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Topic: Serial position effect

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	Serial Position Effect - Chart - MSN Encarta
		Serial Position Effect - Chart - MSN Encarta
		In a 1966 experiment, subjects were shown a series of 15 words, then tested for their recall of the words immediately or after 30 seconds.
		When tested immediately, people remembered items at the beginning and end of the series better than those in the middle, a phenomenon called the serial position effect.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461551305/Serial_Position_Effect.html (77 words)

	The SEPO (Serial Position) Test for Discerning the Possession of Special or Guilty Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The serial position curve is essentially the same for meaningful words as it is for nonsense syllables, though of course, the total number of errors in learning is less in the former case.
		A serial position effect curve (when error correct response rate percentage is graphed according to the serial order of the stimuli) is almost symmetrical when the number of serially presented stimuli is about 17 to 20 or higher.
		A simplified explanation for the serial position curve is that for a set of homogeneous stimuli (numbers, nonsense syllables, words, etc.), the particular stimuli in the middle of a serial list are learned with greater error rates than those stimuli near the ends of the lists.
	www.home.earthlink.net /~lastone2/sepo.html (5299 words)

	Serial position effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This effect can be thought of as a combination of the recency effect and primacy effect, as well as the Von Restorff effect (assuming that the beginning and ends of a list stand out cognitively).
		Some have suggested that this effect could be applied to learning by placing the most difficult items to learn sequentially at the beginning and end, it's also well known by TV advertisers that placing a commercial at the beginning or end of a commercial block will yield the best results.
		One suggested reason for this effect is that the first third of the objects remembered presented are those who could be taken into the long-term memory effectively by mnemonics, while the last third were the ones who still were present in the Short-term memory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Serial_position_effect (401 words)

	Hilton: Differences in Visual and Auditory Short-Term Memory
		Since the words have a main effect, it appears to be easier for this group of subjects to recall the visual words with more accuracy.
		A serial-position effect was observed in all eight lists (a serial-position is when a subject will remember and retain the first and last couple of words with more accuracy than the words presented in the middle).
		For example, when subjects are given a series of pictures or lists of words, the brain begins to process that information by two different cognitive operations.
	www.iusb.edu /~journal/2001/hilton.html (1960 words)

	A comparison of word-recognition abilities assessed with digit pairs and digit triplets in multitalker babble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We avoided the influences of ceiling and floor effects in the analysis by only including data from the -8 to -20 dB S/B ratio conditions for the listeners with normal hearing and from the 4 to -12 dB S/B ratio conditions for the listeners with hearing loss.
		When the data for the "5" digit were excluded from the analysis, the performance of the listeners with normal hearing progressed from 40.7 percent in the first position to 55.7 percent in the third position.
		Effects of age and mild hearing loss on speech recognition in noise.
	www.vard.org /jour/05/42/4/wilson.html (5829 words)

	Recently, the National Institute of Justice collected a group of detectives, prosecutors, defense attorneys, and ...
		Predicted effects (from a Monte-Carlo simulation of an absolute decision strategy in which all items are selected from a unit normal distribution) of d’, decision criterion placement (in normalized units), and serial position of the target on the probability (p(htp)) that the target will be selected from a sequentially presented six item target present lineup.
		The effect of moving the criterion lower as the serial position increases can be simulated in Figure 2 by moving from curve to curve as the serial position increases.
		If the effect of moving from one procedure to another really has no effect on hit rates but does have an effect on false alarm rates, then not only is this important for obvious applied reasons, it also affects the details of models that might explain the differences.
	psy.ucsd.edu /~eebbesen/SimSeq.htm (8039 words)

	The Role of Primacy and Recency Effect on Serial Position Curve
		The focus of this study was the serial position curve and what happens when we interfere with the primacy and recency effect.
		The Serial Position Curve is a psychological phenomena presented by Murdock (1962) as an experiment where participants were shown a list of words and then tested for recall.
		This study aims to replicate the serial position curve and examine the primacy and recency effects.
	golum.riv.csu.edu.au /~aleona04/psy101_research_report.htm (1870 words)

	Primacy and Recency Effects on Clicking Behavior
		Two recent articles report a monotonic effect of link order and clicking on a link; this means that the higher a link's position in a list of links, the greater the probability that visitors will click on that link.
		A review of positioning effects across various media, situations, and criterion variables supports a primacy effect favoring the first position in an array of stimuli (e.g., ads), and also finds considerable evidence of a recency effect that favors a position at the end of a sequence of stimuli.
		Position effects are also common in research on attitude formation, intention to purchase, and liking an advertisement, brand, or company.
	jcmc.indiana.edu /vol11/issue2/murphy.html (4836 words)

