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Topic: Serfdom

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	Serfdom - LoveToKnow 1911
		The notion of serfdom is distinct from those of freedom and of slavery.
		Serfdom is very often conceived as a perpetual adherence to the soil of an estate owned by a lord, but this praedial character is not a necessary feature of the condition.
		As we have already noticed, medieval serfdom in the West was the result of a process of customary feudal growth hardly interfered with by central governments.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Serfdom (3258 words)

	SERFDOM
		Serfdom was legally a servile or “unfree” status that involved personal dependence on a lord, greatly restricted freedom of action in terms of livelihood and residence, and subjection to duties considered marks of servility.
		Although many serfs were the descendants of household slaves, serfdom was not identical with slavery; serfs had certain legal rights and protections, and they could not be sold.
		In Russia serfdom was a system under which the peasants were theoretically free tenants, but were actually in a state of servitude to, and dependence on, the landowners.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=222035 (649 words)

	Serfdom - MSN Encarta
		Serfdom began in the 900s and was at its peak in the 1100s and 1200s.
		Serfdom, indeed, was an institution that reflected a fairly common practice whereby great landlords are assured that others work to feed them and are held down, legally and economically, while doing so.
		In western Europe the end of serfdom came in the 15th and 16th centuries, largely because of changes in the economy, population, and laws governing lord-tenant relations.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567780/Serfdom.html (1160 words)

	Serfdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Serfdom refers to the legal and economic status of some peasants under feudalism, specifically in the manorial economic system (also known as seigneurialism).
		Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
		The restraints of serfdom on personal and economic choice were enforced through various forms of manorial common law and the manorial administration and court.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Serfdom (1733 words)

	Russian serfdom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origins of serfdom in Russia are traced to Kievan Rus in the 11th century.
		By the mid-eighteenth century, the serfs composed a majority of the population, according to the census of 1857 the number of serfs was 23.1 million of the 62.5 million of Russians.
		The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Russian_serfdom (1008 words)

	Serfdom - MSN Encarta
		Serfdom (Latin, servus, “servant” or “slave”), institution that characterized the social and economic arrangements of the Middle Ages, and persisted in Russia until the mid-19th century.
		Serfdom was legally a servile or “unfree” status that involved personal dependence on a lord, greatly restricted freedom of action in terms of livelihood and residence, and subjection to duties considered marks of servility.
		In Russia serfdom was a system under which the peasants were theoretically free tenants, but were actually in a state of servitude to, and dependent on, the landowners.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567780/Serfdom.html (592 words)

	Serfdom - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields.
		Serfdom remained the practice on the most part of territory of Russia until February 19, 1861, though in Russian Baltic provinces it has been abolished in the beginning of 19th century (Russian Serfdom Reforms).
		Russian serfdom was perhaps the most unique among the Eastern European experiences, as it was never influenced by German law and migrations, and the serfdom and manorialism systems were forced by the crown (Tsar), not the nobility.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Serf (2554 words)

	Up from Serfdom: Friedrich A. Hayek and the Defense of Liberty
		And market competition also serves as a "discovery procedure" for finding out the capabilities and comparative advantage of each member of the social division of labor.
		Once the state takes over responsibility for the economic planning of society, it inevitably follows that the state controls access to employment.
		Not only has socialism and the planned society been shown to be theoretically untenable, the collapse of communism has demonstrated the practical impossibility of the social engineer's designing fantasies.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0892b.asp (1334 words)

	Classical Slavery and Medieval Serfdom\| Lectures in Medieval History
		The question of the difference between ancient slavery and medieval serfdom may seem to be a rather minor point to be discussing, but it is one that has absorbed the attention of generations of Marxist-influenced historians.
		The change from classical slavery to medieval serfdom is, therefore and in the precise sense of the term, an epoch-making event.
		The transition from slavery to serfdom was apparently slow and fitful, but the critical point was when a slave owner allowed his slaves to live in family groups in separate houses, a stage in which they were called "houseled slaves." Most historians regard this as a step toward greater freedom and they may be right.
	www.vlib.us /medieval/lectures/serfdom.html (1214 words)

