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Topic: Sergei Winogradsky

	Sergei Winogradsky Summary
		Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (or Vinogradskii; Russian: Сергей Николаевич Виноградский) (September 1, 1856- February 25, 1953) was a Russian microbiologist, ecologist and soil scientist who pioneered the cycle of life concept and discovered the biological process of nitrification, the first known form of chemoautotrophy.
		Winogradsky was born in Kiev, in what was then the Russian Empire, and attended the University of Saint Petersburg in 1881, studying natural sciences and receiving a degree of master of science in botany in 1884.
		Winogradsky is best known for discovering chemoautotrophy, the process by which organisms derive energy from a number of different inorganic compounds and obtain carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
	www.bookrags.com /Sergei_Winogradsky (857 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sergei Winogradsky
		Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky (1856, Kiev - 1953, Paris) is a Russian microbiologist who discovered the biological process of nitrification, the first known form of chemoautotrophy.
		Winogradsky was one of the first researchers to attempt to understand microorganisms outside of the medical context, making him among the first students of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology.
		Sergei Winogradsky was among the first microbiologists to investigate the organisms found in complex biofilm communities.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sergei-Winogradsky (627 words)

	Microbiology and Bacteriology :: The world of microbes
		Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky were two of the major scientists to begin investigation of microbes in the environment that did not cause disease.
		Sergei Winogradsky, pictured in Figure 1-11 was also interested in soil bacteria, especially those involved in the cycling of nitrogen and sulfur compounds.
		Winogradsky discovers the organisms responsible for nitrification is soil, which is of great importance in agriculture because nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in the soil.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Microtextbook/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=32 (1378 words)

	Sergei Winogradsky
		Abacci > Abaccipedia > Se > Sergei Winogradsky
		Sorry, "Sergei Winogradsky" still seems to be on our 'things to do' list...
		Sergei N. Winogradsky: his life and work;: The story of a great bacteriologist
	www.abacci.com /wikipedia/topic.aspx?cur_title=Sergei_Winogradsky (34 words)

	nitrogen cycle - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		But the great bulk of nitrogen fixation is performed by soil bacteria of two kinds: those that live free in the soil and those that live enclosed in nodules in the roots of certain leguminous plants (e.g., alfalfa, peas, beans, clover, soybeans, and peanuts).
		Among the free-living forms are species of Clostridium, discovered c.1893 by Sergei Winogradsky, and Azotobacter, discovered c.1901 by M. Beijerinck.
		Both Clostridium and Azotobacter are generally present in agricultural soils, and both are saprophytes, i.e., they use the energy from decaying organic matter in the soil to fuel soil processes, including nitrogen fixation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-nitrocyc.html (801 words)

	Christine Case, Skyline College
		A variety of organisms will be cultured depending on their exposure to light and the availability of oxygen.
		Hay and paper are the traditional starting points, however anything (e.g., styrofoam, orange peels) can be buried in the mud and examined later for the presence of bacterial colonies or other evidence of decomposition.
		"Sergei Winogradsky: Founder of Soil Microbiology." SIM News 51(3):133-135, MayJune 200.
	www.smccd.net /accounts/case/envmic/winogradsky.html (717 words)

	Biocycle Main Template - Top Nav (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Winogradsky columns are an example of a self contained 'sulfuretum', where heterotrophic sulfate reducing bacteria (SRBs) and chemoautotrophic sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOBs) exhange oxidants and redutancts in a carbon cycle that uses sulfur instead of oxygen as as the electron acceptor/donor.
		They are named for one of the 'fathers' of biogeochemistry, Sergei Winogradsky.
		Schematic of the realtive postions of the various bacterial communities in a Winogradsky column.
	biocycle.atmos.colostate.edu /~nsuits/winogradsky.htm (158 words)

	Winogradsky, Sergei Nikolaevitch - Encyclopedia of Earth
		Sergei Nikolaevitch Winogradsky (1856-1953) was a Russian microbiologist who discovered the ability to produce organic compounds using energy contained in inorganic molecules (1887).
		This work established the existence of chemoautotrophs, which Winogradsky called "anorgoxydants." One of the strategies that Winogradsky employed to isolate organisms from nature was a miniature model pond cross section which has since been called a Winogradsky column.
		In the late 20th century, there was renewed interest in the work of Winogradsky due to recognition of the role of microbial ecosystems in bioremediation and agriculture.
	www.eoearth.org /article/Winogradsky,_Sergei_Nikolaevitch (238 words)

	Microbial Ecology--Winogradsky Columns
		Winogradsky column was named for the famous Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky.
		In the absence of an efficient means of studying living communities of soil microorganisms, Winogradsky developed this layered column technique in the 1880’s.
		Select ("click") the thumbnail at left for a depiction of the general zones of transition found in a Winogradsky column, including the strains of microbial organisms that can be expected in each.
	www.mccallie.org /science/mlancast/env_science/Field_and_Lab_Work/Winogradsky_columns/Microbial_succession.htm (1489 words)