	Review: Memory
		When recalling a list of unrelated words, the Serial Position Effect occurs, where those at the beginning and at the end are remembered better.
		Serial reproduction involves a subject being given a piece of information, who then in turn has to repeat to another person and so on, until the required number have been used.
		This Serial Position Effect is said to occur because we have two types of memory, short term and long term.
	www.scism.sbu.ac.uk /inmandw/review/cogpsy/review/rev6916.html (3936 words)

	Memory Enhancement in Language Pedagogy: Implications from Cognitive Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Sharifian (2001a), for instance, found a facilitative effect for self-generated cues on the written recall of narrative texts in learners of English as a second language.
		Serial position effects have in fact been found in a variety of tasks, but the effects vary in the breadth of their extent (Healy, Havas, & Parker, 2000).
		Frankish (1989) believes that this superior memory effect for auditory presentation is thanks to the prosodic features of the oral language, which facilitate storage and retrieval of suprasegmental units.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /TESL-EJ/ej22/a2.html (4160 words)

	Brodsky1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Further, we hypothesized that the amount of information recalled and the slope of the serial position curve would be reduced in subjects with aphasia.
		No such effect was manifested with alternate IU production from any subject group, except that difference in alternate IU production was significant between the normal subjects and persons with aphasia (Figure 1).
		Conclusion: This study provides demonstration of a SPE for discourse-level material for persons with aphasia and support for a predictable memory component in the SRP that is being developed for clinical applications for aphasia.
	www.vard.org /va/02/htm/rrds_feb_2002_confbrodsky1.htm (457 words)

	stm
		This position is quite different from the interference position implied by research on spatial constraints on STM - George Miller's simple slot model.
		serial scanning and probe task; S is shown a series of numbers each letter is displayed for 1.2 secs.
		Positive instances are more related to the question hence creating a more integrated and retrievablee unit.
	www.ship.edu /~ambart/PSY_325/stm.htm (3506 words)

	Perform Last, Finish First?, Waiting To Compete May Improve Your Scores In Competitions - CBS News
		The results showed that the scores of the singers increased with their serial position, even though the judges were asked to evaluate each performer immediately after his or her performance in a step-by-step fashion.
		A similar effect was found in the figure skating competitions when the judges were asked to evaluate all competitors at the end of the contest as well as after each individual performance.
		Researchers say the results suggest that serial position effects may threaten the fairness of competitions and it may be wise to randomly determine the order of competition in the first round and then reverse the order in the second.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2005/03/02/health/webmd/main677554.shtml (701 words)

	An Oscillatory Short-Term Memory Buffer Model Can Account for Data on the Sternberg Task -- Jensen and Lisman 18 (24): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A positive probe is primed by the previous occurrence of the similar item during presentation.
		effect of serial position on the latency of evoked
		Clifton C, Birenbaum S (1970) Effects of serial position and delay of probe in memory scan task.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/18/24/10688 (6146 words)

	Primacy effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The primacy effect, in psychology and sociology, is a cognitive bias that results from disproportionate salience of initial stimuli or observations.
		The recency effect is comparable to the primacy effect, but for final stimuli or observations.
		Taken together the primacy effect and the recency effect predict that, in a list of items, the ones most likely to be remembered are the items near the beginning and the end of the list (serial position effect).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Primacy_effect (194 words)

	Memory (psychology) - MSN Encarta (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Life would be a series of disconnected experiences, each one new and unfamiliar.
		This phenomenon is called the serial position effect because the chance of recalling an item is related to its position in the series.
		The results from one such experiment are shown in the accompanying chart entitled “Serial Position Effect.” In this experiment, recall was tested either immediately after presentation of the list items or after 30 seconds.
	encarta.msn.com.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia_761578303/Memory_(psychology).html?ENCMauth=qpvIDyO2nR7AnRUD2wwUetmWNEdUau0SVQJXUYKVyAHF/GXVOns/hxWU1cSWDTWJrQdwnedjh8qwT/vS8RdQQQ== (1588 words)

	Heiman, Research Methods: Chapter 11
		To see this effect, we graph the participants' recall scores for the words in a list as a function of where in the list the words occurred.
		Yet suffix effects have also been found when the zero is silently mouthed by the experimenter or by the participant, and among deaf participants when the list and suffix is presented using sign language.
		If such cues eliminate the suffix effect, then you have evidence that the zero normally reduces the recency effect because of the attention it demands or the confusion that it produces.
	college.hmco.com /psychology/stats/chap23/he_ch23_res.html (3116 words)