	Serfdom (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Serfdom, in all its forms, it cannot be denied, is a form of involuntary servitude because the lords charge a certain quantity of labor from the serfs for the serf to live within the lord's realm.
		The serfdom that exists in America today more resembles that of the "free coloni," for those that accept the lord's number (SSN's) may have credit and own property as long as the serf files and pays income tax on their labor every year.
		We shall now see that the serfdom that exists in America, in substance, in that of villeinage, for all that is required is that the laborer file and pay income tax on his earnings from labor, thereby giving to the lord the service required by law.
	www.restoreliberty.com /serfdom.htm (2976 words)

	The Avalon Project : Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia - Lecture VI
		Although Catherine II was willing to be advised by the Encyclopedists as to the way in which serfdom might be abolished, she took effectual means to prevent the expression of Russian public opinion on the same subject.
		This idea, in conformity to which serfdom had been abolished in the Baltic provinces, was the expression of a fact quite familiar to the student of economic history.
		Serfdom was rapidly becoming a burden on the manorial lords themselves, as many of them began to be conscious.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/econ/koval6.htm (7705 words)

	Serfdom - a declining institution
		Serfdom is a form of servile labor under which the serfs perform unpaid labor for their lord.
		Classical serfdom of the type which existed in ancient Greece and in most of Europe during the Middle Ages still subsists in parts of South Asia, particularly in Pakistan, and also in Nepal, where the haruwaris are serfs who must perform such labor obligations as their lord directs.
		However, the form of serfdom which existed in Tsarist Russia (which was often quite different from classical serfdom) is still a potent form of servitude in South Asia, where it is known as bonded labor.
	www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com /serfdom.htm (197 words)

	Serfdom - a declining institution
		Serfdom is a form of servile labor under which the serfs perform unpaid labor for their lord.
		Classical serfdom of the type which existed in ancient Greece and in most of Europe during the Middle Ages still subsists in parts of South Asia, particularly in Pakistan, and also in Nepal, where the haruwaris are serfs who must perform such labor obligations as their lord directs.
		However, the form of serfdom which existed in Tsarist Russia (which was often quite different from classical serfdom) is still a potent form of servitude in South Asia, where it is known as bonded labor.
	anti-slaverysociety.addr.com /serfdom.htm (197 words)

	Russian Serfs
		Serfdom was not the original status of the Russian peasant.
		It was one of the consequences of the Tartar devastation during the 13th century when peasants became homeless and settled on the land of wealthy Russians.
		Alexander announced that personal serfdom would be abolished and all peasants would be able to buy land from their landlords.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSserfs.htm (569 words)

	sociology - Serf (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Both in the eastern part of the empire, and in the west, where the invading Germanic peoples for the most part displaced wealthy Romans as the landlords, but left the system itself intact, this arrangement provided most of the agricultural labor throughout the Middle Ages.
		In the west, the rise of powerful monarchs, towns, and an improving economy weakened the manorial system through the 13th and 14th centuries, and serfdom was rare following the Renaissance.
		In many of these countries, serfdom was abolished during the Napoleonic invasions of the early nineteenth century.
	www.aboutsociology.com /sociology/Serfdom (229 words)

	Medieval Society (Site not responding. Last check: )
		And their heirs were guaranteed an inheritances; just as a serf could not leave without the lord's permission, so the lord could not dispossess his serfs without cause.
		Serfdom spread generally throughout the West by the 10th century, and the central Middle Ages was its heyday.
		In the later Middle Ages, however, serfdom began to disappear west of the Rhine even as it spread through eastern Europe.
	history.boisestate.edu /westciv/medsoc/18.shtml (464 words)

	Lamson Library (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unfree Labor : American Slavery And Russian Serfdom
		Serfdom And Social Control In Russia : Petrovskoe, A Village In Tambov
		Rural Russia Under The Old Régime; A History Of The Landlord-peasant World And A Prologue To The Peasant Revolution Of 1917
	www.plymouth.edu /library/opac/subjkey/serfdom (41 words)

