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Topic: Sephardic Jews

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	Sephardi Jews - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the spread of Jews into Europe is most commonly associated with the Diaspora which ensued from the Roman conquest of Judea, emigration from Palestine into the greater Roman Mediterranean area antedated the destruction of Jerusalem at the hands of the Romans under Titus.
		Sephardic knowledge of the language and culture of the enemy, their skills as diplomats and professionals, as well as their desire for relief from intolerable conditions - the very same reasons that they had proved useful to the Arabs in the early stages of the Muslim invasion - rendered their services of great value.
		Assis, Yom Tov, The Jews of Spain: From Settlement to Expulsion, Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1988)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sephardi (4375 words)

	Encyclopedia: Sephardic Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Jews from these Near Eastern communities are also sometimes called "Oriental Jews" or the Hebrew equivalent Mizrāħîm, and were once also referred to as "Arab Jews", a phrase that is rarely used today.
		This Decree was symbolically revoked in 1996 by the Portuguese Parliament.
		A sizeable Sephardic community had settled in Morocco and other Northern African countries, which were colonized by France in the 19th century.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sephardic-Jews (1653 words)

	Barmitzvahs.org - Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sephardic Jews are the Jews of Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East.
		Sephardic Jews have a different pronunciation of a few Hebrew vowels and one Hebrew consonant, though most Ashkenazim are adopting Sephardic pronunciation now because it is the pronunciation used in Israel.
		Sephardic Jews have their own international language: Ladino, which was based on Spanish and Hebrew in the same way that Yiddish was based on German and Hebrew.
	www.barmitzvahs.org /judaism/ashkseph.php (463 words)

	ipedia.com: Sephardi Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the strictest sense, a Sephardi is a Jew original to the Iberian Peninsula, or whose ancestors were among the Jews expelled from said peninsula during the Spanish Inquisition incited by the Catholi...
		A third usage of the word is in reference to the Nusach Sepharad (Sephardic liturgy) which in some Hassidic communities of Eastern Europe replaced the Nusach Ashkenaz (Ashkenazic liturgy) during the 18th and 19th centuries.
		Other languages associated with Sephardic Jews are mostly extinct, and they included Yevanic ("Judæo-Greek) formerly spoken by the Romaniote community of the Ottoman Empire, Salonica and Italkian (Judæo-Italian) formerly spoken by some Jewish communities in Italy.
	www.ipedia.com /sephardi.html (1444 words)

	Sephardi -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Among the Sephardim were many who were the descendants, or heads, of wealthy families and who, as ((medieval Spain) a Jew or Moor who converted to Christianity (especially those who professed conversion in order to avoid persecution but continued to practice their religion secretly)) Marranos, had occupied prominent positions in the countries they had left.
		A sizeable Sephardic community had settled in (A kingdom (constitutional monarchy) in northwestern Africa with a largely Muslim population; achieved independence from France in 1956) Morocco and other Northern African countries, which were colonized by (A republic in western Europe; the largest country wholly in Europe) France in the 19th century.
		Although less than in (A Jew of eastern European or German descent) Ashkenazi Jews, there is a higher incidence of certain (A disease or disorder that is inherited genetically) hereditary diseases in Sephardi Jews.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/se/sephardi.htm (1961 words)

	Sephardim
		Jews were able to coexist peacefully with their neighbors; however, they were still treated as dhimmis, "People of the Book" (Jews and Christians) who are protected under Islamic law.
		In the 1950's and 1960's, tens of thousands of Sephardic Jews fled from North Africa and other countries in the Middle East to settle in Israel, usually being forced by the Muslim authorities to leave behind most of their worldly possessions.
		Sephardic grooms are honored with an aliyah to the Torah on the Shabbat after their wedding, whereas Ashkenazi grooms are called up to the Torah the Shabbat before the wedding.
	www.us-israel.org /jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html (1930 words)

	Sephardim and Crypto-Judaism: Definition of Terms and Brief History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Spanish Jews are called Sephardim; the singular is "Sephardi." The Hebrew "sephardi" or "sepharadi" refers either to a single Spanish Jew, or is used as an adjective meaning pertaining to the Sephardim.
		"Sephardic" is used in English as an adjective, not a noun: someone may be Sephardic, but the people should be called "Sephardim" rather than "Sephardics;" Up to the fifteenth century, "Sephardi" was used primarily to refer to the Jewish community in the Iberian peninsula itself, or to someone who was born there.
		The exact number of Jews who left Spain and Portugal at the end of the fifteenth century is debated by scholars, but may be estimated at several hundred thousand, significant enough to enable Sephardim to establish their own congregations in such places as Morocco, Italy, Egypt, the Ottoman Empire, the Land of Israel, and elsewhere.
	www.du.edu /~sward/sephardim.html (1628 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Ferdinand even decreed that the special taxes the Jews had been forced to pay should be prepaid prior to the expulsion for the next several years, also all debts due to Jews were transferred to the crown.
		The Jews returned to England in the mid-17th century during the time of Cromwell and the London synagogue at Bevis Marks was established late in that century.
		Another difficulty in trying to track ancestry among the Sephardic community is that many of the Jews who settled in Amsterdam from the late 16th century emigrated from the Iberian Peninsula where they had hidden their Jewish identities behind Christian names.
	psyphz.psych.wisc.edu /~henriques/sephard.htm (2519 words)