	Habitat for Lab Specimens and other uses for Common Household Items
		As long as you are working with pond dipping and even Winogradsky methods these are not great risks but don't leave old experiments laying around to dry out an mold.
		Winogradsky column: perpetual life in a tube hosted by the University of Edinburgh.
		Using A Winogradsky Column to Analyze Microbial Communities by Frances Vandervoort, 1991 Woodrow Wilson Biology Institute.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artaug02/gchabitat.html (2674 words)

	The Skeptical Aquarist
		A Winogradsky Column is named for the Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953), who first studied mixed environments of microbes in natural conditions.
		Detailed classroom instructions for a Winogradsky column use pond mud, but you'd substitute aquarium substrate that you siphon out from a single section, right down to the bottom glass.
		Perhaps the relevance of the Winogradsky column to aquariums would be clearer if one understood it also as a model "core sample" of the undisturbed, natural aquarium substrate.
	www.skepticalaquarist.com /docs/nutrient/wincol.shtml (632 words)

	stevespage
		Once in the plants (Nitrogen compounds in plants), the plants can decompose and go to the soil or the plants can be eaten by animal(Nitrogen compounds in animals) and when the animal dies, it decomposes and starts the cycle all over again.
		Sergei Winogradsky and M.W. Beijernick discovered nitrogen fixation.
		Sergei Winogradsky discovered Clostridium in 1893 and M.W. Beijernick discovered Azotobacter in 1901.
	www.nitrogenfixationsteveg.homestead.com /stevespage.html (459 words)

	Using A Winogradsky Column to Analyze Microbial Communities
		At least four groups of photosynthetic bacteria abound on Earth today; the green sulfur, the purple sulfur, the purple nonsulfur bacteria, and the brownish nonsulfur Heliobacterium (Sagan and Margulis, 1988).
		It is possible to establish a culture of photosynthetic bacteria in a "Winogradsky column", a device based on a more elaborate one made by Russian microbiologist Sergei N. Winogradsky, who lived in Russia and France the early part of this century.
		Mud and sand from outdoor source, especially from a marshy area where colorful mats and scums of microorganisms can be found.
	www.accessexcellence.org /AE/AEPC/WWC/1991/microbial.html (498 words)

	Complex microbial consortia inhabiting hydrogen sulfide rich black-mud from different marine coastal environments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Over one hundred years ago, Sergei Winogradsky studied the microbial organisms inhabiting sulfide-rich fl mud ecosystems and pioneered our understanding of chemolithotrophy through his experiments with sulfate and nitrate reducing organisms.
		Although many of the microbes from fl mud environments (which are often used to inoculate so-called "Winogradsky columns") have been studied for decades, the vast majority of the microorganisms present in natural fl mud ecosystems remain unknown to microbiologists.
		This is truly ironic, considering that sulfide-rich fl mud is a preferred inoculum for the Winogradsky column and that, beginning with the very early studies of Winogradsky it was clear that this particular ecosystem must be highly complex.
	www.et-al.com /searchable/HTML/complex_microbial.htm (4065 words)

	Sergei Winogradsky
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	sergei-winogradsky.bestbasketball06.org (771 words)

	Winogradsky Column p2
		The Winogradsky Column was first used in the 1880’s by Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953), a Russian microbiologist, to study the complex interactions between environmental conditions and microbial activities and the role of soil enrichment in the isolation of pure bacterial cultures.
		Many microbiologists of the time, such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch isolated cultures for study, but Winogradsky’s work was the first to study mixed environments of microorganisms.
		The Winogradsky Column is a classic demonstration of the metabolic diversity of prokaryotes.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/bi/2000/Winogradsky_Column/winogradsky_column_p2.html (442 words)

	winogradsky
		There are also flat plate columns which give large surface areas for biofilms to develop and are excellent for photographic record keeping (see the Anarobe Systems web site).
		The electro-chemical gradient that develops within the column can be measured with a standard VOM if one insulated wire with the insulation removed from the last 1-2 cm is inserted to the bottom of the column and a similar, shorter wire is inserted into the mud water interface at the top of the column.
		The voltage generated varies with time, but one Winogradsky column in a 20 L carboy as been generating between 0.3-0.5 volts continuously for three years.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/j/e/jel5/biofilms/winogradsky.html (949 words)

	Thomson Nelson - Secondary Science - Alberta Biology 30
		The Winogradsky column is named after microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky, who lived in Russia and France during the early part of the twentieth century.
		Winogradsky was among the first biologists to make detailed investigations of the interactions that occur within microbial communities.
		This site explains what Winogradsky columns are and what they can be used for.
	www.nelson.com /nelson/school/secondary/science/alberta/0176289186/student/weblinks/ch26.html (1000 words)

