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled separate but equal schools unconstitutional.
	www.bartleby.com /59/14/separatebute.html (210 words)

	Separate..Equal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		If many in our community get their way, Oakhurst will join the growing ranks of schools that are indeed "separate and unequal." The impact of a primarily neighborhood based school formula is to reestablish separateness again.
		Secondly, the historical and philosophical basis for separateness was rooted in the misguided belief that whites are superior to all other races, especially the fl race.
		It is because we have fostered a separateness mentality even in the midst of diverse environments, that we have fostered problems that already plague our schools.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~mabdulla/writing/articles/others/separate_equal.htm (888 words)

	Separate is NEVER Equal -- Even in Jersey : University of Houston Law Center Faculty Blog
		The reality is that both sides in the battle on gay and lesbian equality were shortchanged in New Jersey, and it’s easy to expose the ruling for what it is: the judicial equivalent of offering to saw a baby in half to see which side will raise the loudest protest.
		If self-appointed progressives in our society promote “separate and equal” relationship structures for gay couples, we should expose this position for what it is: a comfortable way to placate the majority’s need to feel both separate and superior.
		Perhaps I should hail the fact that a separate and parallel track for gay and lesbian couples, which includes the same legal benefits as marriage, represents remarkable progress considering that only six years have passed since civil unions themselves were considered enormous progress.
	uhlawblog.lexblognetwork.com /2006/11/articles/issues-of-the-day/separate-is-never-equal-even-in-jersey (1287 words)

	'Separate but equal' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This "separate but equal doctrine" was the law of our land for the better part of the 19th century.
		There were separate public parks, public restrooms, dining facilities, clubs, hotels, drinking fountains, and, yes, even separate public schools.
		The effect of this separation on their educational opportunities was well stated by a finding in the Kansas case by a court that nevertheless felt compelled to rule against the Negro plaintiffs:
	www.dcmilitary.com /airforce/beam/9_06/features/27518-1.html (673 words)

	misbehaving.net: Separate but equal?
		Another perspective on separate but equal which has nothing to do with the present question, but I thought I'd toss in just to broaden the perspective a bit.
		Women want to be treated as equals, and that's not sexist, but when they're expected to perform just as well as men under equally challenging conditions, it's sexist.
		I personally think that a separate women's category is a bad idea, but if some of the posts and comments on this site over the last couple of weeks regarding the invisibility of female blogs, maybe a device to highlight them isn't as bad as I had first thought.
	www.misbehaving.net /2003/12/separate_but_eq.html (2488 words)

	Separate but Equal - Separate Is Not Equal
		Separate but Equal: The Law of the Land
		In 1890 a new Louisiana law required railroads to provide “equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored, races.” Outraged, the fl community in New Orleans decided to test the rule.
		On June 7, 1892, Homer Plessy agreed to be arrested for refusing to move from a seat reserved for whites.
	americanhistory.si.edu /brown/history/1-segregated/separate-but-equal.html (191 words)

	separate but equal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The movie Separate But Equal is a true story about the myth that one race is superior to another race simply because of skin color which is called racism.
		An example of these attempts would be the separation of races that occurred in the middle of the 20th century.
		In the movie, Separate But Equal, a fl chauffeur was forced to sleep in the car because there was no hotel for him to stay in within a twenty mile radius of his bosses hotel.
	www.uta.edu /english/hawk/syllabi/virtua/myth/denton/separate.htm (1490 words)

	The Daily Texan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Some fl parents in San Francisco are tired of broken promises from the school district and want to explore the option of creating a separate school system for their children, according to the San Francisco Examiner.
		A separate system of education based on identity is nothing new in the U.S. A range of private schools group students based on identity.
		It should first be noted that there is a difference between white leaders of institutions enforcing race-based segregation and members of a particular community seeking to create their own institution, free of the biases and influences of the culture that is unjustly dominant.
	www.dailytexanonline.com /home/index.cfm?event=displayArticle&ustory_id=65e1548f-09b2-4df8-8f2a-25fed79d2f19 (767 words)