	Judaism: Sephardic Jews in Cuba - From all their Habitations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Sephardic migratory movement was integrated into a much larger one of Jews from Poland and Russia, whose original intention was to immigrate to the United States.
		Sephardic Jews were thus a unique ethnic group both among the immigrants from the Ottoman Empire as among their fellow Jews.
		The life of Ashkenazi Jews was also reflected in the Jewish press that developed in Cuba in the late 1920s in the Yiddish language, but early studies on Cuban Jewish history tended to ignore the role of Sephardic Jews.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0411/is_1_51/ai_85068478 (1230 words)

	Sephardic Jews on the Island of Chios
		Chios has had a Jewish population of Romanoite Jews (hellenized Latin word meaning Greek) well before the inquisition and the subsequent Iberian diaspora, and well before the Jewish "golden era." Romanoite Jews were the descendants of the Jews who were slaves brought to the Roman lands from Palestine--which was then under Roman rule.
		The number of Sephardic Jews who arrived overwhelmed the Romaniots who were not as well educated in the religious law, or as well formed in terms of scholarly works.
		The Turkish Sultan was tolerant of the Jews.
	www.sefarad.org /publication/lm/038/5.html (1708 words)

	The Sephardic Jews in Portugal
		The Jews that integrated into Portuguese Christian society were able to retain relative autonomy and their own organization by a delicate balance of compromise, concession and interdependence, until the 15th.
		The crisis culminated in the establishment of the Avis dynasty and the accession of Joao I to the throne.
		Many Jews accepted the new religion which had been imposed upon them and with the passage of time gradually adapted to Christian society, but equally there were many others who covertly remained resistent.
	www.saudades.org /jewsinport.html (1668 words)

	The Simpsons Archive: "Sephardic Tradition and 'The Simpsons' Connections"
		The horror and shear unfairness of the expulsion of Jews from Spain was demonstrated in a 1996 episode of "The Simpsons." The details of the show have a striking resemblance to the situation Jews encountered during the Spanish Inquisition.
		Jews faced more and more hardships in Spain after this incident, culminating in the Edict of Expulsion of 1492, which forced Jews to either convert of leave the country.
		The Sephardic tradition has come a long way from the days of the Inquisition, where people had to hide their roots, to today's modern culture, where it is ubiquitous.
	www.snpp.com /other/papers/kb.paper.html (3705 words)

	Virtual Tour \| Sephardic Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Sephardic Jews are descendants of Spanish Jews expelled by the rulers of Spain and Portugal in 1492.
		Between 1890 and 1924, about 30,000 Sephardic Jews from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey had come to the United States and settled in New York City.
		Likewise, Sephardic Jews already living in the United States found that they had little in common with the recent arrivals and thus dismissed the newcomers as "Orientals".
	www.tenement.org /vt_consephardim.html (214 words)

	Sephardim
		Jews wore the clothing style of their Moorish neighbors, although they were not allowed to wear silk or furs.
		The Jews were given four months to leave Spain and were forced to sell their houses and businesses at low prices.
		The Sephardic communities in the Arab world were more receptive to modernity than their Ashkenazi counterparts in Europe.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Judaism/Sephardim.html (1930 words)

	In a Vegetarian Kitchen \| A Sephardic Passover Seder
		But Jews from the Mediterranean, or Sephardic Jews, have some different Seder traditions in regard to food; these traditions lend themselves well to vegetarians.
		For instance, Sephardic tradition permits the use of legumes and grains that are not permitted in the Ashkenazic tradition, with the exception of wheat.
		Sephardic harosets are made in various ways, but usually contain dates.
	www.vegkitchen.com /sephardic.html (837 words)

	Sarband, Ballads of the Sephardic Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Consequently, the remaining Jews welcomed the Muslim conquest of Spain and Portugal in 711 AD with enthusiasm.
		This second diaspora took the Sephardic Jews to Portugal and North Africa and the western reaches of the Ottoman Empire, such as Greece, Romania and Bulgaria.
		Ballads of the Sephardic Jews is a fine piece of musical archaeology, providing an excellent sample of the cosmopolitanism of medieval Moorish culture.
	www.rambles.net /sarband_sephard99.html (863 words)

	Immigration: The Jewish
		The first Jewish immigrants to the United States were Sephardic Jews that were fleeing persecution by Portuguese rulers in Brazil, around 1654.
		At first, the Sephardic Jews looked down upon the Ashkenazics, even going as far as to disinherit sons and daughters that married into a Sephardic family.
		In the US, Jews were accepted members of society, sometimes even leaders of public and private groups or organizations.
	library.thinkquest.org /20619/Jewish.html (321 words)

	Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews / Torah 101 / Mechon Mamre (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Most Jews in the US today are Ashkenazic, descended from Jews who emigrated from Germany and Eastern Europe in the mid-1800s, although most of the early Jewish settlers of this country were Sephardic. The first Jewish congregation in the city of Philadelphia, Congregation Mikveh Israel, was a Sephardic one (it is still active).
		The Yiddish language, which many people think of as the international language of Judaism, is really the language of Ashkenazic Jews. Sephardic Jews have their own international language: Ladino, which was based on Spanish and Hebrew in the same way that Yiddish was based on German and Hebrew.
		There are some Jews who do not fit into this Ashkenazic/Sephardic distinction. Yemenite Jews (including people on Mechon Mamre's staff), Ethiopian Jews (also known as Beta Israel and sometimes called Falashas), and Oriental Jews also have some distinct customs and traditions. These groups, however, are relatively small and almost unknown in the West.
	www.mechon-mamre.org /jewfaq/ashkseph.htm (172 words)

	A Haven for Sephardic Jews
		Immanual Aboab attributes to Bayazid II the famous remark that "the Catholic monarch Ferdinand was wrongly considered as wise, since he impoverished Spain by the expulsion of the Jews, and enriched Turkey".
		The arrival of the Sephardis altered the structure of the community and the original group of Romaniote Jews was totally absorbed.
		Over the centuries an increasing number of European Jews, escaping persecution in their native countries, settled in the Ottoman Empire.
	www.turkishjews.com /history/haven.asp (206 words)

	Sephardic Jews under Islam
		Having received partial truth, Jews and Christians were to be tolerated and allowed to exist under Islamic rule and indeed to be protected by the rulers.
		In the Moslem state of Granada, Jews were so prominent, both in population and government, that it was called Garnatat al Yahud (Granada of the Jews).
		Though Jews continued preeminent in financial and cultural circles this demonstrated the insecurity of that prominence.
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/Islam.HTM (937 words)

	Judaism 101: Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews
		Sephardic Jews are often subdivided into Sephardim (from Spain and Portugal) and Mizrachim (from the Northern Africa and the Middle East), though there is much overlap between those groups.
		Most American Jews today are Ashkenazic, descended from Jews who emigrated from Germany and Eastern Europe from the mid 1800s to the early 1900s, although most of the early Jewish settlers of this country were Sephardic.
		Sephardic prayer services are somewhat different from Ashkenazic ones, and they use different melodies in their services.
	www.jewfaq.org /ashkseph.htm (719 words)

	Sephardi
		The name Sephardim was attributed to the Jews who were forced to leave Spain and Portugal in 1492.
		And in July 2000, the Iranian-born Sephardi Jew Moshe Katsav was elected president.
		Many Jews were also forced to convert to Christianity, especially was this the case in Portugal.
	i-cias.com /e.o/jud_seph.htm (690 words)

	Sephardim and their History
		However, unlike Jews in Europe who lived mainly in large towns, Jews in Spain were found in both towns and tiny villages among the peasants.
		Christianity was the central focus of their state and Jews in particular were mercilessly persecuted for denying Christ.
		Jews were massacred in the thousands by religious fanatics whipped up by travelling self flagellating Catholic fanatics although this occurred less in Spain than in France and other parts of Europe.
	www.orthohelp.com /geneal/seph_who.htm (2213 words)

	Shas
		With the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and the riots and persecutions that resulted against the Jews of Arab countries, massive numbers of Middle-Eastern Jews were brought to Israel.
		The Israeli leadership, consisting largely of secular Ashkenazic Jews, often viewed the religious lifestyles of their "oriental" cousins as another manifestation of the cultural primitiveness that would have to be shed as part of their integration into a modern Western society.
		During the first decades of Israeli statehood, North African Jews did not establish their own political or religious movements or institutions, and most were absorbed into the established Ashkenazic bodies.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Politics/shas.html (446 words)

	FactsOfIsrael.com: The Simpsons: a family of Sephardic Jews? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Many Jews know that Sephardim eat rice and beans on Pesach, and know of the unique torah trope of the tradition, but little else.
		Many of my good friends in Israel are Sephardic Jews whose parents came from Moroco, Tunisia and Algeria.
		In addition, many Sephardic poets were also well known in other spheres, such as Samuel ha-Nagid, who was a commander in the military, grand vizier to Grenada, grocery store owner, and halachist.
	www.factsofisrael.com /blog/archives/000437.html (4469 words)

	Odyssey of Port. Jews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The cultural conference, entitled The Odyssey of the Portuguese Jews, was held on Sunday, February 21, 1999, in the main amphitheater of the new building of the Faculty of Economics at Roger Williams University (Bristol, Rhode Island).
		It was in Newport that the Portuguese Sephardic Jews built the Touro Synagogue, which is the oldest synagogue in the Untied States of America.
		To emphasize the odyssey of the Portuguese Sephardic Jews in America I showed a slide of the Statue of Liberty in the Bay of New York and asked this question: "Is this statue that of a Portuguese Sephardic Jew?" Of course the entire audience had a good laugh.
	www.apol.net /dightonrock/odyssey_of_port_jews.htm (9365 words)

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