	The Search for Microbial Biodiversity
		Aquatic sediment from ponds and rivers was collected, mixed with paper clippings and calcium sulfate, and transferred to Winogradsky columns.
		Aerobic organisms gradually reproduce and colonize the upper regions of the Winogradsky column.
		This inquiry-based laboratory activity investigates the biodiversity found in microbial systems taken from a large urban pond, a small urban pond, and a large river using the Winogradsky column as an instrument to grow phototrophic aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms.
	www.woodrow.org /teachers/bi/1999/projects/group8/sediment1.html (1583 words)

	Discovery Timeline
		Behring was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology in 1901.
		Sergei Winogradsky succeeds in isolating nitrifying bacteria from soil.
		During the period 1890-1891, Winogradsky performs the definitive work on the organisms responsible for the process of nitrification in nature.
	www.microbeworld.org /microbes/timeline2.aspx (294 words)

	1882-1891
		Sergei Winogradsky studies Beggiatoa and determines that it can use inorganic H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
		During the period 1890-1891, Winogradsky performs the major definitive work on the organisms responsible for the process of nitrification in nature.
		Winogradsky, S. Recherches sur les Organismes de la Nitrification.
	www.asm.org /membership/index.asp?bid=16899 (1502 words)

	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Sergei Winogradsky was the first to develop a technique known as an “enrichment culturing” in 1890, through the isolation of nitrifying bacteria in soil.
		Martinus Beijerinck, a contemporary of Winogradsky, was the first to successfully utilize the enrichment culture technique for the purification of bacteria.
		Using this technique, Beijerinck was able to isolate a wide variety of organisms.
	www.life.umd.edu /cbmg/faculty/asmith/200honors/WEBPAGE/spring2004/elizelena/introduction.htm (564 words)

	LIMW Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		This journal article discusses incorporation of the Winogradsky Column into high school science classrooms to demonstrate nutrient cycles and inter-relatedness of...
		This journal article describes the life history of Sergei Winogradsky, the "Father of Soil Microbiology." It discusses the two phases of his scientific career...
		Down in the Dirt Wonders Beckon This news article reports the use of DNA extraction, amplification, cloning, and screening to uncover the unknown microorganisms of the soil and sea by targeting...
	serc.carleton.edu:81 /microbelife/k12/LIMW/readings.html (790 words)

	René Dubos Biography \| World of Microbiology and Immunology
		In 1922, Dubos was offered the job of assistant editor at a scholarly journal called International Agriculture Intelligence, published by the International Institute of Agriculture, then part of the League of Nations in Rome.
		Not long after he arrived in Italy, Dubos came across an article on soil microbes written by the Russian bacteriologist Sergei Winogradsky, who was then associated with the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
		Winogradsky's contention that microbes should be studied in their own environment rather than in pure, laboratory-grown cultures so intrigued Dubos that he resolved to become a bacteriologist.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/rene-dubos-wmi (2001 words)

	introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1890, Sergei Winogradsky used an enrichment culture to isolate nitrifying bacteria in soil and determines that it uses inorganic H2S as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
		He was thus able to describe organisms that help in an important process for plant ecosystems called nitrification.
		Winogradsky was one of the early scientists to use the concept of an enrichment culture to isolate and grow a particular microbe, Beggiatoa.
	www.wam.umd.edu /~asmith/AyeshaCynthia/introduction.html (296 words)

	Lecture Notes: MCB 229 UConn
		Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) extended awareness of microbial diversity.
		Developed culture technique known as Winogradsky column, in which mud and water are left in glass tube exposed to light.
		View Winogradsky column (scroll down to see more).
	www.sp.uconn.edu /~terry/229sp03/lectures/history.html (1170 words)

	From the Top of the World...
		The classic Winogradsky column --developed long before hydrothermal vent ecosystems were discovered -- provides an excellent illustration of bacterial growth and succession.
		This activity uses the concepts of the Winogradsky column, a device which enriches and isolates certain organisms involved in the sulfur and nitrogen cycles.
		The activity provides a rough analog to both processes of chemosynthesis and succession; processes which occur at deep sea hydrothermal vents and form the base of the food web in the absence of sunlight.
	www.bigelow.org /foodweb/chain4.html (1049 words)

	Detection and Identification of Previously Unrecognized Microbial Pathogens
		In the external environment, certain biochemical activities could best be explained by the presence of microorganisms, although they could not be cultivated in vitro.
		Sergei Winogradsky, a pioneering soil microbiologist of the early 20th century, spoke about the "less docile" organisms that were not satisfied with laboratory cultivation conditions.
		In the internal, privileged niches of animals, microorganisms were sometimes visualized in diseased tissues, and persons with typical clinical signs of infection would respond to antibiotics, despite unsuccessful efforts at microbial propagation.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol4no3/relman.htm (4406 words)

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