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Topic: Seventeenth of Tammuz

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	Tisha B'Av
		Rabbi Moses of Coucy (thirteenth century) wrote that it is the universal custom to refrain from meat and wine during the whole day preceding the Ninth of Av (Sefer Mitzvoth ha-Gadol, Venice ed., Laws of Tishah B'Av, 249b).
		Rabbi Joseph Caro (sixteenth century) says some are accustomed to abstain from meat and wine from the beginning of the week in which the Ninth Day of Av falls; and still others abstain throughout the three weeks from the Seventeenth of Tammuz (Shulkhan Arukh, Orah Hayyim 551).
		A gradual extension of prohibitions can be traced in the abstention from marrying at this season and in other signs of mourning.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ti/tisha_b_av.html (1350 words)

	Calendars and their History
		The initial year (jia-zi) of the current year cycle began on 1984 February 2, which is the third day (bing-yin) of the day cycle.
		Western (pre-Copernican) astronomical theories were introduced to China by Jesuit missionaries in the seventeenth century.
		Following the revolution of 1911, the traditional practice of counting years from the accession of an emperor was abolished.
	astro.nmsu.edu /~lhuber/leaphist.html (8496 words)

	Jerusalem - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The saddest fast-day on the Jewish religious calendar is the Ninth of Av when Jews traditionally spent the day crying for the loss of their two Holy Temples and the destruction of Jerusalem.
		This major (24 hour) fast is preceded on the calendar by two minor dawn to dusk fast days, the Tenth of Tevet mourning for the time Babylonia laid siege to the First Temple, and for the tragedy of the Seventeenth of Tammuz when Rome broke through the outer walls of the Second Temple.
		The words used when Jews console any mourner during the customary Seven Days of Mourning are:
	open-encyclopedia.com /Jerusalem (6886 words)

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