	MOTON SCHOOL: WHERE "SEPERATE BUT EQUAL" WAS NOT ENOUGH
		The parents of many of the students lost their jobs with various county departments, not to mention the teachers who were out of school for lack of students.
		The students with their parents' support were protesting the lack of equal education to which they were entitled.
		After conversations with the NAACP, the students and supporters re-evaluated their cause and decided that "separate but equal" was not enough.
	www.nps.gov /chal/sp/p05new1.htm (1147 words)

	Equal Justice Works: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Equal Justice Works organizes, trains and supports public service-minded law students and is the national leader in creating summer and postgraduate public interest jobs.
		Be sure to read about the law school students featured in the 2006 Summer Corps Student of the Week series.
		Equal Justice Works gratefully acknowledges the support of our Benefactor-level law schools whose generosity enables us to pursue our mission.
	www.equaljusticeworks.org (150 words)

	Seperate but equal - yaledailynews.com - Separate but Equal not solution for gay unions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		USNews.com: Separate but equal was the law of the land, until one
		Separate But Equal is a moving and human dramatization of one of the most pivotal Tracie Cooper, All Movie Guide.
		The policy of 'Separate but Equal' that was imposed upon Blacks in the US southern states, did not work in the interest of the nation in the 1960's and
	infofeedtech.com /ifft/seperate-but-equal.htm (554 words)

	Separate but equal - ixhx.com Info About Separate but equal
		The decisions to embrace separate but equal policies in a high school and a prison The resurrection of separate but equal is not some reflection of its
		Equal but Separate, Cities face persistent racial self-segregation.
		The “separate but equal” doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of Ferguson allowed separate but equal school systems for fls and whites,
	ixhx.com /?q=separate-but-equal (693 words)

	Separate but equal: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Separate but equal: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic
		"Separate but equal" was a policy enacted into law throughout the U.S. Southern states[For more facts and a topic of this subject, click this link] during the period of segregation segregation quick summary:
		(163 U.S. The repeal of "separate but equal" laws was a key focus of the civil rights movement Civil rights quick summary:
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/se/separate_but_equal.htm (860 words)

	Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) [210] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The justices based their decision on the separate-but-equal doctrine, that separate facilities for fls and whites satisfied the Fourteenth Amendment so long as they were equal.
		(The phrase, "separate but equal" was not part of the opinion.) Justice Brown conceded that the 14th amendment intended to establish absolute equality for the races before the law.
		But Brown noted that "in the nature of things it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races unsatisfactory to either." In short, segregation does not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination.
	www.oyez.org /oyez/resource/case/307 (203 words)

	Faithful Progressive: How Low Can You Go: Bush to Suspend Separate But Un-Equal Ban for Students Made Homeless By ...
		Separate education for the evacuees is "unconscionable," says Barbara Duffield, policy director for the National Association for the Education of Homeless Children and Youth.
		But officials of some states contend that separate classes would be less disruptive to both school districts and displaced families.
		She also said the department doesn't know how many children have re-enrolled in public schools, how many are being educated separately and how many are awaiting placement.
	faithfulprogressive.blogspot.com /2005/09/how-low-can-you-go-bush-to-suspend.html (1063 words)

	Separate but equal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The only judicial activism in this case would have been if the court had decided that, in spite of the state constitution, the public's own discomfort with homosexuals would be justification for keeping homosexuals' second-class status.
		If the Constitution guarantees equal rights for all, and marriage is one of the most basic civil rights there is, and homosexual couples can and do fulfill every requirement that many straight couples can, what leeway does any court have?
		If the president makes marriage equality an issue in this election, he must know that Sen. John Kerry will not allow him to be more against homosexual marriage than Mr.
	www.massnews.com /2004_editions/02_February/021904_seperate_but_equal.htm (458 words)

	The History of Jim Crow
		What is clear, however, is that by 1900, the term was generally identified with those racist laws and actions that deprived African Americans of their civil rights by defining fls as inferior to whites, as members of a caste of subordinate people.
		The emergence of segregation in the South actually began immediately after the Civil War when the formerly enslaved people acted quickly to establish their own churches and schools separate from whites.
		At the same time, most southern states tried to limit the economic and physical freedom of the formerly enslaved by adopting laws known as Black Codes.
	www.jimcrowhistory.org /history/creating.htm (1172 words)

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