	Lenin: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Fall of Serfdom
		Not content with grabbing peasant land and leaving to the peasants the worst and sometimes entirely worthless land, the landowners frequently laid traps for them—they divided up the land in such a way as to leave the peasants either without pastures, or without meadows, forests, or water for their animals.
		But the fall of serfdom stirred up the whole people, awakened it from age-long slumber, taught it to seek its own way out, to wage its own fight for complete freedom.
		The fall of serfdom in Russia was followed by an increasingly rapid development of cities, and factories, mills and railways were built.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1911/feb/08.htm (1337 words)

	The Road from Serfdom
		"The Road to Serfdom," one of those masterpieces of liberty that rocks the lives and awakens the minds of many who read it, is as influential and relevant today as it ever was.
		Ed Feulner, the president of the Heritage Foundation public policy think tank in Washington, knew Hayek personally and is something of an expert on the "The Road to Serfdom's" ideas and its enduring influence.
		So “The Road to Serfdom” really is a set of guideposts for what the individual citizen’s relationship is to government.
	www.frontpagemag.com /articles/Printable.asp?ID=19302 (1251 words)

	books about: serfdom (consequences information anniversary) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Westerners have a view of the Russian Revolution as an uprising of downtrodden peasants against their rich landlords, like a replay of the French Revolution, and tend to ignore the uprisings of city workers.
		The Road to Serfdom: The Condensed Version As It Appeared in the April 1945 Edition of Reader's Digest...
		Hayek wrote the original 'Road to Serfdom' which appeared in 1944 and which still, today, is a salutory reminder of the fate which awaits us should we put too much faith in the state under whichever political persuasion.
	www.very-clever.com /books/serfdom (895 words)

	How to Reuse a Symbol and How to Employ Date Ciphers
		In January 1861 ("Au chef de l'an"), in the wake of a decision by the czar, a legislative proposal for the abolition of serfdom was delivered to the Russian council, and by the persuasion of the czar, they ratified it.
		This presents an unequivocal parallel with the serfdom (another name for slavery) of Russia, since the main issue of the American Civil War was slavery.
		Because the slaves were indispensable for the economy of the southern part of the country, the states of that region decided to secede from the Union; otherwise, they would have to face a new President, Abraham Lincoln, and threats of the abolition of slavery.
	www.crypticthinking.com /HtmlExcerpts/Illustration9.html (923 words)

	Газета.Ru - SPS Wants to Celebrate End of Serfdom
		“Russia is the only country where the day of the abolition of serfdom is not marked at all and has almost been forgotten altogether,” the SPS leader Boris Nemtsov said last week, adding that the event played a significant role in Russia’s history and should be remembered accordingly.
		By presenting the motion to commemorate the abolition of serfdom in Russia, the Rights hope to make amends for their neglect.
		There is a holiday in honour of the Commune of Paris… As for the introduction of commemorative dates, such moves are appropriate only when this or that event unites the nation, helps people overcome cataclysms.
	www.gazeta.ru /2002/02/18/SPSWantstoCe.shtml (863 words)

	Serfdom page
		This had been the case in Russia before the abolition of serfdom in 1861, and in eastern Europe generally where serfdom lingered on long after it was abolished in much of western Europe.
		In the United States and Canada serfdom did not become established except in the southern states of the old Confederacy.
		We can note that sharecropping, a form of serfdom in which the landlord expects a payment in kind of a proportion of the peasant's produce from the landlord's land, followed the abolition of actual slavery in the southern states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia and some other areas.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/americas/serfdom.html (1126 words)

	Russian Serfdom (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A system originated during feudal times, it has been a means for protection and income for vulnerable peasants.
		Serfdom mainly began after the downfall of Rome, when a centralized government ceased and “lords” began a battle for land (1).
		Peasant, who had no means of protection, would serve under a lord in return for safety and income.
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~stphnkm (143 words)

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