	Home Page
		If your results are like those of most students, you probably found a positive correlation between how attractive you rated the various people and how positively you rated most (but perhaps not all) of their other qualities.
		From a strict behaviorist point of view, your responses were being shaped by positive reinforcement (choosing a direction that had a positive consequence of leading further through the maze) and punishment (choosing a direction that led to a dead-end).
		To a cognitive psychologist, this positive and negative feedback was helping you test hypotheses and form a concept about which cue was the correct one.
	courses.washington.edu /passr101/FollowUpsEvals.html (1754 words)

	Cosmic Log: Feb. 26-March 4, 2005 - Cosmic Log - MSNBC.com
		Much of this statistical effect could be removed if you compared empirical contests such as racing, in which racers raced individually in a distinct order, with judged contests.
		The fact that judges tend to favor the latter performers in a contest, a phenomenon known as the serial position effect, is documented in a study published in the March issue of the journal Acta Psychologica.
		Producers angling for an Academy Award take advantage of the serial position effect by scheduling the opening of potentially prizeworthy films toward the end of the year.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/7047215 (3327 words)

	Free Essays - An Investigation Into The Primacy - Recency (Serial Position) Effects On Memory (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Aim: To investigate whether there is a relationship between the serial position effect, the position of words in a list and the amount of words freely recalled from that list.
		Alternative hypothesis: There will be a significant relationship between the serial position effect, the position of words in a list and the amount of words freely recalled from the list.
		Null hypothesis: There will be no significant relationship between the serial position effect, the position of words in a list and the amount of words freely recalled from the list.
	www.freeessays.tv.cob-web.org:8888 /b3744.htm (386 words)

	serial position effect: termpapersdoctor.com- term papers doctor, research papers doctor, essays doctor (via CobWeb/3.1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		One, the deterrent effect on law enforcement that Miranda is designed to accomplish is less because of the long delay between arrests and habeas appeals.
		Looking for a term paper on "serial position effect?" termpapersdoctor.com can help you find a free term paper abstract on "serial position effect." termpapersdoctor.com can provide you with 3123 free abstracts from term paper written by the best students on your subject.
		If you can not find a term paper on "serial position effect", professional writers at termpapersdoctor.com can write you a custom term paper on serial position effect.
	termpapersdoctor.com.cob-web.org:8888 /term-papers/2560/serial-position-effect.html (412 words)

	Serial Position Effect
		You can demonstrate the serial position effect on yourself by going to http://cat.xula.edu/thinker/memory/working/serial and completing the serial position exercise on that website.
		The primacy effect, or tendency to remember the items at the beginning of a list better than those in the middle, is thought to be due to the increased opportunity to rehearse the items at the beginning of a list, which makes these items more likely to make it into long term memory.
		If the middle of a memory task is remembered less well than the beginning and the end, then we should aim to have small "middles" in all of our memory tasks.
	www.gpc.edu /~bbrown/heds1011/serial.htm (336 words)

	Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In Experiments 1 and 2, FOKs exhibit the classic, smoothly bowed serial position effect.
		The presence of the serial position curve for FOKs provides a new source of evidence that the underlying cognitive factors that influence memory are significant factors in metamemory.
		We suggest that the effect of retrieval ease on FOKs is specific to memory processes that affect recall, such as output interference; processes that affect recognition, such as target familiarity, do not affect FOKs
	www.river.org /~flf/abstract.html (147 words)

	Online Memory Experiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Previous experiments have shown that over a set of trials, a clear effect appears, known as a Serial Position Curve.
		The most commonly accepted explanation for this effect is that early items in the list have no interference from preceding items.
		The advantage for the final items is attributed to their presence in short-term memory.
	www.essex.ac.uk /psychology/experiments/memtask.html (147 words)

	Curriculum Resources/Demonstrations
		After students recall all the lists (they do them right after you read the list to them), ask them if they recalled words from the beginning of the list (primacy effect), from the end of the list (recency effect) and from the middle of the list (serial position effect).
		This then leads into a discussion of the serial position effect as well as the reconstructive and associative nature of long-term memory.
		It can be pointed out that when we remember information, it is a combination of what we have experienced and what we know about the world.
	www.apa.org /ed/ltm.html (379 words)

	SERIAL POSITION EFFECT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Immediate recall of a list of items (such as words) is best from the end of the list and worst in the middle.
		One example of the role of rehearsal comes from the serial position effect.
		Figure 2-3k shows the serial position effect for a list of 20 words.
	www.indiana.edu /~p1013447/dictionary/serpos.htm (243 words)

	Computational Memory Lab: Experiments
		Howard, M. and Kahana, M. Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall.
		Murdock, B. and Kahana, M. List-strength and list-length effects: Reply to Shiffrin, Ratcliff, Murnane, and Nobel.
		Murdock, B. The serial position effect of free recall.
	memory.psych.upenn.edu /experiments/experiments.php (300 words)

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